螺旋藻及其复方对小鼠运动能力的体内自由基代谢影响的研究

为探讨螺旋藻及其复方对运动能力和自由基代谢的影响,采用小鼠游泳训练模型,观察体重等一般健康状况,游泳耐力,血浆、肝脏及肌肉中ＳＯＤ活力和ＭＤＡ含量。结果表明,螺旋藻及其复方能改善训练小鼠整体健康状况,提高小鼠游泳耐力和血浆、肝脏、肌肉中ＳＯＤ活力,降低ＭＤＡ含量。螺旋藻复方在调节整体机能、提高运动能力、纠正自由基代谢失衡方面有超过单味螺旋藻的趋势。     

补充纳米生血铁对高强度运动大鼠铁代谢相关指标的影响

目的:观察补充纳米生血铁对高强度运动大鼠铁代谢相关指标的影响。方法:60只健康雄性SD大鼠为研究对象,体重(160±10)g,随机分为4组:A组为安静对照组(n=15)、B组为高强度运动对照组(n=15),C组为高强度运动补充生血铁组(n=15)、D组为高强度运动补充纳米生血铁组(n=15)。运动大鼠第1周20 m/min,30 min/次,2次/天,6天/周,休息1天;第2周25 m/min,60 min/次,2次/天,6天/周,休息1天;第3周30 m/min,90 min/次,2次/天,6天/周,休息1天;第4周35 m/min,120 min/次,2次/天,6天/周,休息1天。在最后一次运动后次日处死动物并取材测试。D组大鼠补充纳米生血铁,C组大鼠补充等量普通生血铁,A、B组大鼠补充等量安慰剂。结果:大鼠进行4周高强度递增负荷运动后,血清铁、血清总铁结合力、红细胞总数和血色素均显著下降;而补充纳米生血铁大鼠血清铁、血清总铁结合力、红细胞总数和血色素水平均显著升高。     

耐力运动中糖和脂肪利用的调节

耐力运动中要保持较高的输出功率必须同时利用糖和脂肪供能。事实上。机体内存在着复杂的机制调节糖和脂肪的利用。试从激素的调节、葡萄糖-脂肪酸循环及丙二酰CoA的调节三个方面来综述耐力运动中糖和脂肪利用的研究进展。     

The effect of exercise interventions on resting metabolic rate: A systematic review and meta-analysis

ABSTRACT

The systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effect of aerobic, resistance and combined exercise on RMR (kCal·day^-1) and performed a methodological assessment of indirect calorimetry protocols within the included studies. Subgroup analyses included energy/diet restriction and body composition changes. Randomized control trials (RCTs), quasi – RCTs and cohort trials featuring a physical activity intervention of any form and duration excluding single exercise bouts were included. Participant exclusions included medical conditions impacting upon RMR, the elderly (≥65 years of age) or pregnant, lactating or post-menopausal women. The review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD 42,017,058,503). 1669 articles were identified; 22 were included in the qualitative analysis and 18 were meta-analysed. Exercise interventions (aerobic and resistance exercise combined) did not increase resting metabolic rate (mean difference (MD): 74.6 kCal·day^-1[95% CI: ?13.01, 161.33], P = 0.10). While there was no effect of aerobic exercise on RMR (MD: 81.65 kCal·day^-1[95% CI: ?57.81, 221.10], P = 0.25), resistance exercise increased RMR compared to controls (MD: 96.17 kCal·day^-1[95% CI: 45.17, 147.16], P = 0.0002). This systematic review effectively synthesises the effect of exercise interventions on RMR in comparison to controls; despite heterogenous methodologies and high risk of bias within included studies.     

壳聚糖对运动训练大鼠骨骼肌和肝脏线粒体自由基代谢的影响

了解壳聚糖对大鼠耐力运动中自由基代谢的影响。大鼠进行4周跑台耐力训练,以0.5g kg壳聚糖灌胃,测定骨骼肌和肝脏线粒体中丙二醛(MDA)和活性氧的含量。结果表明:服药组与运动组比较骨骼肌和肝脏线粒体中MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05);服药组骨骼肌活性氧含量显著低于运动组(P<0.05);肝脏活性氧没有明显的变化。壳聚糖能有效地减轻运动所产生的内源性自由基对大鼠的伤害,增强大鼠运动能力,延缓疲劳的发生。     

Six high-intensity interval training sessions over 5 days increases maximal oxygen uptake,endurance capacity,and sub-maximal exercise fat oxidation as much as 6 high-intensity interval training sessions over 2 weeks

BackgroundHigh-intensity interval training (HIIT) induces similar or even superior adaptations compared to continuous endurance training. Indeed, just 6 HIIT sessions over 2 weeks significantly improves maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max), submaximal exercise fat oxidation, and endurance performance. Whether even faster adaptations can be achieved with HIIT is not known. Thus, we aimed to determine whether 2 sessions of HIIT per day, separated by 3 h, every other day for 5 days (double HIIT (HIIT-D), n = 15) could increase VO_2max, submaximal exercise fat oxidation, and endurance capacity as effectively as 6 sessions of HIIT over 2 weeks (single HIIT (HIIT-S), n = 13).MethodsEach training session consisted of 10 × 60 s of cycling at 100% of VO_2max interspersed with 75 s of low-intensity cycling at 60 watt (W). Pre- and post-training assessments included VO_2max, time to exhaustion at ∼80% of VO_2max, and 60-min cycling trials at ∼67% of VO_2max.ResultsSimilar increases (p < 0.05) in VO_2max (HIIT-D: 7.7% vs. HIIT-S: 6.0%, p > 0.05) and endurance capacity (HIIT-D: 80.1% vs. HIIT-S: 79.2%, p > 0.05) were observed. Submaximal exercise carbohydrate oxidation was reduced in the 2 groups after exercise training (HIIT-D: 9.2%, p = 0.014 vs. HIIT-S: 18.8%, p = 0.012) while submaximal exercise fat oxidation was significantly increased in HIIT-D (15.5%, p = 0.048) but not in HIIT-S (9.3%, p = 0.290).ConclusionSix HIIT sessions over 5 days was as effective in increasing VO_2max and endurance capacity and was more effective in improving submaximal exercise fat oxidation than 6 HIIT sessions over 2 weeks.     

低氧、离心力竭运动对骨骼肌自由基代谢的影响

研究目的是探讨低氧和离心力竭运动对骨骼肌自由基代谢的影响。结果显示:离心运动后即刻骨骼肌MDA生成大量增加,运动后1天达峰值,脂质过氧化作用破坏了细胞膜,骨骼肌损伤进一步加重。安静状态下,随着低氧时间的延长,骨骼肌SOD活性明显下降。且大鼠力竭运动后低氧的前2天,骨骼肌中SOD活性的升高幅度不及常氧组。表明组织缺氧会抑制骨骼肌自由基清除剂的生成。     

低温环境下不同强度运动对糖脂代谢相关激素的影响

目的:研究低温环境下不同强度运动对糖脂代谢相关激素变化的影响,旨在为冰上项目运动者的训练监控提供一定的指导意义。方法:选取10名北京体育大学田径专项男生为研究对象,在室内温度为12℃的条件下静息、65%VO_2max和80%VO_2max强度跑台各运动20min,每次运动前后均采集血液进行相关指标的测试,每两次测试时间间隔不少于1周。结果:与静息前相比,静息20 min后血清胰岛素(Ins)水平、胰高血糖素(PG)水平、Ins/PG均有显著降低,脂联素(ADPN)水平显著升高;与65%VO_2max强度运动前相比,运动后PG水平显著降低;与80%VO2max强度运动前相比,运动后Ins水平、Ins/PG比值显著降低,PG水平显著升高。与静息后相比,65%VO_2max强度运动后血清去甲肾上腺素(NE)、PG、瘦素(LP)水平显著降低,Ins/PG、多巴胺(DA)水平显著升高,80%VO_2max强度运动后血清NE、LP水平显著降低,DA水平显著升高;与65%VO_2max强度运动后相比,80%VO2max强度运动后血清肾上腺素(Ad)、NE水平显著上升,DA、Ins、LP水平显著降低。结论:低温环境可使Ins和Ins/PG下降,ADPN升高,且以中等强度运动后血清FFA显著升高,建议在低温环境下以中等强度运动更有利于脂肪的分解。     

规律运动与性别差异对高中生身体意象的影响

选用多维度身体与自我关系问卷作工具,对浙江省4所高级中学进行调查.结果显示:(1)除外表取向和疾病取向外,性别差异对高中生的身体意象其他各维度都具有显著影响.男生的外表评价、体能评价、健康评价、身体各部位满意度、体能关注、健康关注显著高于女生.(2)除对头发的满意度无显著性别差异外,对其他身体部位的满意度,男生显著高于女生.(3)规律运动对外表评价、体能评价、健康评价和体能取向有显著影响,而对其他身体意向构成维度没有显著影响.     

The effects of a high-intensity free-weight back-squat exercise protocol on postural stability in resistance-trained males

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a high-intensity free-weight back-squat exercise on postural stability characteristics in resistance-trained males. Eighteen college-aged (mean ± SD: age = 22.9 ± 2.9 years; height = 175.8 ± 6.4 cm; mass = 86.3 ± 9.3 kg), resistance-trained males performed postural stability testing before and after completing five sets of eight repetitions of back-squat exercises at 80% of one-repetition maximum. A commercial balance testing device was used to assess sway index at pre- and at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 min post-exercise. Each balance assessment consisted of four, 20-s static stance conditions: eyes-open firm surface, eyes-closed firm surface, eyes-open soft surface and eyes-closed soft surface. Sway index was greater (P = 0.001–0.020) at Post 0 than at all other time points. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed between any other time phases. Sway index was greater (P < 0.001) for eyes-closed soft surface than all other conditions. These findings revealed sway index for all conditions significantly increased following completion of the back-squat; however, sway index recovered within 5 min of exercise. Higher sway index values as a result of neuromuscular fatigue induced by a back-squat exercise may have performance and injury risk consequences to subsequent activities that rely on postural stability. However, these findings suggest balance impairments may recover in ~5 min following high-intensity lower body resistance exercise.     

不同运动量训练对大鼠血睾酮及相关指标的影响

为探讨运动量与血睾酮及相关指标的关系，对大鼠进行小运动量和大运动量两种训练，观察不同运动量对大鼠血清总睾酮(TT)、游离睾酮(FT)和皮质酮(C)浓度的影响。结果显示：小运动量组大鼠血清TT、FT和C均未出现明显下降；大运动量组大鼠血清TT、FT和C均出现显著性降低，并且TT／C值下降幅度达40．22％。因此认为，过度训练引起运动性低血睾酮，适度的运动量训练可以避免低血睾酮；血清游离睾酮的极度低下是引起低血睾酮的直接因素；血清皮质酮浓度降低反映机体应激能力低下；TT／C值可作为判断过度训练的参考指标。     

高原低氧环境复合健身运动下人体HDL-C与LDL-C指标的变化及其影响

目的：针对世居高平原45～55岁的人群,观察高原低氧环境健身运动对其血脂HDL-C、LDL-C的影响,以期为促进高平原人群健康提供参考依据。方法：研究对象分为高原实验组（高原组、平原组）和对照组三组。实验方法分为高原和平原实验两部分,实验期共7周,其中适应期1周,实验期3周,观察期3周。实验组在青海多巴（2366m,2周）、天峻（3480~3700m,1周）集中进行高原训练,每周采集1次指标。对照组在陕西户县余下镇（395m）采取集中训练、非集中住宿的方式进行健身锻炼,在实验初期、末期和观察末期采集指标3次。结果：男子高原组、平原组的HDL-C均呈下降趋势,且高原组下降非常显著（P<0.01）,对照组则呈显著上升（P<0.05）。女子平原组HDL-C呈下降趋势,高原组、对照组均有所增长。男子高原组、平原组LDL-C呈上升趋势,对照组呈下降趋势。女子高原组LDL-C上升水平非常显著（P<0.01）,平原组LDL-C呈上升趋势,对照组则下降显著（P<0.05）。男子高原组LDL-C/HDL-C值在标准范围内表现出上升趋势,平原组上升显著（P<0.05）,对照组在观察末期显著下降（P<0.05）。女子高原组LDL-C/HDL-C值在标准范围内呈现上升趋势,平原组上升显著（P<0.05）,而对照组在标准范围内显著下降（P<0.05）。结论：在高原进行健身锻炼时应注意控制饮食以及掌握好高原健身运动的负荷量和强度,同时,应适当考虑延长在高原居留时间。     

The influence of carbohydrate and protein ingestion during recovery from prolonged exercise on subsequent endurance performance

Abstract

Ingesting carbohydrate plus protein following prolonged exercise may restore exercise capacity more effectively than ingestion of carbohydrate alone. The objective of the present study was to determine whether this potential benefit is a consequence of the protein fraction per se or simply due to the additional energy it provides. Six active males participated in three trials, each involving a 90-min treadmill run at 70% maximal oxygen uptake (run 1) followed by a 4-h recovery. At 30-min intervals during recovery, participants ingested solutions containing: (1) 0.8 g carbohydrate · kg body mass (BM)^?1 · h^?1 plus 0.3 g · kg^?1 · h^?1 of whey protein isolate (CHO-PRO); (2) 0.8 g carbohydrate · kg BM^?1 · h^?1 (CHO); or (3) 1.1 g carbohydrate · kg BM^?1 · h^?1 (CHO-CHO). The latter two solutions matched the CHO-PRO solution for carbohydrate and for energy, respectively. Following recovery, participants ran to exhaustion at 70% maximal oxygen uptake (run 2). Exercise capacity during run 2 was greater following ingestion of CHO-PRO and CHO-CHO than following ingestion of CHO (P ≤ 0.05) with no significant difference between the CHO-PRO and CHO-CHO treatments. In conclusion, increasing the energy content of these recovery solutions extended run time to exhaustion, irrespective of whether the additional energy originated from sucrose or whey protein isolate.     

Effects of a carbohydrate and caffeine gel on intermittent sprint performance in recreationally trained males

Abstract

We investigated the effects of ingesting carbohydrate gels with and without caffeine on a ~90-minute, four blocks intermittent sprint test (IST), in 12 recreationally trained male athletes. Using a cross-over design, one 70 ml dose of gel containing either 25 g of carbohydrate with (CHOCAF) or without (CHO) 100 mg of caffeine, or a non-caloric placebo (PL) was ingested on three occasions: one hour before, immediately prior to and during the IST. Blood glucose, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and fatigue index (FI) were analysed. Glucose showed significantly higher values for both CHOCAF and CHO at the first (p=0.005 and p=0.000, respectively), second (p=0.009 and 0.008, respectively) and third (p=0.003 and 0.001, respectively) blocks when compared with PL, while only CHOCAF was significantly different to PL (p=0.002) at the fourth block. CHOCAF showed an improved FI (mean 5.0, s =1.7) compared with CHO (mean 7.6, s =2.6; p=0.006) and PL (mean 7.4, s =2.4; p=0.005), a significantly lower RPE (mean 14.2, s =2) compared with PL (mean 15.3, s =2; p=0.003) and a trend in respect of CHO (mean 14.9, s =2.3; p=0.056) after the third block. In conclusion, ingesting CHOCAF one hour before, prior to and during an IST is effective at transiently reducing fatigue and RPE whilst maintaining higher glucose levels at the final stages of the exercise.     

The effect of badminton-specific exercise on badminton short-serve performance in competition and practice climates

This study examined the effects of changes in physiological and psychological arousal on badminton short-serve performance in competitive and practice climates. Twenty competitive badminton players (10 males and 10 females) volunteered to participate in the study following ethics approval. After familiarisation, badminton short-serve performance was measured at rest, mid-way through and at the end of a badminton-specific exercise protocol in two conditions; competition vs. practice. Ratings of cognitive and somatic anxiety were assessed at three time points prior to badminton short-serve performance using the Mental Readiness Form 3. Heart rate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed during the exercise protocol. Results indicated that better short-serve performance was evident in practice compared to competition (P?=?.034). RPE values were significantly higher in the competition condition compared to practice (P?=?.007). Cognitive anxiety intensity was significantly lower post-exercise in the practice condition compared to competition (P?=?.001). Cognitive anxiety direction showed greater debilitation post-exercise in the competition condition compared to practice (P?=?.01). Somatic anxiety intensity increased from pre-, to mid- to post-exercise (P?=?.001) irrespective of condition. This study suggests that badminton serve performance is negatively affected when physiological arousal, via badminton-specific exercise, and cognitive anxiety, via perceived competition, are high.     

运动性低血睾酮与肾阳虚大鼠能量代谢的比较研究

以大鼠为对象,用长期大强度、较长时问游泳造成运动性低血睾酮,以0．5％腺嘌呤喂饲造成肾阳虚．并就两种状态下大鼠体内糖储备及骨骼肌能量代谢进行了探讨。结果表明：运动性低血睾酮大鼠肝、肌糖原含量均增加,而且骨骼肌无氧供能的CK、PK活性没有改变,但MDH活性明显升高(P(O．05)。肾阳虚则造成体内肝、肌糖原的明显减少(P<0、05),骨骼肌中CK活性的显降低(P<0．05)．但对骨骼肌中PK及MDH的活性则没有影响。可以认为,肾阳虚及运动性低血睾酮在对大鼠能量代谢影响方面,是两种不同的状态。     

健心运动处方对提高大、中学生心理健康水平的实验研究

通过在中学、大学体育课、课外体育活动中实施健心运动处方的实验，运用“学生心理健康问卷”评价和探讨实施处方的心理效果。实验结果表明，中学生实验组通过处方的应用，来显示出明显的效果，但心理健康水平好于普通中学学生；大学女生的实验表明，经处方的实施，在人际交往、学习适应、意志及情绪因子上有明显进步。     

力竭运动对大鼠血清脂蛋白、血浆内皮素的影响

以力竭运动为模型，观察了大鼠血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三脂（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、极低密度脂蛋白（VLDL）和血浆内皮素（ET）的含量。结果显示，力竭运动可造成血清TG、TC、LDL的含量显下降（P＜0．01），HDL含量显升高（P＜0．01），VLDL无显性改变，TC／HDL及LDL／HDL比率显降低（P＜0．01），血浆ET显升高（P＜0．01），说明力竭运动是造成脂蛋白代谢失调以及内皮素含量上升和造成机体损伤的重要原因。     

The effect of acute aerobic exercise on central arterial stiffness,wave reflections,and hemodynamics in adults with diabetes: A randomized cross-over design

BackgroundIndividuals with diabetes have greater central arterial stiffness, wave reflections, and hemodynamics, all of which promote the accelerated cardiovascular pathology seen in this population. Acute aerobic exercise has been shown to be an effective strategy for reducing central arterial stiffness, wave reflections, and hemodynamics in healthy individuals; however, the effects of acute aerobic exercise in reducing these outcomes is not well established in people with diabetes. Recently, implementation of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) has shown superior improvements in cardiovascular health outcomes when compared to traditional aerobic exercise. Yet, the effect of HIIE on the aforementioned outcomes in people with diabetes is not known. The purpose of this study was to (i) describe the central arterial stiffness, wave reflections, and hemodynamic responses to a bout of HIIE and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) in adults with diabetes; and (ii) compare the effects of HIIE and MICE on the aforementioned outcomes.MethodsA total of 24 adult men and women (aged 29–59 years old) with type 1 (n = 12) and type 2 (n = 12) diabetes participated in a randomized cross-over study. All participants completed the following protocols: (i) HIIE: cycling for 4 × 4 min at 85%–95% of heart rate peak (HR_peak), interspersed with 3 min of active recovery at 60%–70%HR_peak; (ii) MICE: 33 min of continuous cycling at 60%–70%HR_peak; and (iii) control (CON): lying quietly in a supine position for 30 min.ResultsA significant group × time effect was found for changes in central systolic blood pressure (F = 3.20, p = 0.01) with a transient reduction for the HIIE group but not for the MICE or CON groups. There was a significant group × time effect for changes in augmentation index at a heart rate of 75 beats/min (F = 2.32, p = 0.04) with a decrease following for HIIE and MICE but not for CON. For all other measures of central arterial stiffness and hemodynamics, no significant changes were observed (p > 0.05).ConclusionA bout of HIIE appears to lead to a greater transient reduction in central systolic blood pressure than the reduction observed following MICE; however, both HIIE and MICE improved augmentation index at a heart rate of 75 beats/min in people with diabetes. There was no significant difference in response to HIIE and MICE in all outcomes. This provides preliminary evidence on the role of HIIE on such outcomes in people with diabetes.