论全纳教育与教师素质

目前要彻底实现全纳教育还存在许多困难 ,其中最关键的制约因素就是教师素质问题 ,因此实施全纳教育应着重做好三个方面的工作 :(1)要求教师形成全纳教育的态度、价值和期望 ;(2 )要求教师树立民主的教育观 ;(3)在现阶段教师首先应具备教育特殊儿童的知识、技能和情感基础。     

转变观念--实施全纳教育的前提

全纳教育已成为当今世界各国教育发展的一大趋势.由于全纳教育的理论还不成熟,人们对于全纳教育的理解还存在较大的分歧.要实施全纳教育,就应该把握全纳教育的实质,实现观念的转变,即特殊教育需要从个别到普遍,教育对象从部分到全体,受教育权从绝对平等到教育机会均等,教育环境从隔离到最少受限制,教育目的从学会生存到积极参与.相关人员都应该从各自的角色出发,转变观念,树立全纳教育理念,促进全纳教育的实施.     

International Developments in Inclusive Schooling: mapping the issues

This introductory overview attempts to map out the rationale and scope of this edition of the journal, focusing on international developments in inclusive schooling. We describe some of the debate surrounding the search for an appropriate definition of inclusion and clarify the way in which we are using this term. Consideration is given to some of the main issues emerging from the literature on developing inclusive schooling which indicates the recency of this particular field of work and the need to bring together areas such as ‘special needs’, school improvement and teacher development in order to begin to identify the territory that research on inclusion might explore.     

The Implications of Inclusive Schooling for School Libraries

School library provision for students with disabilities was evaluated in a four year study completed in 1999. The study focussed on the relationship between library and special education staff, and the effect this had on access to library services and the acquisition of information literacy by students with disabilities. Empirical data reflecting the current level of service provision in two Australian states was collected in a survey. This data was complemented by observations and interviews with special education and library staff and students in 15 case study schools. The research showed that as the number of students with disabilities enrolled in mainstream schools was increasing, school librarians had to be aware of the needs of these students, in order to provide them with adequate library services. Although examples of good practice were found, there is need for improvement in service delivery for these students. Much of this could be achieved by enhanced communication and cooperation between school librarians and special education teachers.     

Inclusive and Integrated Schooling for Children with Limited Abilities

Research on the ways in which special needs children in Russia can more fully participate in the same educational settings as other children shows that a wide array of services and programs needs to be developed before Russia will be able to achieve significant progress in this area.     

澳大利亚职前教师全纳能力的培养

对普通教育教师进行职前全纳教育能力的培养是澳大利亚师资培训的重要组成部分.澳大利亚在教师职前全纳技能培养体系中制定了详细的培养要求,提供了针对性的学习机会,确保了教师能够更好地满足儿童的全纳教育需要.     

幼儿园教师融合教育胜任力的问卷编制及初步应用

幼儿园教师的融合教育胜任力对于提升学前融合教育质量至关重要。本研究以950名有融合教育经验的在岗专任教师为研究对象,编制了《幼儿园教师融合教育胜任力问卷》。探索性因素分析发现幼儿园教师融合教育胜任力包括辅具使用、言行鼓励、家园沟通、环境改变、行为支持、预设调整6个维度。验证性因素分析表明此6维度模型数据拟合较好,问卷的信度和效度均达到心理测量学要求。利用该问卷对363名幼儿园教师进行调查,结果表明当前幼儿园教师的融合教育胜任力总体水平较高;融合幼儿园教师的胜任力水平显著高于非融合幼儿园教师;普通学前儿童家长的融合教育态度不同,其所在班级的教师胜任力也存在显著差异。为提升幼儿园教师的融合教育胜任力水平,国家应设置学前融合教育资源教师岗位,幼儿园教师资格证考试应适度增加学前融合教育内容,以此保障学前融合教育的师资。同时,幼儿园应注意在家园合作中渗透融合教育价值观,提高普通儿童家长对学前融合教育的接受度,使其支持班级教师开展融合教育。     

从全纳教育视角探析我国特殊教育师资培养

特殊教育师资的有效培养是促进我国特殊教育事业发展的先决条件和重要途径。在“大特殊教育”理念的指导下,全纳教育的发展趋势带给特殊教育的师资培养和发展新的要求和挑战。在全面理解全纳教育内涵的基础上,寻找我国特殊教育师资培养的问题及出路,并提出教育理念的接纳与转变、教师队伍的专业化、开放的培养体系及资源整合等建议,为我国在全纳教育背景下特殊教育师培养和发展途径提供理论参考。     

全纳教育的具体落实:全纳学校

自1994年“全纳教育”理念提出以来,本着实现全民教育、形成全纳社会的目的,不少国家都进行了全纳教育的研究和实践。学校参与全纳教育计划是发展全纳教育、具体落实全纳教育的重要途径,如何选择实验学校、引导和帮助学校实现全纳的转变,是全纳教育研究的重要课题。     

Multidimensional Classroom Support to Inclusive Education Teachers in Beijing,China

Classroom support plays a salient role in successful inclusive education, hence it has been widely debated in the literature. Much extant work has only focused on a particular aspect of classroom support. A comprehensive, systematic discussion of classroom support is sporadic in the literature. Relevant research concerning the Chinese context is even more limited. To address this gap, our study developed and validated a multidimensional classroom support model conducive to teachers’ inclusive education practices. Data were drawn from our large-scale survey with inclusive education teachers in Beijing. Further analyses were conducted to compare different dimensions within the classroom support model. Drawing insights from the results, we provide some recommendations for practice and research.     

融合教育与教师教育

从融合教育的概念、发展历程来看,融合教育是特殊教育发展史上的一次飞跃,它表明当代特殊教育已经从长期以来的福利型向权利型、大众型的方向转变;对普通教育而言,融合教育可能会作为一种新的范式引发人们对目前“应试教育”和“英才教育”的进一步反思,推行融合教育对现代教师教育提出了新的要求。     

Inclusive Practices: How Accepting are Teachers?

This research addressed the question of educators’ beliefs about the rights of children with a disability to be included in regular schools. Principals and teachers from Education Support Centres (ESCs) and attached primary schools in Western Australia rated whether they considered children with either a physical or intellectual disability should be integrated full‐time or part‐time depending upon the degree of the disability (severe, moderate, mild). Acceptance of integration was lower for the child with an intellectual disability than for the child with a physical disability. Acceptance decreased as the degree of severity increased. Educators were more accepting of part‐time integration, but mostly only for the child with a mild or moderate disability. Educators from the ESCs were more accepting than were their regular school peers and as educators became more experienced they became less accepting of inclusion. Educators appeared to have strong beliefs regarding inclusive practices and these beliefs did not necessarily reflect the momentum towards greater inclusion. Discussion of this research focuses on the link between acceptance and commitment to the policy of inclusive education.     

教师教育与学生自主教育的冲突及对策

由于教师教育只注重社会实践对人的知识和技能的要求,而忽视人自身发展需要和个性心理特征要求,导致教师教育与学生自主教育的冲突.解决师生冲突的基本对策是:改造教师课堂教育目的与价值,控制和减轻学生课业负担,引导学生参与教师教育,并帮助他们在自由时间里完成自主教育.     

美国教师职前全纳教育能力的培养与启示

全纳教育的发展必须依靠高素质的教师队伍作保障。应全纳教育之需,美国对教师教育体系的各个层面进行了相应调整,形成了较完善的职前全纳教师培养体系。美国职前教师教育从培养目标、培养方式、课程及专业设置、全纳教育实践等方面进行了调整和改变,以提升未来教师的全纳教育能力,确保教师能更好地满足所有儿童的教育需求。     

校园文化与高师院校创新教育

校园文化理念是“现代”教育理念 ,蕴含着以人为本、自主创新等丰富的创新教育内容 ,在本质上与创新教育理念是一致的。校园文化理念引入构建高师院校创新教育教学模式的可行性在于 ,校园文化的发展历来就是课程与教学改革的支持力量 ,校园文化建设在高师院校具有比较优势 ,高师校园文化的发展也是基础教育改革的需要。以校园文化理念构建创新教育教学模式 ,其核心课题就是改造课程文化。     

教育公平：对全纳教育内涵的一种解读

1994年联合国教科文组织在西班牙召开世界特殊需要教育大会,提出了全纳教育(Inclusive education)这一全新教育理念.随着全纳教育研究的深入,全纳教育的广泛含义,已超出特殊教育领域,而与社会政治、经济、文化变革紧密联系,拓展到整个教育领域,并引起了人们在教育理念、教育内容、教育技术等方面的一系列改革.全纳教育已成为国际教育发展的一个重要趋势.     

试析转变教育观念的文化基因(四)

东西方由于有着各自的文化传统和文化传承方式,因此在教育理念和教育途径上也有很大的差异。西方教育体现出西方人较强的平等和民主意识、较强的批判和创造精神、深远的教育价值观、务实的生活观和教育观,值得我国教育工作者借鉴。     

全纳教育:概念及主要议题

全纳教育是通过增加学习、文化和社区参与,减少教育系统内外的排斥,应对所有学习者的多样化需求,并对其做出反应的过程。全纳教育的主要议题包括:(1)残疾儿童的全纳;(2)艾滋病病毒感染/艾滋病与健康教育;(3)少数民族的全纳(宗族、语言和宗教);(4)移民、难民和国内迁移儿童的全纳;(5)社会包容;(6)性别;(7)灾难风险减少教育。全纳教育思想与两全教育工作的指导思想并不矛盾,建议在中国国家报告中和国家其他相应政策文件中采用这个概念。中国作为一个最大的发展中国家,推进全纳教育仍是国家一项最基本的任务,政府在推进全纳教育中毫无疑问要承担最主要的责任,必须高度重视灾难风险减少教育。