Independent and joint associations of physical activity and fitness with fibromyalgia symptoms and severity: The al-Ándalus project

We examined independent and joint associations of objectively measured physical activity (PA) and physical fitness (PF) with pain, fatigue and the overall impact of fibromyalgia in 386 fibromyalgia women aged 51.2 ± 7.6 years. Levels of PA (light, moderate and vigorous) and PF were measured with triaxial accelerometry and the Senior Fitness Test, respectively. We used the Short-Form health survey-36 pain sub-scale and the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory to assess pain and multiple dimensions of fatigue, respectively. The impact of fibromyalgia was studied with the Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR). Both, total PA and global PF were independently associated with pain pressure threshold, SF-36 pain, reduced activity, reduced motivation and FIQR total score (all, P ≤ 0.027). The associations between total PA and symptoms were weaker than those observed between global PF and symptoms. Overall, unfit patients with low PA showed a worse profile that fit patients with high PA (all, P ≤ 0.001). In summary, PA and PF are independently associated with pain, fatigue and the overall impact of fibromyalgia in women. Although PF presented greater associations with symptoms, the results suggest that both being physically active and keep adequate fitness levels might be convenient for fibromyalgia women.     

The Effect of Head Position on Sit and Reach Performance

Abstract

This paper compares the prevalence of sexual harassment and abuse among 660 Norwegian elite female athletes and an age-matched control sample of non athletes. It also explores differences in the prevalence of harassment and abuse in sport and work or school settings and compares harassment and abuse perpetrated by male authority figures and peers in these different contexts. No differences were found between the athletes and controls in overall prevalence of sexual harassment or abuse. However, the athletes experienced significantly more harassment from male authority figures than did the controls. Based on these results, the article considers whether or not sport offers women any particular immunity from sexual harassment and abuse. The implications of the findings for structural and cultural change in sport are discussed.     

The relative age effect on physical fitness in preschool children

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present study was to investigate the existence of a relative age effect (RAE) on physical fitness of preschoolers. Anthropometry and physical fitness were assessed in 3147 children (3–5 years old) using the PREFIT battery. Based on the birth year, participants were divided into 3year groups (3-, 4- and 5-years). Within each year group, 4quarter groups were created: quarter 1, preschoolers born from January to March; quarter 2, from April to June; quarter 3, from July to September; quarter 4, from October to December. The MANCOVA analysis revealed a main effect of year group (Wilks’ λ = 0.383; F_10,5996 = 369.64; p < 0.001, η_p ² = 0.381) and of quarter (Wilks’ λ = 0.874; F_15,8276.6 = 27.67; p < 0.001; η_p ² = 0.044) over the whole battery of tests. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the existence of RAE at the preschool stage. In general, performance improved as the relative age increased (i.e., those born in quarter 1 performed better than those in the other quarters). Individualization strategies should be addressed within the same academic year not only in elementary or secondary years but also in preschoolers.     

运动员体能训练的新思路———核心稳定性训练

良好的动态稳定能力是运动员竞技能力发挥的基础,国外优秀运动员进行身体稳定性训练取得了明显的效果,而目前我国运动员体能训练理论和方法中却缺少了对身体稳定能力的研究,在借鉴国外研究的基础上,提出核心稳定性的定义,并从解剖学和生理学角度分析核心稳定性训练的机制和特点.研究认为,人体"核心"的解剖学位置是身体膈肌以下至盆底肌之间的区域,核心稳定性是指人体通过核心肌群的收缩保持或维持脊柱和骨盆在正常解剖学位置的能力;核心稳定性训练即是动态的核心稳定肌的本体感受性训练,又是核心运动肌的力量训练,它摒弃了现有力量训练方法存在的弊端,有着与传统体能训练不可比拟的优势,为我国运动员体能训练提供新思路.     

The Relationship of the Sit and Reach Test to Criterion Measures of Hamstring and Back Flexibility in Young Females

Abstract

The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the relationships of the sit and reach test, a component of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance Health Related Fitness Test, 1980, with criterion measures of back and hamstring flexibility. Young females (N = 100) with a mean age of 14.08 years ± .825 were administered two trials of three tests. The measurements included the sit and reach test, passive hamstring flexibility using a Leighton Flexometer, and a test of back flexibility using a protocol suggested by Macrae and Wright in 1969. Test-retest reliability estimates exceeded .90 for all measurements. Results indicated that the sit and reach test had a moderate relationship (r = .64) with passive hamstring flexibility. The correlations between the sit and reach test and total back flexibility (r = .07), upper back flexibility (r = ?.16), and lower back flexibility (r = .28) were low. These findings indicate the sit and reach test has moderate criterion-related validity when used as an assessment of hamstring flexibility, but appears not to provide a valid assessment of back and, in particular, low back flexibility which is one of the reasons it was included in the Health Related Fitness Test.     

运动对骨骼肌超微结构的影响

不同的运动对骨骼肌超微结构的影响不尽相同。本文主要综述了国内外关于运动对骨骼肌的线粒体、毛细血管和肌原纤维等超微结构的影响。     

The Criterion-Related Validity of the Sit and Reach Test: Replication and Extension of Previous Findings

Abstract

The purposes of this study were to (a) examine the stability and consistency of the Caltrac accelerometer (Hemokinetics, Madison, WI) and an activity record to assess physical activity in children and adults (Experiment 1), and (b) to determine if there is a relationship between parents and their children in physical activity level (Experiment 2). Thirty 5–9-year-old children and their biological parents wore Caltrac accelerometers for three consecutive days (including one weekend day). At the same time, parents completed a Caltrac Activity Record (CAL REC) for themselves and their child. Dependent variables were counts per day for the Caltrac and minutes of light activity and activity for the CAL REC. Between-day correlations for the Caltrac ranged from r = .73 to .87 for the parents (p < .001) and from r = .38 (p < .04) to .79 (p < .001) for the children. An analysis of variance with repeated measures indicated no significant differences for the Caltrac between days for parents and children. Between-day correlations for CAL REC ranged from r = .67 to .91 (p < .05) for parents and r = .36 to .72 (p < .05) for children, and there were no significant differences between days. In Experiment 2, χ² analyses were used to examine familial resemblance in physical activity. Using the Caltrac, familial resemblance occurred in 67% (father and child) and 73% (mother and child) of the families. Using the CAL REC, familial aggregation was present in 70% (father and child) and 66% (mother and child) of the families. Thus, children of active and less active parents exhibited physical activity patterns similar to their parents.     

The influence of ankle dorsiflexion on jumping capacity and the modified agility t-test performance

Abstract

Dorsiflexion sport shoes aim to increase jumping capacity and speed by means of a lower position of the heel in comparison with the forefoot, favouring additional stretching of the ankle plantar flexors. In previous studies, contradictory results have been found on the benefits of using this type of shoe. With the aim of comparing a dorsiflexion sport shoe model (DF) with a conventional sport shoe (CS), 41 participants performed a countermovement jump (CMJ) test and an agility test (MAT) with both models of shoe. There were no significant differences in the jump test [CS=35.3 cm (6.4) and DF=35.6 cm (6.4), P>0.05]. In the agility test, the conventional shoe obtained better results than the model with dorsiflexion with regard to time taken to complete the circuit [CS=6236 ms (540) and DF=6377 ms (507), P<0.05)]. In spite of producing pre-stretching of the plantar muscles, the DF sport shoes were not effective for improving either jump power or agility in a specific test.     

优秀女子三级跳远运动员速度变化特点的研究

主要采用摄像、录象解析法和文献资料法,对我国部分优秀女子三级跳远运动员在试跳过程中速度变化的特点以及每一跳速度变化情况进行分析,同时与世界优秀运动员进行对比。探讨女子三级跳远技术中各跳之间速度分配的特点。     

青少年男子短跑运动员膝关节等速肌力特征研究

目的：通过对36名二级青少年男子短跑运动员双侧膝关节进行等速测试，探析青少年短跑运动员膝关节向心屈伸肌群的生物力学特性．为运动训练、科学选材及临床康复等提供理论依据。方法：利用Kinitech等速康复肌力测试系统对青少年男子短跑运动员膝关节屈伸肌群进行等速测试。结果：青少年男子短跑运动员双侧膝关节屈伸峰力矩随测试速度的增加呈递减趋势，且膝伸肌大于膝屈肌（P〈0．05），峰力矩屈伸比（V／E）随给定测试速度的增加呈递增趋势；最大功率随测试速度的增大而增加，同一测试速度下屈、伸肌群最大功率无明显差异，左、右侧相比也无显著性差异（600／s伸肌除外）；屈伸肌群达峰力矩的角度（APT）表现为伸肌角度明显低于屈肌角度，随速度增加左右两侧膝关节达峰力矩的角度无显著差异：双侧膝关节屈伸肌群达峰力矩的时间（TPT）随测试速度的增加而减小，同一测试速度下伸肌达峰力矩的时间大于屈肌；右侧膝关节屈肌相对峰力矩（PT／BM）与下肢形态学指标表现出不同程度的正相关。结论：青少年男子短跑运动员膝关节峰力矩变化规律与成年人相一致，但左右侧膝关节屈伸肌群做功能力发展不平衡，屈伸肌群运动达峰力矩角度、达峰力矩的时间存在显著差异。     

舍宾(SHAPING)形体训练对中青年女性心肺功能、身体形态及素质影响的研究

研究目的:由于社会地位的改变,社会责任及义务的增加,女性的健康状况成了社会普遍关注,不容忽视的问题。通过舍宾形体训练对中青年女性部分生理指标影响的研究,对比分析出其科学性、实效性。研究方法:采用文献资料调研、实验法、数理统计法、比较法。主要结果和结论:舍宾形体训练能使中青年女性的心肺功能得到较明显的改善;舍宾形体训练对改善中青年女性身体形态非常有效;舍宾形体训练能提高中青年女性的力量素质及柔韧素质。建议:高校将舍宾形体训练系统引入女生健康、健美教学;将舍宾发扬光大,使更多的女性朋友了解舍宾,进入舍宾,进而更加完善自我。     

基础训练对提高400米跑运动水平的重要作用

本文就400米跑的训练方法提出了自己的观点和训练方法。在对灵敏、柔韧、力量、速度这四项素质的训练和跑速控制的感觉培养共五点问题进行研讨的基础上,提出了自己的运动训练观点。     

北京奥运场馆赛后服务城市公共健身游憩空间的研究

奥运场馆赛后服务城市公共健身游憩空间是新的奥运经济研究问题。本文选择北京奥运场馆赛后服务城市公共健身游憩空间作为研究对象,以"奥运场馆更重要的功能是赛后服务于城市公共健身游憩空间"这个现点为主线。探讨近几届奥运会举办国赛后场馆服务城市公共健身游憩空间的情况,在借鉴举办国城市成功经验的基础上,提出北京奥运场馆赛后服务于城市公共健身游憩空间的战略设想。     

高校体育场地的社会开放策略

分析了高校体育场地现行管理方式不足，提出高校体育场地应扩大向社会开放，提供公益性服务，以盘活闲置的体育资源，更好为全民健身服务。     

中小学体育与健康课程改革实验情况调查

：运用实地调查的方法对实验区实验前、后以及部分非实验区的情况进行了调查分析，结果发现：(1)学生积极主动的学习方式逐渐形成；以学生为中心的局面初步形成；学生学习效果明显，初步具有了一定的体育意识；教师初步建立了学生意识和课程意识，师生互动性增强。(2)学生的发展出现了两极分化及课堂愿望还不能完全得到满足等现象；教师存在形式主义、课堂上放任自流等现象；《课程标准》有待进一步完善。建议加大教师培训的力度和深度；逐步建立新的课堂教学常规；全面提高教研员的素质；进一步确立以学生为本的教育思想；争取家长的支持和配合；《课程标准》高中部分独立成册；实施小班上课。     

对我国优秀田径运动员过早退役原因的调查分析

通过问卷、访谈等方法对我国田径运动员的过早退役原因做了调查分析。结果表明:运动损伤、后顾之忧、收入偏低、潜力不大是造成过早退役的主要原因;与教练关系不和及其他两方面对退役的影响相对没有前几项大。值得注意的是绝大多数都是由于主要原因综合所致。另外,对出现这些原因的根源也作了具体的探讨。     

江苏省女子中长跑运动员赛前期高原训练的生理生化指标监控研究

目的：探讨江苏省女子中长跑运动员在赛前期高原训练部分生理、生化指标的变化规律,为教练员科学安排比赛周期,进行运动监控提供依据。方法：对江苏省备战第11届全国运动会6名优秀女子中长跑运动员于平原、亚高原、高原期间及不同训练负荷阶段的部分生理、生化指标进行了跟踪检测。结果：（1）亚高原、高原训练初期,晨脉极高值现象的出现主是非训练因素所致。（2）亚高原、高原训练初期安排有氧耐力训练和低负荷集体跑（如8km）符合运动员心血管系统的机能状态,对于初上高原、亚高原的训练安排具有指导意义。（3）初上亚高原和高原,由于训练环境的改变（高原脱水、低氧刺激下肾脏分泌EPO增加）引起运动员血红蛋白值的升高。（4）大负荷训练阶段,个别运动员Hb值不降反而上升的原因可能是针对其的训练负荷量不足所致,在此训练阶段应差别对待。（5）在高原训练前从海拔高度上我们采取了从＂平原—亚高原—高原＂这一海拔递进过程,在训练方式上我们安排了＂有氧耐力训练—有氧耐力基础上的无氧耐力训练—耐力和速度训练＂这一训练过程。     

对高校体育与健康课的思考

从提高当前高校体育教育和健康教育的教学效果出发 ,探讨它们的存在问题 ,讨论了高校体育与健康课的内容设置。     

中药"强身液"的抗疲劳作用

为观察以人参、黄芪为主要成分的“强身液”的抗疲劳作用,将强身液以0．1mL／d灌胃小鼠30d,测定小鼠耐缺氧能力、抗疲劳、疲劳恢复速度及安静时肌糖元、肝糖元含量。结果显示：实验组小鼠耐缺氧能力及运动能力明显提高,大强度运动后即刻血乳酸水平有下降趋势,运动后血乳酸恢复速度明显提高,安静时肝糖元、肌糖元水平明显升高。“强身液”可提高机体有氧代谢水平,提高机体运动能力,延缓疲劳及促进疲劳消除。