A social network perspective on the management of product development programs

Creativity is essential to the performance of product development programs (PDPs). Most PDPs are designed around teams that jointly work together according to the product decomposition into components, the design and development procedure, and the methods of the final integration. Since the creative product development task requires the teams to combine and integrate input from multiple other teams, the team's structure of interaction is an important determinant of their creativity. In research and practice, however, little is known about the social networks of the teams and their creativity within PDPs. In this study we investigate different structural aspects of social networks of such teams and their creativity within two multinational PDPs. The main results of our investigation imply that many direct network contacts around a weekly intensity stimulate the creativity of teams of PDPs, whereas very open networks with a high information variety minimizes the team's creativity.     

领导跨界行为对团队创造力的影响机制研究

本研究基于资源基础观和创造力成分理论,探讨了领导跨界行为对团队创造力的作用机制。本研究以78个团队、323名团队成员为研究对象,通过对团队领导—成员配对调查所获取的数据进行分析,结果表明：(1)团队领导跨界行为对团队创造力有显著正向影响;(2)基于团队创造力成分理论,团队学习目标导向、团队吸收能力和团队创造力过程沉浸在领导跨界行为和团队创造力之间起调节作用。总之,本研究不仅揭示了领导跨界行为对团队创造力的作用机制,将跨界行为的关注点聚焦于更具优势的团队领导角色,而且检验了领导跨界行为与团队创造力作用关系的边界条件,为企业管理者践行领导跨界行为、有效推动团队创造力提升提供了理论借鉴和管理启示。     

创造力由个体向团队涌现的边界机制:目标共享与多元化视角

基于个体—情境互动视角,研究共享团队目标与团队功能多样性、成员创造性人格多样性在个体创造力向团队创造力涌现中的调节作用。以65个团队327份个体配套数据为样本,结果表明,个体创造力对团队创造力有直接显著影响,共享团队目标分别与团队功能多样性、成员创造性人格正向共同调节个体创造力与团队创造力之间关系。揭示个体创造力向团队创造力涌现过程中的边界因素及其作用机制,为有效提升团队创造力提供重要启示作用。     

批评激发创造力?负反馈对团队创造力的影响

基于Web2.0时代创新团队边界呈开放性发展,团队创造易受外部负反馈干扰,而学术界缺乏团队创造力外部影响因素研究的背景,本文在"激发型信息处理"视角下剖析不同类型外部负反馈联合团队内部特性(合作目标相依性)对团队创造力的影响,提出相应研究假设;运用层次回归法,针对实验研究中收集的97个团队的有效数据进行假设检验,最终得到有利于推动团队创造力外部影响因素理论发展的研究结果:控制型负反馈对团队创造力的新颖性维度产生负向影响,该影响受到合作目标相依性的削弱(即负向调节);信息型负反馈对团队创造力的新颖性维度和有效性维度均产生正向影响,该影响受到合作目标相依性的增强(即正向调节)。     

中庸抑制创新吗——一项多层次实证研究

创新是组织发展的源泉,学者们尝试探索我国传统中庸价值理念对创新的影响,但已有研究尚未形成统一明确的结论。将创新细分为渐进式创新和激进式创新,以32个团队167名员工为研究对象,探索中庸价值取向对两种创新行为的影响作用。多层次线性模型分析结果显示：中庸价值取向显著抑制激进式创新,在高中庸氛围强度的情境下,中庸价值取向对渐进式创新有显著促进作用。研究揭示在传统东方文化情境下,如何利用中庸提升员工适度的创新行为。     

研发团队创造力的影响机制研究——以团队共享心智模型为中介

通过对57个研发团队的现场研究,对基于团队共享心智模型的研发团队创造力影响机制进行了实证分析。探索性和验证性因素分析检验了研发团队任务式共享心智模型和协作式共享心智模型构思;多元回归和层次回归结果表明:两类共享心智模型与团队创造力存在显著正相关;任务式共享心智模型在目标明确和任务规范与团队创造力之间是完全中介作用;协作式共享心智模型在成员多样性和工作依赖与团队创造力之间是完全中介作用;任务式共享心智模型和协作式共享心智模型在领导信任、组织保障、角色期待、成员互动与团队创造力之间是部分中介作用。在此基础上,提出相应管理建议和对未来研究的展望。     

变革型领导对科研团队创造力作用的多重中介模型

采用43个团队的样本数据,用层次回归分析和多重中介效应检验方法,研究在以学术带头人制为管理模式的科研团队中,变革型领导和团队创新氛围(TCI)四个维度在变革型领导和团队创造力之间的多重中介效应。结果表明变革型领导对团队创造力和TCI四个维度都有显著的正向影响。创新导向和任务导向显著正向影响团队创造力,以及中介与变革型领导和团队创造力的关系;团队目标和参与安全对团队创造力的作用不显著,中介效应不显著。     

Enhancing team creative performance through social media and transactive memory system

Effective teamwork, knowledge coordination, and knowledge creation are recognized as essential sources of team effectiveness and creativity in modern organizations. Nowadays, social media is significantly modifying the patterns in the use of technology to support knowledge management practices in teams. At the same time, the literature shows that transactive memory system (TMS), which refers to how team members share their distributed knowledge and expertise, is an important factor affecting team performance. However, minimal effort has been made to elaborate on the precise role of social media in supporting TMS for enhancing absorptive capacity (ACAP) and knowledge creation capability (KCC) of the team, which in turn might influence team creative performance (TCP). Therefore, to address this gap in the literature, a theoretical model is developed and validated. Survey data collected from 334 members of 68 knowledge work teams indicated that social media use at work has a positive relationship with TMS and both social media use at work and TMS are positively related to ACAP and KCC of the team. Results further indicated that ACAP positively influenced KCC, and both have a direct relationship with TCP. This study shows that careful investment in social media by an organization can enhance meta-knowledge of “who knows what” within teams. Finally, exploring external knowledge alone is not enough. Instead, organizations must ensure external knowledge is utilized to create new knowledge to improve TCP.     

浅谈儿童（三岁至六岁）创造力的培养

未来社会赋予教育的新任务和新要求是要培养出创造力高度发达的人才,培养创造型人才必须从娃娃开始。通过创设一个富感染力的物质环境、创设一个鼓励创造性的心理环境、建立良好的师生互动关系、在游戏及教育教学活动中培养幼儿的创造能力。     

组织创造力的模型建构与实证分析

组织中个体的创造行为决定于个人创造力与团队的限制条件。个体创造力是个人创造动机、领域技能和创造技能的函数;团体创造力是个体创造行为、团队创作和团队执行的结果;组织创造力决定于团体创造力、组织特性和环境的扰动。跨越个体创造、团体创造和组织创造的组织创造力模型是认识组织创新的最可靠途径。组织成员的激发创意,在组织的反馈条件下,生成创造动机,经过领域技能的放大,创造技能的校正,成为个体创造力;而个体创造力在团队的约束下产生实际的创造行为,经过团队共同创作和执行,变成了团体创造力;在一定的社会环境作用下,团体创造力经过组织的变换和认同,最终导致了组织的创造行为。     

横向监督如何影响团队创造力？ ——基于团队冲突认知差异与失败学习的视角

基于社会信息加工理论，研究分析了团队冲突认知差异在团队横向监督与团队失败学习之间的调控机理，探讨团队失败学习对团队创造力的直接影响，挖掘团队冲突认知差异情境下，团队失败学习在团队横向监督与团队创造力之间的中介效应。基于73份团队问卷，研究发现：1）团队关系冲突认知差异情境下，团队横向监督正向促进团队失败学习，而团队任务冲突认知差异情境下，横向监督对团队失败学习的影响不显著；2）团队失败学习正向影响团队创造力；3）团队关系冲突认知差异的情境下，横向监督通过团队失败学习正向提升团队创造力，团队任务冲突认知差异情境下，横向监督不能通过团队失败学习影响团队创造力。     

Team intuition as a continuum construct and new product creativity: The role of environmental turbulence, team experience, and stress

Although past research has reported the benefits of intuition in new product decision-making (i.e., higher quality product; enhanced customer satisfaction), intuition has largely been studied as an individual phenomenon and little work has examined the role of intuition on new product development (NPD) project teams. Furthermore, in a turbulent environment, NPD project teams may rely more on intuitive judgments, and other factors such as experience and stress may also influence the relationship between team intuition and team decision making. Drawing from the organizational design literature on creativity in decision making, this study builds a conceptual model of NPD team intuition and its effect on the team's ability to generate creative new products. We then derive hypotheses regarding team intuition, stress, environmental turbulence, and new product creativity, and test the hypotheses using data from a sample of 155 firms operating in Ankara and Istanbul, Turkey. We specifically test whether an inverted-U relationship exists between team intuition and new product creativity (that is, a balance of both intuitive and rational judgments is preferred), and whether this relationship is moderated by team experience and stress. Moreover, direct impact of turbulent conditions (i.e. market and technical turbulence) on intuition was also examined. The results of our empirical study with a sample of 310 new product/project developers and 155 project managers showed a positive and linear relation between turbulent conditions (both market and technical) and team intuition and an inverted U-shaped team intuition-new product creativity relation for teams with high experience and low stress. Finally, theoretical implications for future research and managerial implications for practitioners are discussed in the conclusion section.     

Introduction to the Special Forum on Critical Making as Research Program

This special issue spotlights the growing diversity of critical making practices in a range of disciplinary contexts both inside and outside of the academy, and begins to develop perspectives that will foster the emergence of critical making as a coherent field. On one hand, we see great value in incorporating material practices into existing information systems (IS) and science and technology studies (STS) research programs. In particular, forms of material engagement can help overcome the ineffectual linguistic bias of traditional critiques of technoscience. On the other hand, we believe that current material practices can benefit from the conceptualization of knowledge and social organization that are foundational to IS and STS research. In this introduction to the special issue we call attention to the mechanisms by which such practices may combine representational and material work to foster and support the development of new knowledge-making communities and institutions. We believe such work can serve as a framework for others engaged in critical making practices to better contextualize and expand the relevance of their work. We intend this special issue to serve as a “stake in the ground” for research on new forms of material-conceptual critique and their incorporation in the repertoire of critical technoscience scholarship.     

Knowledge diversity and team creativity: How hobbyists beat professional designers in creating novel board games

This study adds to the literature on household sector (HHS) innovation by investigating how user and professional designer teams differ in their ability to translate knowledge diversity into collective creative output. We test our hypotheses on a unique data set of more than 5,000 board game design projects conducted by either teams of professional game designers or by hobbyist (user) designers. Our study lends support for the notion that knowledge diversity is a double-edged sword that has opposing effects on the two dimensions of team creativity, novelty and usefulness. We argue and find that teams composed of self-rewarded users in the household sector are better able than teams of professionals to translate the informational benefits of knowledge diversity into novel concepts and game designs. Finally, we find that user teams are in general more likely to create truly creative (i.e. novel and useful) game designs. This particular result emphasizes the relevance of research on HHS innovation and shows that user designers from the HHS are able to conduct collective development work more effectively than teams of professional designers.     

团队思维方式影响团队科学创造力的过程机理

团队思维方式如何影响团队科学创造力,既是创新驱动发展战略背景下科学创造力领域的新兴课题,也是“新工科”建设背景下高校创新教育面临的重要议题。本研究以理工科大学生科技创新团队为样本,借鉴创造力成分、社会认知等理论,构建了一个有调节的链式中介模型。实验研究发现,团队思维方式对团队科学创造力具有显著正向影响。问卷调研显示,团队思维方式分别通过团队创新效能感和团队认知灵活性的中介及二者的链式中介作用于团队科学创造力;开放式沟通分别调节了团队思维方式与团队创新效能感、团队认知灵活性、团队科学创造力的关系。研究发现对团队科技创新具有理论启示和实践意义。     

挑战性-阻碍性压力对员工创造力的影响研究

以压力二维结构为基础,探讨了挑战性压力和阻碍性压力对员工创造力的影响机制,重点分析创造力自我效能感的中介作用以及上下级关系的调节作用。选择企业员工及其直接上级作为研究对象,采用层级回归等方法分析336套配对数据。研究结果表明:挑战性压力正向影响员工创造力,而阻碍性压力负向影响员工创造力;创造力自我效能感在挑战性压力和阻碍性压力与员工创造力之间起到部分中介作用;上下级关系负向调节挑战性压力与员工创造力之间的关系,同时也正向调节阻碍性压力与员工创造力之间的关系。     

合作目标促进科研团队创造力的机理研究

基于激发型信息处理的视角,探讨了合作目标互依性、知识共享和团队反思与科研团队创造力之间的关系,构建了相应的概念模型。运用结构方程模型和225个有效科研团队样本对所提出的假设进行检验。实证研究结果表明,合作目标互依性对科研团队创造力有积极影响;知识共享与团队反思在合作目标互依性与科研团队创造力之间具有完全中介效应,而知识共享对团队反思有正向促进作用。研究结果打开了合作目标影响科研团队创造力的信息处理黑箱,扩展了激发型信息处理视角在团队创造力研究领域中的应用。     

创造学究竟是什么?

针对当前我国创造学研究中一些有争议的观点提出4个问题商讨:①创造学属科学范畴吗?②创造学就是创造心理学吗?③创造学是横断性学科吗?④建构创造学理论体系势在必行吗?通过分析,作者逐一表明了自己的观点。并指出,我国创造学研究当前的首要任务并不是建构尚缺乏研究基础的庞杂的创造学大体系,而是适应深化教育改革需要,对已取得诸多成果的创造教育研究和实践进行总结和概括,为创建具有中国特色的创造教育理论奠定基础。     

Exploring the ethical,organisational and technological challenges of crime mapping: a critical approach to urban safety technologies

Technology is pervasive in current police practices, and has been for a long time. From CCTV to crime mapping, databases, biometrics, predictive analytics, open source intelligence, applications and a myriad of other technological solutions take centre stage in urban safety management. But before efficient use of these applications can be made, it is necessary to confront a series of challenges relating to the organizational structures that will be used to manage them, to their technical capacities and expectations, and to weigh up the positive and negative external factors at play at the intersection between technology, society and urban management. The paper contributes to this discussion by looking into the dynamics that drive technological uptake in the field of urban safety, the different theories underpinning the relationship between crime and space, and the history and technological characteristics of Geographic Information Systems to later present specific case studies and practical examples of crime mapping systems. Finally, addressing matters related to organisational constraints, technological possibilities and societal impact from a critical point of view, the paper lays out guidelines to ensure that using technology to manage urban safety does not result in increased victimisation, inequalities or inefficiency. Taking one of the longest established technology used in police practice, crime mapping, and using a multidisciplinary, critical approach to escape technological solutionism and bridge the gap between the academic literature (STS, urban sociology, environmental criminology) and policy needs and recommendations, this paper sends a cautionary tale to those hoping that technology alone can solve complex urban and social problems.     

浅论现代篮球技术教学对大学男生的创造性思维引导

高校的现代篮球技术教学,可以充分发挥学生的能动性和创造性,因此有效的激发了学生的学习积极性和能动性,从而使高校体育教学由传统的被动的学习变为主动练习和探索,教学成果非常明显。创造力的培养是我国教育体制改革的关键,创造力的核心就是创新性思维能力,创新性思维能力是通过后天的学习和训练培养出来的。现代篮球技术作为一门先进的体育技术,它对临场发挥的技术性和创造性要求非常高,这对培养学生的创造性思维有着非常良好的引导作用。