内隐学习对篮球比赛中投篮技术Choking影响的理论探讨

运用文献资料法,在对内隐学习的相关理论进行文献综述的基础上,对内隐学习能够克服篮球比赛中投篮技术产生的Choking的假设进行了探讨,以便在此基础上作进一步的理论研究和实证分析显示。     

竞赛中的Choking现象分析

竞赛中Choking现象(指在感知的压力下,由于焦虑水平的升高导致运动执行过程发生严重衰退)时有发生.当前主要有干扰模式、自我关注模式及过程理论模式解释其发生机制,观众及其期望、竞争、可能的报酬、自我意识、特质焦虑、应对方式、运动员的期望和预期、任务特征等是引起Choking现象的因素.尽管提出大量有关Choking干预的措施和建议,仍有待进一步实证检验.在此基础上,指出当前研究的局限性和未来的研究方向.     

Towards a unified understanding of relative age effects

When athletes are placed into annual age groups to organize and coordinate sport participation, certain (dis)advantages occur as a result of the subtle age differences within these groups. These differences, termed "relative age effects", have been consistently related to youth and adult sport attainment. However, there has been a lack of consistency in the terminology used in this area of research. In this paper, we consider the operational terms used in relative age research, discuss appropriate applications of terminology, and suggest directions for future research. Importantly, we argue for a unified understanding of what "relative age" means, stressing the need for clarity in directing future advances in the field.     

Australian athlete support personnel lived experience of anti-doping

Athlete support personnel (ASP) implement drug control policies for sport, such as anti-doping. Interviews with 39 ASP reveal how differences between policy and practice play out in their “lived experience” of anti-doping. While most ASP support the ideology underlying anti-doping at a “common sense” level (using popular drug and sporting discourses such as “drugs are bad” and sporting virtue), they are critical of anti-doping practice. Combined with no direct experience with doping, ASP saw doping as a rare event unlikely to emerge in practice. Most ASP took a laissez-faire approach to anti-doping, relying on managers to know what to do in the unlikely event of a doping incident. Despite broadly supporting the ideas of anti-doping, ASP raised concerns around implementation with regards to Athlete Whereabouts and recreational drug use. In response to hypothetical doping events, a number of ASP would seek to persuade the athlete to discontinue doping rather than meet mandatory reporting obligations. Part of this extended from conflicts between professional and anti-doping obligations (e.g. mandatory reporting and patient confidentiality). ASP demonstrate anti-doping policies are in tension with a practice that systematically normalises substance based performance enhancement early in sporting careers. Anti-doping agencies need to do more to engage with ASP as the “front line” of drug management in sport, including resolving contradictions across policies and in practice.     

基于“Choking”实验范式的“自我批判”中介效应验证

“自我批判”指个体为了保护自尊而朝向规避负面可能性结果的心理倾向,反映了个体高标准的“自我关注”。运用飞镖任务的“Choking”实验范式,把“自我批判”作为内源性中介变量,观察其在压力下运动表现的作用解释机制。对50名大学生运动员进行“自我批判”的人格测试,并分别在无压力和压力条件下完成飞镖投掷任务的测试,所得数据通过SPSS 24.0和Process 3.0进行统计分析。研究发现,“自我批判”倾向的被试在压力条件下表现了“自我关注”的认知压力(β=0.50,P<0.001);同时,其“Choking”表现也随之增加(β=0.35,P<0.01)。因此,“自我批判”作为“Choking”的内源性诱因,具有部分的中介作用机制解释,其解释变异的效应占25%。     

Towards a conceptual understanding of muscle dysmorphia development and sustainment

In recent years muscle dysmorphia has attracted the interests of sport, exercise, and clinical psychologists, researchers, and the popular media. In this article we review muscle dysmorphia literature and propose a framework to advance knowledge about the condition's development and sustainment. Existing research is focused on social variables correlated with muscle dysmorphia (e.g., social support), and cognitions, emotions, and behaviours displayed by individuals with the condition (e.g., exercise dependence and steroid abuse). The proposed framework draws on the extant body image and body dysmorphic disorder literature to address gaps identified in current muscle dysmorphia knowledge. In particular, little attention has been given to mechanisms by which the condition develops and is sustained, and learning theory is proposed as one possibility. In addition to extending muscle dysmorphia knowledge, the framework is offered as a way to stimulate a range of investigations adding to current understanding. The inclusion of learning theory, for example, may provide insights leading to the identification of suitable treatments for people whose health and well-being has been reduced as a result of experiencing muscle dysmorphia.     

基于运动技能内隐学习理论的Choking现象干预效果研究

实验以15名具有Choking现象的篮球专修课学生为对象,采用组别＊测验时间（2＊3）的双因素混合设计,以每组10个罚球线定点投篮的命中数为实验因变量,对实验组进行＂如将纸团扔进纸篓那样＂的投篮技能内隐学习干预,控制组则不加干预。结果表明：实验组和控制组的Choking指数存在显著差异（F（1,13）=7.146,p=0.019,η2=0.355）,测验时间对Choking指数有显著的影响（F（2,26）=9.882,p=0.001,η2=0.432）,组别和测验时间对Cho-king指数存在显著的交互作用（F（2,26）=5.524,p=0.010,η2=0.298）,内隐学习是干预Choking现象的一种有效手段。     

运动竞赛中的运动认知和Choking现象

2005年第11届世界运动心理学大会上出现了大量研究运动竞赛心理学的论文,反映了运动心理学界对解决运动员竞赛心理问题的重视。就运动状态下的运动认知和竞赛中的Choking现象综述国内外的研究现状,认为今后的研究应解决如何在真实的复杂的运动情境下测量运动认知以及Choking的预防、干预方法和效果评价等。     

运动竞赛中“Choking”现象国内研究述评

对国内47篇“Choking”研究论文的特征进行了分析,结果表明：与国际研究相比,国内研究起步较晚,整体研究水平较低;非实证研究居多,实证研究较少;潜在影响因素探讨较多,内在机制分析较少;研究项目分布较广,Choking操作定义界定不清。国内研究主要不足表现为实证研究缺乏理论导向,Choking现象本质探讨不足,预防干预研究较少。     

体育比赛中的"choking"现象——一个亟待解决的心理学问题

现代运动竞赛中,运动员在关键时刻以先赢后输的形式丢掉冠军的现象越来越多,心理学上称之为压力下的“choking”,并定义为压力条件下一种习惯的运动执行过程发生技术衰败的现象。本文在综述竞赛中“choking”现象的定义及其理论解释的基础上,探讨了“choking”现象发生的机制及其原因,寻找其预防措施,并分析目前有关“choking”的心理学研究存在的问题及今后研究的方向。旨在引起教练员、体育工作者的足够重视,为提高运动员的竞赛成绩提供参考。     

运用"Choking"理论分析中国男子体操队在第28届奥运会上失误的原因

"Choking"是一种心理现象,定义为习惯的运动执行过程发生衰变的现象,主要发生在比赛的关键时刻或重大比赛中.压力下的"Choking"用来描述运动员在比赛的关键时刻或重大比赛中发生运动成绩下降的现象.运用 "Choking"过程理论,对第28届奥运会中国男子体操队成绩出现"反常"的现象进行了分析.从"Choking"影响因素的过程模式观点,认为中国男子体操队惜败第28届奥运会主要与8个方面的因素有关金牌压力有关的比赛的重要性;比赛过程中运动员失利的相互影响;首次采用6-3-3新赛制;年轻运动员缺乏大赛的经验;现代竞技体操比赛的高技术含量增加;比赛压力应对策略;比赛对手的压力;过去比赛失误的经历.提出了存在的问题和3个今后研究的方向.     

Focus Groups to Explore the Perceptions of Older Adults on a Pedometer-Based Intervention

Focus group methodology was used to explore in depth the perceptions of older adults who had participated in a 12-week pedometer-based intervention. Nineteen women and 8 men, ages 55–86 years, volunteered to take part in the focus groups following participation in the intervention. Four focus groups of six to eight participants were scheduled at primary sites in the southern Maine area. Analysis of the data revealed four specific topical areas: (a) factors that led to increases in daily step count, (b) factors that hindered increases in daily step count, (c) benefits of pedometer intervention program, and (d) recommendations on how to improve older adults' physical activity. Overall, focus group participants found this intervention to be beneficial and recommended its expansion to other groups.     

"Neither cricketers nor ladies": towards a history of women and cricket in South Africa, 1860s-2000s

There is a dearth of research and writing on women's cricket in South Africa. In an attempt to enhance understanding of the nature and effects of women's involvement in the game of cricket over the past 200 years, this essay offers a chronological account of the sport and the role women played in it. It draws on readings from the international scholarship on women's early involvement in sport, the fragments that have existed to date about women's cricket in South Africa and some newly discovered primary material from the 1950s onwards. The essay aims to provide a historical context and open a window for historians and social analysts into an area few knew existed before. There is now a distinctive history and subculture of cricket with multiple social dimensions for scholars to explore; here I offer some preliminary insights.     

射击运动员决赛能力的研究

本研究采用了访谈法、统计分析法、文献综述法对某省参加2009年全国运动会射击运动员的决赛能力进行了质的分析,通过研究得出以下结论：射击运动员决赛能力包含情绪控制、专业技术水平、认知偏差等16项因子,而情绪控制、认知偏差、专业技术水平、自我意识、反应能力、相关经验6项因子作为鉴别性决赛能力因子,对选拔和训练射击运动员决赛能力有较好的指导意义。     

初中生视角下体育精神的诠释

初中生观念意识形成重要时期,探讨体育精神应具备什么品质,进而引导学生朝向新时代体育精神品质的方向发展。本文采用自下而上的扎根理论研究取向,通过半结构访谈,初步获得体育精神特征:初中生对体育精神认知有一定的稳定性、正向性。为充实理论密度,进一步采用团体焦点座谈,丰富比赛对抗领域中—规则意识重要类属。即初中生视角下体育精神共四个领域,各领域相互作用,且有侧重。而体育学科核心素养下体育精神倡导的社会责任感等维度没有体现,与其他群体中以人为本的人文精神没有体现,表明初中生视角下体育精神的认知不够完善。基于以上结论提出:课堂教学渗透体育精神理念。     

Competition,gender and the sport experience: an exploration among college athletes

Worldwide, sport and physical activity rates of women generally lag behind those of men. One reason for this could be the way that sport cultures typically frame and value competition. This study provides an examination of the meaning and impact of ‘competition’ on the sport participation experiences of men and women. Using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, individual and group interviews were conducted with 76 current and former male and female collegiate athletes from both varsity and club sports regarding the impact of competition on their sport experiences. Results revealed that women and men tended to view and interpret competition differently, which strongly impacted their sport experiences. Sport programming that embraces a balance of cooperation and competition may be valuable for attracting and retaining both male and female participants.     

Towards a more equitable and inclusive learning environment in Sport Education: results of an action research-based intervention

This study was designed to examine and intervene into student behaviours to promote a democratic, inclusive and participatory focus within Sport Education. To achieve an increased understanding of and changes within student behaviours, a collaborative participatory action research methodology was applied to provide voice to students as agents of change. The research progressed throughout an entire school year and was cast in two stages. The first was a season of Basketball that provided some baseline with respect to issues of equity and inclusion. This was followed by an intervention stage (seasons of Handball, Soccer and Volleyball) in which the identified issues were acted upon. Based upon issues unearthed during the action research cycles the intervention focused on legitimating different levels of participation through (1) a reconfiguration of the learning content, peer teaching activities and competition formats, (2) the discussion of inequity, exclusion, gender stereotyping and discrimination emerging from group dynamics within focus groups interviews and (3) the promotion of positive leadership behaviours of the student coaches through leadership seminars conducted outside the gym. By the end of the year, there was significant evidence of inclusive membership accompanied by the development of mutual trust among students and shared contributions towards a common and inclusive goal. A close interrelatedness was found between game competence development, trajectories of participation and sense of membership, the restructuring of power relations and the sharing of knowledge and investment of dominant and higher-skilled students towards more inclusive team goals. The Sport Education curriculum alone was insufficient to dismantle the deeply rooted negative cultural influences of community-based sports that influenced equity and inclusion. However, by planning and implementing a specific intervention that used the educational resources of Sport Education proactively it was possible to promote a more inclusive and equitable learning environment.     

素质教育思想中的体育教育

体育素质教育作为素质教育的重要组成部分越来越受到人们的关注。就如何正确认识素质教育思想中的体育教育提出几点见解，以期为体育素质教育理论研究和实践提供理论依据。     

Towards A Western Philosophy of the Eastern Martial Arts

The existence of the obligation to follow rules in sport is widely accepted, but there are only a few studies that provide accounts that justify it. Building upon Wolff's challenge to traditional political theories, this study proposes a theory that limits the level of normativity to which participants in sport contests are bound in an effort to maximize their autonomy. Instead of constructing a unitary theory of obligations to follow sport rules, a pluralistic account is offered, one that allows for multiple sources of normativity, thus augmenting the freedom of communities to play games according to their values.