Physical characteristics,physiological attributes,and on-court performances of handball players: A review

Abstract

The main purpose of this article was to review a series of studies (n=23) on physical characteristics, physiological attributes, throwing velocity and accuracy, and on-court performances of male handball players – amateur players, experienced players, professional players, and players on the national team. Five main findings emerged from our review: (1) Elite players are heavier and have higher fat-free mass than amateur players. (2) The maximal oxygen uptake of male players is between 50 and 60 ml · kg^?1 · min^?1. (3) Throwing velocity is higher by as much as 9% in elite male players compared with amateur male players. (4) Heart rates can rise above 160 beats · min^?1 in male players during a game. (5) On-court distance covered in a game averaged approximately 4 km and ranged between 2 and 5 km, depending on playing position. Our methodological concerns based on the reviewed studies are: (a) a lack of on-court physiological data; (b) a lack of experimental/manipulative studies; (c) limited data on throwing accuracy; and (d) a lack of longitudinal studies. The practical implications include: (a) strength and power exercises should be emphasized in conditioning programmes, as they are associated with both sprint performance and throwing velocity; (b) speed and agility drills should also be implemented in conditioning programmes; and (c) specificity of training based upon the position of the player is of great importance when planning strength and conditioning programmes.     

Baseball

The purpose of this study was to quantify and compare kinematic, temporal, and kinetic characteristics of American and Korean professional pitchers in order to investigate differences in pitching mechanics, performance, and injury risks among two different cultures and populations of baseball pitchers. Eleven American and eight Korean healthy professional baseball pitchers threw multiple fastball pitches off an indoor throwing mound positioned at regulation distance from home plate. A Motion Analysis three‐dimensional automatic digitizing system was used to collect 200 Hz video data from four electronically synchronized cameras. Twenty kinematic, six temporal, and 11 kinetic variables were analyzed at lead foot contact, during the arm cocking and arm acceleration phases, at ball release, and during the arm deceleration phase. A radar gun was used to quantify ball velocity. At lead foot contact, the American pitchers had significantly greater horizontal abduction of the throwing shoulder, while Korean pitchers exhibited significantly greater abduction and external rotation of the throwing shoulder. During arm cocking, the American pitchers displayed significantly greater maximum shoulder external rotation and maximum pelvis angular velocity. At the instant of ball release, the American pitchers had significantly greater forward trunk tilt and ball velocity and significantly less knee flexion, which help explain why the American pitchers had 10% greater ball velocity compared to the Korean pitchers. The American pitchers had significantly greater maximum shoulder internal rotation torque and maximum elbow varus torque during arm cocking, significantly greater elbow flexion torque during arm acceleration, and significantly greater shoulder and elbow proximal forces during arm deceleration. While greater shoulder and elbow forces and torques generated in the American pitchers helped generate greater ball velocity for the American group, these greater kinetics may predispose this group to a higher risk of shoulder and elbow injuries.     

我国优秀女子标枪运动员最后用力重心及下肢动作分析

采用运动技术高速摄影和影片解析法 ,对我国部分优秀女子标枪运动员投掷步最后一步重心速度变化和下肢技术动作进行研究分析 ,对影响标枪运动成绩的运动学因子结构进行探讨 ,为广大教练员、运动员和教育、科研工作者的教学、训练实践工作提供参考。     

体操游戏健身方案实施对幼儿投掷运动能力影响的运动学分析

为了评价体操游戏健身方案对幼儿投掷能力的影响,运用影像分析方法对不同年龄阶段幼儿干预前后实验组和对照组投掷过程的运动学指标进行分析,探讨体操游戏健身方案的干预效果。研究发现:干预对投掷远度的影响具有统计学差异;对幼儿的肩、肘、腕三个关节的活动范围均有影响,实验组关节活动范围较对照组增加明显,且干预对年龄越大幼儿关节活动范围影响也越大;体操游戏健身方案干预对幼儿肘关节活动范围的影响大于上肢其他两个环节,对腕关节运动幅度的影响最小,除大班孩子外其它年龄组差异均不具有统计学意义。     

对投掷男子新型标枪身体环节和出手参数的评价

用红湖16mm 高速摄影杋拍摄310名中国优秀男子标枪运动员试掷的技术动作。为了对各参数间的关系进行深入和全面的研究,利用路径分析方法对解析得出的身体环节和出手的运动学参数进行评价.结果表明:身体各主要环节速度之间、身体各环节和出手参数与投掷远度之间存在复杂的相互影响的关系.     

决定标枪飞行远度相关因素的探析

在调查访问的基础上，运用文献资料法获取研究必须的各类参数和数据，用计算机模拟的方法，建立标枪运动的微分方程，通过定量、定性分析对决定标枪飞行远度的重要因素进行研究，使运动员和教练员可以全面、准确了解各因素对成绩影响以及它们之间的相互关系，从而对运动训练起到指导作用。     

A biomechanical comparison of dominant and non-dominant arm throws for speed and accuracy

Training a non-dominant limb may increase a competitor's ability to perform with either side of his or her body and confer an advantage over competitors that use one side of the body exclusively. The aim of this study was to determine the kinematic differences between dominant and non-dominant arm throwing techniques for speed and accuracy in Under-17 and Under-19 high-performance cricketers. Seven participants performed ten throws for each arm (dominant/non-dominant) and condition (speed/accuracy) at a target positioned 10 m in front of them. Three-dimensional kinematic variables were measured using a Vicon motion analysis system. Digital footage was used to calculate stride data, ball speed, and record target accuracy. Data were analysed using repeated-measures analysis of variance and chi-squared tests. The non-dominant arm throws had significantly lower maximum lead knee lift, did not extend the lead knee in the arm acceleration phase, had significantly less elbow flexion before extension, had significantly less shoulder external rotation at the start of the arm acceleration phase, did not have a delay between the initiation of pelvic and upper torso internal rotation, and displayed a less than optimal coordination pattern. A speed–accuracy trade-off existed for the dominant arm throws. No trade-off was identified for the non-dominant arm throws. Through an enhanced understanding of how throwing technique varies between dominant and non-dominant arms, an opportunity exists for a performance-enhancing programme to be implemented so that ambidexterity of the throwing skill can be improved.     

投掷手榴弹技术的运动学分析

本文应用运动生物力学影像测试图数分析方法研究投掷手榴弹中肱骨骨折问题。实验测试共进行3次(两次实弹投掷,一次实验室模拟测试),测试数据表明:投掷姿势不正确是造成肱骨螺旋性骨折原因之一,特别应注意投弹臂的肘部一定要在引臂时从肩后往上翻。经常纠正士兵的错误姿势能避免或减少骨折现象出现。     

Qualitative Assessment of the Backswing in Older Adult Throwing

Thirty-six participants performed bilateral and unilateral isometric elbow flexion trials at what they perceived to be 100, 75, 50, and 25% of maximal effort. Absolute bilateral deficits ranged from -16% at 25% effort to -10% at 100% effort. The deficit included a component independent of consciousness and a component inversely related to intensity attributable to perceptual differences between unilateral and bilateral tasks. Forty-two participants performed bilateral and unilateral isometric elbow flexion trials at 100, 80, 60, 40, and 20% of maximal effort. Perception of effort in submaximal bilateral trials was consistently and significantly higher (5.5-9.6%) than corresponding unilateral trials. These data suggest that the bilateral deficit exists at submaximal levels of effort and is based on perceptual and physiological components.     

浙江省开展沙滩手球运动的可行性分析

笔者从沙滩手球运动的起源、开展,及和沙滩手球运动相关运动的科研情况入手（手球运动的科研情况、沙滩运动的科研情况）,主要采用文献资料法、专家访谈法、和数理统计分析法提出我省开展沙滩手球运动的必要性,分析我省开展沙滩手球运动存在的优越条件和影响因素。最后得到浙江省开展沙滩手球运动是可行的结论,并根据影响因素提出一些建议。     

链球运动成绩影响因素的分析

链球出手后在空中所做的运动为抛物体运动,影响抛物体远度的主要因素为:出手速度、出手角度、出手高度。主要运用数学的方法计算出手速度、角度、高度时于运动成绩的影响,并对于影响链球运动成绩的诸多因素进行了分析,以帮助教练员与运动员在链球运动实践中把握动作技术的关键。     

浅谈快攻在手球比赛中的重要性

以2008年全国女子手球锦标赛取得前4名的安徽队、山东队、江苏队、北部队为研究对象,利用数据统计方法,比赛录像分析法,探讨快攻技术在比赛中的重要性。结果表明快攻技术在手球比赛中占有重要位置,安徽女手必须加强快攻技战术水平。     

女子手球运动员模拟运动情境中认知决策与直觉决策的实验研究

采用《运动情境决策测试系统(手球运动情境版)》，考察女子手球运动员的认知决策与直觉决策绩效。结果表明，手球运动中存在直觉决策；手球运动中的认知决策和直觉决策任务是两类不同性质的任务，不同水平的女子手球运动员在这两类任务的作业绩效上存在差异。     

推铅球最后用力新论

通过对铅球的最后用力进行生物力学分析认为:不同技术的最后用力各有利弊;最后用力技术应遵循最大做功原则和最大冲量原则;推铅球最后用力顺序是自中同时向上向下发力。     

男子沙滩手球射门方式分析

采用文献资料调研、数理统计法和专家访谈等方法,对2011年欧洲男子沙滩手球锦标赛与2010年、2008年世界男子沙滩手球锦标赛共计174场比赛数据进行分析,结果显示:1)SPS是最常用的射门方式,其次是SPE和INF;2)在Shoot out决胜中,各队都运用较多的SPS来赢得比赛。据此,男子沙滩手球运动训练应加强SPS和INF的训练;重点培训守门员的攻击能力;进行各种角度的空中接力射门配合;巩固中路进攻的同时,提高2个边路的得分能力。     

普通高中开展手球运动特色项目的可行性——以宁波市四明中学为例

本文以宁波市18所中小学校为例,采用收集和实地调查法,对校园体育特色项目进行了调查,说明了特色项目体育文化建设是完善校园特色学校不可或缺的一部分,阐述了普通高中开展手球运动特色项目的可行性,并据此提出了相关建议。     

我国手球运动训练理念的沿革

采用问卷调查、专家访谈、观察等研究方法，认为我国手球运动经历了创业、发展、停滞后恢复、高峰、滑坡5个阶段；手球训练理念从50年代的简单模仿、学习，到60年代的“三从一大”，70年代的科学训练理论应用于实践，一直到高峰阶段的系统、规范、独特，既拥有欧洲球队的高大队员、扎实的基本技战术，又具备亚洲球队快速、灵活、多变、以我为主的风格。     

从国外运动员的投掷特征看我国优秀女子链球选手的投掷技术

对我国5名优秀女子链球运动员使用近景动态三维录像分析系统分析运动员的投掷技术,结果表明,第四圈双支撑阶段加速能力较强,但在第四圈单支撑阶段速度损失过大;链球旋转速度增量与各圈轨迹中双支撑与单支撑的比值有关,增大链球各圈轨迹中双支撑与单支撑的比值有助于链球旋转速度增量的提高;加大投掷动作的动作幅度,增大各圈旋转中运动员的各运动环节的最大值与最小值的差值对链球旋转速度增量的提高具有十分重要意义。