应用主观疲劳量表量化运动负荷的研究进展

主观疲劳量表（Rating of Perceived Exertion,RPE）是一种在国内外被广泛采用的运动负荷量化评估手段。基于对国内外体育科学研究相关领域的数据库的文献综述,对采用单次运动RPE（session Rating of Perceived Exertion,sRPE）方法的研究和文献进行综述,发现：（1）已经有很多国内外的研究证实sRPE量化评估运动负荷方法的有效性和可靠性,可适用于多种项目、男性和女性、多个年龄段和水平层次的运动员的不同内容或类型的运动或训练,sRPE与客观指标之间具有较高的相关性;（2）sRPE量化评估运动负荷方法具有生态效用,可以适用于一个更长远的训练周期（比如一年甚至多年）,还可用于计算训练单调性,分析运动损伤的发生风险,有助于优化训练分期,优化训练节奏,保持训练一致性,避免过度负荷甚至过度训练和运动损伤;（3）sRPE量化评估运动负荷的结果与教练员之间的关系的研究较少,尤其有关教练员主观判断的训练课前sRPE与运动员训练课后的sRPE之间的关系的研究,同时有研究报告一些社会学等因素可能会对sRPE量化评估运动负荷造成影响;（4）当前国内缺乏针对青少年运动员、不同项目运动员在不同训练类型和训练分期中应用sRPE量化评估的研究,以及中文文本的sRPE量表的有效性与可靠性的研究。     

Movement velocity as a measure of exercise intensity in three lower limb exercises

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between movement velocity and relative load in three lower limbs exercises commonly used to develop strength: leg press, full squat and half squat. The percentage of one repetition maximum (%1RM) has typically been used as the main parameter to control resistance training; however, more recent research has proposed movement velocity as an alternative. Fifteen participants performed a load progression with a range of loads until they reached their 1RM. Maximum instantaneous velocity (V_max) and mean propulsive velocity (MPV) of the knee extension phase of each exercise were assessed. For all exercises, a strong relationship between V_max and the %1RM was found: leg press (r²_adj = 0.96; 95% CI for slope is [?0.0244, ?0.0258], P < 0.0001), full squat (r²_adj = 0.94; 95% CI for slope is [?0.0144, ?0.0139], P < 0.0001) and half squat (r²_adj = 0.97; 95% CI for slope is [?0.0135, ?0.00143], P < 0.0001); for MPV, leg press (r²_adj = 0.96; 95% CI for slope is [?0.0169, ?0.0175], P < 0.0001, full squat (r²_adj = 0.95; 95% CI for slope is [?0.0136, ?0.0128], P < 0.0001) and half squat (r²_adj = 0.96; 95% CI for slope is [?0.0116, 0.0124], P < 0.0001). The 1RM was attained with a MPV and V_max of 0.21 ± 0.06 m s^?1 and 0.63 ± 0.15 m s^?1, 0.29 ± 0.05 m s^?1 and 0.89 ± 0.17 m s^?1, 0.33 ± 0.05 m s^?1 and 0.95 ± 0.13 m s^?1 for leg press, full squat and half squat, respectively. Results indicate that it is possible to determine an exercise-specific %1RM by measuring movement velocity for that exercise.     

浅谈如何提高花剑训练强度

随着运动技术的日益提高,各方面越发重视对训练强度的研究,针对花剑训练中负荷量和训练强度的安排、如何提高个别课、实战训练等强度问题进行探讨。     

Ⅱ型糖尿病患者运动疗法的研究进展

糖尿病已经成为影响发达及发展中国家重大的公共卫生问题,运动疗法在Ⅱ型糖尿病治疗过程中占有重要的地位。国内外学者针对Ⅱ型糖尿病患者的运动处方展开了大量的研究。文章通过文献法,综述、分析Ⅱ型糖尿病运动处方中运动强度、运动持续时间、运动方式的研究进展,为制定Ⅱ型糖尿病运动处方提供科学依据。     

Effect of swim intensity on responses to dynamic apnoea

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of swim intensity on acute responses to dynamic apnoea. 9 swimmers performed one 50 m front crawl trial in four different conditions: at 400 m velocity (V₄₀₀) with normal breathing (NB), at V₄₀₀ in complete apnoea (Ap), at maximal velocity (V_max) with NB and at V_max in Ap. Peak heart rate (HR_peak), blood lactate concentration after exercise (Lac_{post ex}) and Borg rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. Arterial oxygen saturation (SpO₂) was monitored with a pulse oximeter at forehead level during and after exercise. In Ap, swimming at V₄₀₀ induced a significantly lower HR_peak and Lac_{post ex} than swimming at V_max whilst RPE and the kinetics of SpO₂ were not different at V₄₀₀ and at V_max. The minimal value of SpO₂ in Ap was reached 10 to 11 s after the end of V₄₀₀ and V_max (81.7 ± 10.1% and 84.4 ± 10.6%, respectively). Swimming a 50 m front crawl in Ap resulted in a large decrease in SpO₂ which occurred only after the cessation of exercise. The higher duration of apnoea during submaximal exercise could explain why SpO₂ and RPE reached the same values as for maximal exercise.?     

运用血乳酸对我国优秀激流回旋运动员训练强度的研究

通过对我国优秀皮划艇激流回旋运动员赛前集训血乳酸浓度监测来反映运动员常用训练手段训练强度的合理性。结果表明：针对灵敏因子、速度耐力因子与力量柔韧因子的训练手段的训练强度较低，而速度爆发力因子及腹肌因子的训练手段的训练强度适中。     

Contraction force specificity and its relationship to functional performance

Abstract

Best practice for improving strength and power through resistance strength training has been the subject of much research and subsequent conjecture. Much of the conjecture can be attributed to methodological discrepancies. The type of dynamometry used in testing, the training experience of research participants, the specific technique employed in a lift, and the methods of collection and calculation all impact on the final variables of interest. This review examines contraction force specificity by first addressing the methodological issues surrounding our interpretation of the results. Then we address the kinematics and kinetics associated with single and multiple repetitions in relation to the development of strength, power, and functional performance. This discussion provides the delimitations for analysis of subsequent training studies. Finally, recommendations are formulated with the aim of assisting assessment and training practice as well as providing directions for future research. The results of this review suggest that the enhancements in performance resulting from resistance training are context specific in experienced resistance-trained participants. Thus, specific conditioning could be required to achieve improvements in functional performance in this group.     

Heart rate variability to assess ventilatory threshold in ski-mountaineering

Abstract

The capacity to predict the heart rate (HR) and speed at the first (VT1) and second (VT2) ventilatory thresholds was evaluated during an incremental ski-mountaineering test using heart rate variability (HRV). Nine skiers performed a field test to exhaustion on an alpine skiing track. VT1 and VT2 were individually determined by visual analysis from gas exchanges (VT1V and VT2V) and time-varying spectral HRV analysis (VT1fH, VT2fH and VT2H). VT1 could not be determined with the HRV methods used. On the contrary, the VT2 was determined in all skiers. No significant difference between HR and speed at VT2H and VT2V was observed (174.3 ± 5.6 vs. 174.3 ± 5.3 bpm, and 6.3 ± 0.9 and 6.3 ± 0.9 km h^–1, respectively). Strong correlations were obtained for HR (r = 0.91) and speed (r = 0.92) at VT2H and VT2V with small limits of agreement (±3.6 bpm for HR). Our results indicated that HRV enables determination of HR and speed at VT2 during a specific ski-mountaineering incremental test. These findings provide practical applications for skiers in order to evaluate and control specific training loads, at least when referring to VT2.     

浅谈水球运动训练强度与量的结合

水球运动训练臻于成熟,然而新问题仍不断涌现,如今又出现了一个新的焦点:运动负荷最大化与合理化的平衡。运动负荷并不单指运动强度,而包括每个人所能承受的最大负荷。除此之外,还包括运动负荷的合理化因素。     

Changes in the perception of action possibilities while climbing to fatigue on a climbing wall

Abstract

In two experiments we examined changes in the perception of action possibilities as a function of exertion. In Experiment 1, participants repeatedly climbed on a climbing wall in a series of trials that progressively increased in number to 10 trials, resulting in increased exertion. Before and during climbing, the participants judged their maximum reaching height and perceived exertion. On a separate day, participants climbed another 10 trials while performing actual maximum reaches. Higher perceived exertion was associated with decreases in perceived maximum reach while the actual reaches did not decrease. However, the perceptual changes occurred early during task execution when the participants were not yet fatigued. When exertion set in, neither perceived nor actual maximum reaching appeared to be affected. In Experiment 2, we included exhaustion trials. The findings replicated the early changes in perception observed in Experiment 1, which may be explained by hands-on experience with the task. Furthermore, while climbing to exhaustion, perceptual judgements largely changed in keeping with changes in the actual maximum reach. Thus, there appeared to be a functional relationship between participants' actual action capabilities, rather than their state of physical fatigue per se, and perceived action possibilities.     

运用血乳酸对我国优秀皮划艇激流回旋运动员训练强度的研究

通过对我国优秀皮划艇激流回旋运动员赛前集训血乳酸浓度来反映运动员常用训练手段训练强度的合理性。结果表明:针对灵敏因子、速度耐力因子与力量柔韧因子的训练手段的训练强度较低,而速度爆发力因子及腹肌因子的训练手段的训练强度适中。     

Validity and reliability of a novel optoelectronic device to measure movement velocity,force and power during the back squat exercise

This study analysed the validity and reliability of a new optoelectronic device (Velowin) for the measurement of vertical displacement and velocity as well as to estimate force and mechanical power. Eleven trained males with Mean (SD) age = 27.4 (4.8) years, completed an incremental squat exercise test with 5 different loads (<30–90% of their 1?repetition maximum) while displacement and vertical velocity of the barbell were simultaneously measured using an integrated 3D system (3D motion capture system + force platform) and Velowin. Substantial to almost perfect correlation (concordance correlation coefficient = 0.75–0.96), root mean square error as coefficient of variation ±90% confidence interval ≤10% and good to excellent intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.84–0.99 were determined for all the variables. Passing and Bablock regression methods revealed no differences for average velocity. However, significant but consistent bias were determined for average or peak force and power while systematic and not proportional bias was found for displacement. In conclusion, Velowin, in holds of some potential advantages over traditionally used accelerometer or linear transducers, represents a valid and reliable alternative to monitor vertical displacement and velocity as well as to estimate average force and mechanical power during the squat exercise.     

谷氨酰胺对大强度训练后免疫功能恢复的研究

目的:探讨谷氨酰胺对大强度训练后免疫功能的影响。方法:18名运动员随机分成2组,进行3周大强度训练,训练期间分别补充谷氨酰胺(0.3g/kg wt/d)和安慰剂。采集运动员训练周期开始前1天及最后1天次晨的血液,分别测定血浆谷氨酰胺(Gln)、T淋巴细胞亚群。结果:大强度训练会导致血浆谷氨酰胺水平显著下降(P<0.05),CD4+/CD8+比值降低(P<0.05)。补充谷氨酰胺能维持运动后血浆谷氨酰胺水平和减少大负荷训练对机体免疫平衡的影响。     

不同强度模拟低氧训练对网织红细胞及其参数的影响

目的：研究不同强度模拟低氧训练后大鼠红细胞及其参数的变化,探讨不同强度模拟低氧训练对骨髓造血功能的影响。方法：将SD大鼠随机分为16小组,其中常氧跟低氧各8组且一一对应。5周中强度训练、6周高强度训练后,检测大鼠网织红细胞及其参数的变化情况。结果显示：仅接收低氧刺激,不会使骨髓造血状况有显著改变;但进行高强度训练会使幼稚网红含量明显增多,骨髓红细胞比较活跃;两种氧环境中训组和高训组运动后基础状态下,网红含量都没有发生明显改变,高训组在运动后即刻骨髓造血功能是受到抑制的;低氧环境下,一次高强度运动后骨髓造血功能受到抑制,进行中强度训练会显著提高骨髓造血状况,进行极限强度运动后,网红活跃度明显降低。     

大强度训练后拳击运动员血清CK异常升高恢复手段的探讨

在对内蒙古拳击队进行的一次大强度训练课后次日晨常规机能监测时,对12名血清CK异常升高的拳击运动员采取了适当减少运动量,同时补充保护细胞膜和抗氧化类营养补剂的措施,并对大强度训练后第3日、第7日晨各项生化指标进行跟踪测试。结果表明:对血清CK异常升高的运动员采取适当减少运动量,同时补充保护细胞膜和抗氧化类营养补剂的措施,可使运动员在不间断训练的情况下,在短时间得以基本恢复。     

一种针对骨骼肌和能量系统的新训练理念:逐步减负训练

目的:为了获得与每种运动类型相关的特定适应性,通常需要进行持续和间歇性运动,从而提出"逐步减负训练(SLRT)"作为一种新的训练方法在单一运动项目里来获得连续和间歇性的适应性;方法:运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法梳理SLRT对骨骼肌及能量系统的影响;结果:SLRT在抗阻训练中同时增加肌肉的大小、力量和耐力,在有氧和无氧代谢系统的训练当中同时增加最大无氧功率、无氧能力和有氧能力。     

体育锻炼与SARS预防

本就体育锻炼对预防“SARS”的作用及方法进行了论述，以指导人们在抗击“SARS”的斗争中如何进行体育锻炼，增强免疫力。     

A novel comparison between standard and new testing procedures to assess shock absorbency of third generation artificial turfs

This study aims to re-examine to what extent the testing procedure of the Artificial Athlete Berlin (DIN18032) is a valid evaluation method to assess the shock absorbency of third generation artificial turf (3-g turf) and to establish a new testing procedure, which precisely reflects the acute load by human sports action. The DIN test was conducted for 3-g turfs with different infill component. The baseline of the load of acute human sports action was obtained from the ground reaction force underneath the standard type of 3-g turf sample during landing from a 55-cm height with minimal shock attenuation. For reproducing the force similar to such a hard landing, a testing rig was developed and the same 3-g turf samples were tested. The DIN test failed to distinguish most types of 3-g turf and was found to be inappropriate to evaluate the shock absorbency of the 3-g turf mainly due to bouncing actions of the test foot on measured samples. In contrast, the newly developed testing rig succeeded in illustrating the differences of shock attenuation properties among most types of 3-g turfs in a high loading condition. In terms of players’ safety, the necessity of high loading test using an alternative testing procedure was highlighted.