儿童入学准备的情绪和社会性方面的发展

文章分析了中国儿童入学准备五个领域发展的不平衡,详细探讨了儿童入学准备情绪和社会性发展方面所包括的具体内容,以及如何促进儿童入学准备情绪和社会性方面的发展。     

School Readiness: Are There Social Prerequisites?

The position advocated within this article is that the construct of “school readiness” has a social component, and that attempts to evaluate children's interpersonal readiness for kindergarten should be judged in relation to their likely success at mastering specific social school entry tasks. Social school entry tasks, which most likely stem from diverse sociocultural sources, are conceptualized here as interpersonal challenges that children confront as they enter formal schooling—challenges that are inherent within kindergarten classrooms and predictive of children's future school adjustment. A related contention is that attempts to enhance children's readiness for kindergarten should be guided by research on the prerequisites of social task mastery—that is, evidence gathered during the preschool years that forecasts children's later success at social school entry tasks. Evidence bearing on these premises is reviewed as a means of considering the validity and heuristic utility of these propositions for future research on school readiness.     

Self-Regulation and School Readiness

RESEARCH FINDINGS: In this article, we review research on the relations of self-regulation and its dispositional substrate, effortful control, to variables involved in school success. First, we present a conceptual model in which the relation between self-regulation/effortful control and academic performance is mediated by low maladjustment and high-quality relationships with peers and teachers, as well as school engagement. Then we review research indicating that effortful control and related skills are indeed related to maladjustment, social skills, relationships with teachers and peers, school engagement, as well as academic performance. PRACTICE OR POLICY: Initial findings are consistent with the view that self-regulatory capacities involved in effortful control are associated with the aforementioned variables; only limited evidence of mediated relations is currently available.     

入学准备在美国:不仅仅是入学准备

本文分析了儿童入学准备问题在美国引起社会普遍关注的原因,指出入学准备问题不仅仅是学前教育领域中的问题,实际上是一个涉及教育公平和种族和谐的社会政治问题;介绍了美国政府最近推出的旨在解决入学准备上的社会经济阶层、种族和族群差距的一系列政策措施;结合我国学前教育的政策和体制改革,讨论了从中可获得的启示.     

迟说话儿童的入学准备状况

本研究通过儿童入学准备综合测评工具对60名迟说话儿童及313名语言正常发展儿童进行测验,考察了迟说话儿童与语言正常发展儿童的入学准备水平是否存在差异,以及这些差异表现在哪些方面.结果表明,学前组和小学组的迟说话儿童入学准备水平总分(M学前472.04,M小学=474.54)均低于语言正常发展儿童(M学前=505.36,M小学=504.88),二者差异显著(F学前=18.57,p<0.001;F小学=8.86,p<0.01);在五个分测验上,学前组迟说话儿童五领域得分都显著低于正常儿童,小学组迟说话儿童除了在情绪与社珑会性和动作技能上与语言正常发展儿童差异不显著外,其它三个分测验上的得分仍显著低于正常儿童.这表明迟说话儿童的整体入学准备水平显著落后于语言正常发展儿童.     

From Early Relationships to Preacademic Knowledge: A Sociocognitive Developmental Cascade to School Readiness

This study aimed to test a four-wave sequential mediation model linking mother–child attachment to children's school readiness through child executive functioning (EF) and prosociality in toddlerhood and the preschool years. Mother–child attachment security was assessed when children (N = 255) were aged 15 months and 2 years, child EF at age 2, prosocial behavior at age 4, and finally cognitive school readiness in kindergarten (age 6). The results revealed three indirect pathways linking attachment to school readiness: one through EF only, one through prosocial behavior only, and a last pathway involving both EF and prosocial behavior serially. These findings suggest that secure attachment may equip children with both cognitive and social skills that are instrumental to their preparedness for school.     

社会经济地位不利儿童的入学准备

入学准备状态是指学龄前儿童为了能够从即将开始的正规学校教育中受益所需要具备的各种关键特征或基础条件。国外关于社会经济地位不利儿童入学准备状态研究的新进展是:(1)低社会经济地位儿童的入学准备状况;(2)影响低社会经济地位儿童入学准备的背景因素;(3)改善低社会经济地位儿童入学准备状况的干预措施。     

不同社会经济地位家庭儿童的入学数学准备状况比较

为探讨家庭社会经济地位(SES)与儿童入学数学准备的关系,本研究以143名来自不同SES家庭的一年级新生为对象,比较其数学准备的状况。结果表明,家庭的SES对孩子的数学准备状况有明显的影响。SES较高家庭的子女在类概念、数与计算、量、时间和空间、模式和统计各方面的表现都明显优于SES较低家庭的儿童。为使儿童在入学时有一个相对一致的起点,政府应该对社会经济地位较低家庭的儿童进行补偿性学前教育。     

Early Childhood Housing Instability and School Readiness

This study assesses the consequences of housing instability during the first 5 years of a child's life for a host of school readiness outcomes. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n = 2,810), this study examines the relation between multiple moves and children's language and literacy and behavior problems at age 5. The moderating role of poverty is further tested in this relation. The findings show that moving three or more times in a child's first 5 years is significantly associated with increases in attention problems, and internalizing and externalizing behavior, but only among poor children.     

Pathways to School Readiness: Executive Functioning Predicts Academic and Social–Emotional Aspects of School Readiness

The current study specified the extent to which hot and cool aspects of executive functioning predicted academic and social‐emotional indicators of school readiness. It was unique in focusing on positive aspects of social–emotional readiness, rather than problem behaviors. One hundred four 3–5‐year‐old children completed tasks measuring executive functioning, social–emotional readiness, academic readiness, and vocabulary. As expected, age predicted executive functioning components and social–emotional readiness. Moreover, working memory and inhibitory control directly predicted academic readiness, whereas delay of gratification predicted social–emotional readiness. Working memory and inhibitory control predicted delay of gratification, consistent with the notion that simpler executive functions may set the stage for more complex executive functions. Interestingly, social–emotional readiness predicted academic readiness. These findings confirm that hot and cool aspects of executive functioning are related to social–emotional and academic school readiness.     

儿童入学准备的访谈研究

本文通过对小学一年级教师的访谈研究，对我国儿童入学准备提出5个基本维度，即身体和运动发展、情绪与社会性发展、学习相关、言语发展、认知发展和一般知识基础。其中，小学教师普遍反映我国儿童在入学准备上最为不足的是自理能力和前学习技能。     

中学生人际挫折及其应对策略

交往是个体社会化必不可少的条件。人际交往是人们为了达到彼此传达思想、交换意见、表达情感等目的,运用语言符号而实现的沟通。对于处于青少年期的中学生来说,人际交往是他们满足自己的成人感和独立性,产生肯定的情绪体验的重要途径。良好的人际交往能促进青少年社会化进程,促进深化自我认识,是其个性发展与完善的条件,是维持青少年身心健康的重要保证。而人际交往中的挫折则会给青少年带来消极的情绪体验,给学习、生活造成负面影响。一、中学生人际挫折及表现广义的挫折是指一切能够引起人们精神紧张,造成疲劳过度和心理变化的刺激性生活…     

Reconsidering School Readiness: Conceptual and Applied Perspectives

This paper was prepared with the support of the Bureau of Maternal and Child Health, USPHS, DHHS for presentation at the conference entitled "School Readiness: Scientific Perspectives," January, 1992. This conference was jointly sponsored by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau in cooperation with the Office of the Surgeon General and the Department of Psychology of the Pennsylvania State University.     

Developmental Disabilities and the Concept of School Readiness

This paper reviews the concept of school readiness as it applies to children with disabilities. It is argued that children with disabilities are of two primary types: normative and non-normative. The majority of children in special education are in the non-normative category, whose definition is based on failures in children's early encounters with the educational system. Classification of such children as "not-ready for school" is a function of bureaucratic definition, teacher variability, and the child's ethnicity and social class. The authors have taken the position that children in both disability categories should be considered appropriate for regular general education and that the readiness concept which appears to be most appropriate for children with labeled special needs is actually not appropriate for any child.     

Reconsidering School Readiness: Conceptual and Applied Perspectives

This paper was prepared with the support of the Bureau of Maternal and Child Health, USPHS, DHHS for presentation at the conference entitled "School Readiness: Scientific Perspectives," January, 1992. This conference was jointly sponsored by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau in cooperation with the Office of the Surgeon General and the Department of Psychology of the Pennsylvania State University.     

Measuring School Readiness: Conceptual and Practical Considerations

Recent interest and investment in early childhood education as a means of promoting children's school readiness has prompted the need for clear definitions of school readiness. Traditionally school readiness has been viewed within a maturationist frame, based on a chronological set-point, which led to the emergence of readiness testing. Following a brief review of this literature, this article provides an overview of the conceptual and practical considerations that must be given to such a definition. Among conceptual concerns are the lack of agreement about the key components of school readiness and theoretical models to connect them. Also of concern is the need to consider multiple purposes of assessment, and the appropriate use of assessments. Practical considerations include the need to incorporate multiple stakeholders' views in a definition, the availability of adequate measurement tools and how resultant data can be used. The article closes with a discussion of possible future directions by laying out a series of assumptions about the nature of school readiness.     

African American Father Involvement and Preschool Children's School Readiness

A developmental ecological model was used to identify child attributes, father characteristics, and familial factors associated with multidimensional father involvement with preschool children enrolled in Head Start. The relations between father involvement and children's school readiness were also investigated. Eighty-five African American fathers and father figures were surveyed about their involvement in child care, home-based educational and school-based educational activities. Children's school readiness competencies were evaluated via teacher report or direct assessment. Father involvement in child care and home-based educational activities were predicted by different contextual factors and child attributes. Fathers were more involved in child care activities when they lived in a child's home and when a child was highly emotional. Fathers who perceived the existence of a strong parenting alliance reported more involvement in home-based educational activities. Father involvement in child care and home-based educational activities was associated with higher levels of children's emotion regulation. Findings are consistent with a contextual, multidimensional perspective of African American fathering and hold policy implications for fatherhood initiatives in the early childhood education field. Efforts to increase father involvement may be most effective when addressing the multitude of influences on fathering behavior and focusing on father-child activities that occur outside of the preschool setting.