Exploring the relationships between collective efficacy, perceptions of success, and team attributions

We examined the influence of collective efficacy and subjective interpretations of success/failure on team causal attributions. The participants were 71 male and female high school athletes on 20 track relay teams. Before a selected competition, participants completed a collective efficacy questionnaire. Then, immediately after their race, they were administered a modified version of the revised Causal Dimension Scale-II. A multi-level framework was employed to assess collective efficacy as an individually held perception and as a shared team belief. The individual perceptions of team success/failure significantly predicted the locus of causality and stability dimensions, whereas aggregated collective efficacy emerged as a significant team level predictor of average stability. Individual perceptions of collective efficacy were significantly related to team control and this relationship was moderated by the sex of the team. The findings indicate that collective efficacy beliefs held by athletes and teams prior to a competition influence the formation of post-competition team attributions in sport.     

A cross-level moderating effect of team trust on the relationship between transformational leadership and cohesion

ABSTRACT

We draw on the concept of the shared mental model to explain the cross-level direct and moderating effects of team trust on the relationship between coach transformational leadership and cohesion. Using hierarchical linear modelling, we analysed 597 national level high school and university volleyball players to test our research model. Our results revealed that, (a) at the individual level, coach transformational leadership has a positive effect on athletes’ perceptions on cohesion and (b) team trust, a group-level construct, is positively related to social cohesion and moderates the coach transformational leadership-cohesion relationship. The moderating effect demonstrates that the positive effect of coach transformational leadership on cohesion could be enhanced when high levels of team trust are shared within the group. Implications for coach education and sport psychology in terms of theory and research are discussed.     

Cohesion,team mental models,and collective efficacy: towards an integrated framework of team dynamics in sport

A nomological network on team dynamics in sports consisting of a multiframework perspective is introduced and tested. The aim was to explore the interrelationship among cohesion, team mental models (TMMs), collective efficacy (CE) and perceived performance potential (PPP). Three hundred and forty college-aged soccer players representing 17 different teams (8 female and 9 male) participated in the study. They responded to surveys on team cohesion, TMMs, CE and PPP. Results are congruent with the theoretical conceptualisation of a parsimonious view of team dynamics in sports. Specifically, cohesion was found to be an exogenous variable predicting both TMMs and CE beliefs. TMMs and CE were correlated and predicted PPP, which in turn accounted for 59% of the variance of objective performance scores as measured by teams’ season record. From a theoretical standpoint, findings resulted in a parsimonious view of team dynamics, which may represent an initial step towards clarifying the epistemological roots and nomological network of various team-level properties. From an applied standpoint, results suggest that team expertise starts with the establishment of team cohesion. Following the establishment of cohesiveness, teammates are able to advance team-related schemas and a collective sense of confidence. Limitations and key directions for future research are outlined.     

Relationships between cohesion, collective efficacy and performance in professional basketball teams: an examination of mediating effects

The main aim of this study was to examine mediating effects in the relationships between cohesion, collective efficacy and performance in professional basketball teams. A secondary aim was to examine the correlates of collective efficacy in a professional sport. A total of 154 French and foreign professional players completed French or English versions of questionnaires about cohesion and collective efficacy. Two composite measures of individual performance were used (pre- and post-performance). Individual-level analyses were performed. Regression analyses supported two mediating relationships with collective efficacy as a mediator of the pre-performance - Group integration-task relationship, and Group integration-task as a mediator of the pre-performance - collective efficacy relationship. Statistical analyses indicated that neither Group integration-task nor collective efficacy was a better mediator in the relationship between pre-performance and the other group variables. Results also revealed positive relationships between three dimensions of cohesion (i.e. Individual attractions to the group-task, Group integration-task, Group integration-social) and collective efficacy. These findings suggest that in professional basketball teams, staff members should look after athletes who perform at a lower or below their usual level because their performances might lead them into a downward cohesion - collective efficacy spiral. Staff members should also develop a high quality of group functioning, both on and off the basketball court, given its relationship with collective efficacy.     

Key somatic variables associated with,and differences between the 4 swimming strokes

ABSTRACT

This study identified key somatic and demographic characteristics that benefit all swimmers and, at the same time, identified further characteristics that benefit only specific swimming strokes. Three hundred sixty-three competitive-level swimmers (male [n = 202]; female [n = 161]) participated in the study. We adopted a multiplicative, allometric regression model to identify the key characteristics associated with 100 m swimming speeds (controlling for age). The model was refined using backward elimination. Characteristics that benefited some but not all strokes were identified by introducing stroke-by-predictor variable interactions. The regression analysis revealed 7 “common” characteristics that benefited all swimmers suggesting that all swimmers benefit from having less body fat, broad shoulders and hips, a greater arm span (but shorter lower arms) and greater forearm girths with smaller relaxed arm girths. The 4 stroke-specific characteristics reveal that backstroke swimmers benefit from longer backs, a finding that can be likened to boats with longer hulls also travel faster through the water. Other stroke-by-predictor variable interactions (taken together) identified that butterfly swimmers are characterized by greater muscularity in the lower legs. These results highlight the importance of considering somatic and demographic characteristics of young swimmers for talent identification purposes (i.e., to ensure that swimmers realize their most appropriate strokes).     

Direct and indirect relationships of physical fitness,weight status,and learning duration to academic performance in Japanese schoolchildren

The purpose of this study was to determine, using structural equation modelling (SEM), the direct and indirect influence of daily behaviours (i.e. exercise/learning durations), weight status, and physical fitness on academic performance among seventh-grade schoolchildren, after controlling for socioeconomic status. We analysed cross-sectional data from 274 schoolchildren (159 males and 115 females; 12–13 years old). Academic performance was assessed using the total grade points in eight academic subjects. Physical fitness was evaluated using the total score of eight physical fitness tests and weight status using body mass index. The daily behaviours and socioeconomic status were assessed by the questionnaire. The SEM showed an adequate fit to the data (χ²?=?0.684, p?=?.710, RMSEA?=?.000). Physical fitness and learning durations had direct effects on academic performance (β?=?.301, p?β?=?.132, p?=?.037, respectively) after controlling for confounders. Healthy weight status and exercise habits positively indirectly influenced academic performance via physical fitness. These findings suggest that, independent of socioeconomic status and learning durations, exercise habits and maintaining healthy weight status may indirectly contribute to academic success via better physical fitness in children.     

对’99世界杯男排比赛中国队的得失分分析

对中国男排在’99世界杯赛中的得失分进行分析，找出得失分的规律，为中国男排在新规则下取得新战绩提供参考依据。     

缩小移动靶运动员训练与比赛成绩差距的训练方法

文章针对移动靶运动员平时训练成绩与比赛成绩存在一定的差距的问题,进行了针对性的训练。即注意培养运动员的自信心;根据运动员的特点确定打法。强化打法,建立正确的心理定向;实践证明,通过以上训练,运动员比赛成绩提高了、取得了较好的效果。     

Relationships between anthropometric measures and athletic performance,with special reference to repeated-sprint ability,in the Qatar national soccer team

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine potential relationships between anthropometric parameters and athletic performance with special consideration to repeated-sprint ability (RSA). Sixteen players of the senior male Qatar national soccer team performed a series of anthropometric and physical tests including countermovement jumps without (CMJ) and with free arms (CMJwA), straight-line 20 m sprint, RSA (6 × 35 m with 10 s recovery) and incremental field test. Significant (P < 0.05) relationships occurred between muscle-to-bone ratio and both CMJs height (r ranging from 0.56 to 0.69) as well as with all RSA-related variables (r < –0.53 for sprinting times and r = 0.54 for maximal sprinting speed) with the exception of the sprint decrement score (S_dec). The sum of six skinfolds and adipose mass index were largely correlated with S_dec (r = 0.68, P < 0.01 and r = 0.55, P < 0.05, respectively) but not with total time (TT, r = 0.44 and 0.33, P > 0.05, respectively) or any standard athletic tests. Multiple regression analyses indicated that muscular cross-sectional area for mid-thigh, adipose index, straight-line 20 m time, maximal sprinting speed and CMJwA are the strongest predictors of S_dec (r² = 0.89) and TT (r² = 0.95) during our RSA test. In the Qatar national soccer team, players’ power-related qualities and RSA are associated with a high muscular profile and a low adiposity. This supports the relevance of explosive power for the soccer players and the larger importance of neuromuscular qualities determining the RSA.     

体育运动领域中归因研究的历史、现状及其未来

自归因理论提出以来，显示了其巨大的生命力，在各个领域得到了广泛的应用，特别是在体育运动领域内。本文在纵向上拟从归因理论在体育领域中应用的历史、现状及其未来进行综述，在横向上拟从归因理论的前因研究和归因理论的结果研究来进行总结和分析。     

我国教练员与运动员关系现状的分析及教练员角色定位与对策

采用献资料研究法，对国内教练员与运动员关系现状进行分析。处理教练员与运动员关系时，应以运动员为中心。讨论了教练员在运动队中应该是训练组织、管理、辅导、帮助、朋友的角色，并对今后两关系的处理提出对策和建议。     

Effects of allometric scaling and isokinetic testing methods on the relationship between countermovement jump and quadriceps torque and power

Abstract

Determination of the strongest possible relationship between isokinetic quadriceps and functional performance measurements in healthy females would allow sports medicine practitioners to establish normative values when examining muscular performance in injured females. Previous attempts to correlate both measurements have, however, produced inconsistent results. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of allometric scaling, isokinetic testing velocities, reciprocal and non-reciprocal isokinetic testing on the relationship between countermovement jump (CMJ) and isokinetic quadriceps torque and power in recreational females athletes. Seventeen females (age 21.0 ± 2.0 years, body mass index 19.5 ± 1.0 kg · m^?2) performed isokinetic quadriceps and CMJ tests. Isokinetic peak torque and average power were obtained reciprocally and non-reciprocally at 1.05 and 3.14 rad · s^?1, and were corrected for body mass by allometric modelling. Pearson product–moment correlation (r) was used to assess the relationship between the isokinetic parameters and the CMJ measurements. Coefficients of determination (r ²) were calculated to determine the magnitude of common variance. The r-values for all non-allometrically modelled non-reciprocal parameters were greater (r = 0.58–0.63) than isokinetic parameters obtained reciprocally (r = 0.28–0.47). Using allometric scaling, non-reciprocal isokinetic data accounted for an additional 2–9% of the CMJ height variance, and statistically significant correlations were obtained at both 1.05 and 3.14 rad · s^?1. Allometrically scaled, non-reciprocal isokinetic peak torque and average power at 1.05 rad · s^?1 had the highest correlation with CMJ (r ² = 0.49). At both 1.05 and 3.14 rad · s^?1, non-reciprocal quadriceps parameters correlated more closely with CMJ measurements than do reciprocal contractions. Normalization for body size by allometrically scaling may further improve correlations with CMJ performance.     

2001年中国哈尔滨国际冰壶邀请赛中外选手技战术、心理调节能力与团队合力的对比分析

通过对2001年中国哈尔滨国际冰壶邀请赛主要竞争对手亚洲强队日本队、韩国队与国内队选手在技战术、心理调节能力与团队合力的对比分析及对比赛实际名次主客观因素的分析,指出交流的必要性、差距所在和项目发展前景.     

女运动员月经周期中性激素变化与运动成绩的研究

通过对３６ 名不同项目女运动员,在月经周期中血清雌二醇（Ｅ２） 、促卵泡激素（ＦＳＨ） 、促黄体生成素（ＬＨ） 、孕激素（Ｐ） 的测定,观察女运动员月经周期不同时相性激素变化与不同项目运动成绩的关系。受试者必须在卵泡期和黄体期分别按规定项目测试两次全速力竭运动成绩。赛艇队员测试５００ｍ 及２０００ｍ 成绩,田径队员测定１００ｍ 、２００ｍ 成绩,游泳队员测试每人专项成绩后统一评分。结果显示除赛艇运动员２０００ｍ 测试成绩无显著性差异外,其它各项成绩黄体期均优于卵泡期（Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５ 或Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） ,且黄体期Ｐ的浓度也较高（Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） 。     

The relationships between pelvic range of motion,step width and performance during an athletic sprint start

ABSTRACT

The aims of this study were (a) to describe the kinematics underlying the phenomenon of the knee of the swing leg passing medially in front of the athlete during the single push (SP) phase of the block sprint start, and (b) to determine the relationships between block phase pelvis range of motion (RoM), 1^st step width and block phase performance. Three-dimensional kinematic data (250 Hz) were collected from eleven competitive sprinters (100 m PB: 11.17 ± 0.41) performing maximal effort block starts. The joint angles of the rear hip with respect to the pelvis and the pelvis segment angles with respect to the laboratory coordinate system were calculated during the block start phase to the end of the 1^st stance. A combination of pelvis list and rotation (not hip adduction) was coupled with the thigh of the swing leg moving medially during the SP phase. A very high positive correlation was found between pelvic list RoM and 1^st step width (r = 0.799, p = 0.003). No other significant correlations were found. Attempting to reduce pelvic RoM or changing frontal and transverse plane hip joint angles to minimise medial thigh motion is unlikely to lead to an improvement to performance.     

Communities of practice,social learning and networks: exploiting the social side of coach development

Large-scale coach education programmes have been developed in many countries, and are presented as playing a key role in the development of coaches and the promotion of high standards. Unfortunately, however, coaches often perceive that the current system of formal coach education fails to meet their needs. Perhaps as a result, the majority of their development is personally perceived to take place via informal and non-formal means. Appropriately, therefore, there has been an increasing focus within the coaching literature on the social aspects of learning, with social constructivist perspectives receiving particular attention. Reflecting this appropriate focus, this article explores some of the potential opportunities and threats that social learning methods, such as Communities of Practice (CoP), present for coach developers. In tandem, we outline how all coaches are influenced by a set of pre-existing beliefs, attitudes and dispositions, which are largely tempered by their experiences and interactions both with and within their social ‘milieu’. We argue that, at the very least, we need to begin to understand these constructs and, if we do, the potential for coach developers to manipulate and exploit them is obvious. In conclusion, it is highlighted that whilst offering inherent challenges, CoPs and other social learning methods provide coach developers with a great opportunity and legitimate tool to change coach behaviour and raise coaching standards. Perhaps paradoxically, we also propose that formal coach education may still have a vital role to play in this process.     

第16届男篮世锦赛中国队与对手基本位置技术的对比分析

运用文献资料法、录像观察法、数理统计法和对比分析法,对中国男篮在第16届世锦赛6场比赛中的各项技术指标进行对比分析。结果显示:中国男篮各位置球员较年轻;前锋队员身高已接近世界水平,中锋队员身高具有绝对优势,后卫队员身高显示不均衡;与世界强队相比中锋队员实力较强,前锋队员在2分球与3分球投篮次数及命中率、篮板球抢获次数和助攻与对手相比有较大差距,后卫线整体进攻能力依然是中国男篮的薄弱环节。针对中国男篮在快节奏、强对抗比赛中进攻侵略性不足和防守攻击性不强,提出相应的建议。     

The effects of perceived CSR,pride, team identification,and regional attachment: the moderating effect of gender

The aim of this paper was to investigate specific mechanisms of how sport fans’ perceived corporate social responsibility (CSR) of teams could enhance their sense of pride, team identification, and regional attachment. The mediating effect of gender was also examined. A theoretical research model was investigated via multi-group structural equation modeling (SEM) using 317 survey responses. The results indicate that pride is an important mediator of the relationship between perceived CSR and team identification, and team identification was found an important predictor of regional attachment. Additionally, the results suggest that these relationships were much stronger amongst males. In both genders, perceived CSR was an important indicator for enhancing pride.     

Translation,cross-cultural adaptation,validity, reliability and stability of the Dutch Injury - Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport (I-PRRS-NL) scale

The Injury Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport (I-PRRS) scale measures the psychological readiness of injured athletes to resume sports participation. The aim of this study was to translate and culturally adapt the I-PRRS scale into Dutch (I-PRRS-NL) and assess its validity, reliability, and stability in patients after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). The original I-PRRS was translated and culturally adapted from English into Dutch, and tested for clinimetric quality. To assess concurrent validity, 150 patients completed the I-PRRS-NL scale and five questionnaires measuring related constructs 3–16 months after ACLR. All predefined hypotheses regarding correlations between the I-PRRS-NL scale and these questionnaires were confirmed, indicating good concurrent validity. For test-retest reliability, 107 patients completed the I-PRRS-NL scale again two weeks later. The I-PRRS-NL scale showed good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha 0.94) and test-retest reliability (ICC 0.89). Standard error of measurement was 4.2 and smallest detectable change was 11.6. No systematic bias between test and retest was found. As the scale appears unstable at item level, only the total score should be used. Overall, the I-PRRS-NL scale showed sufficient validity and reliability to assess the psychological readiness to resume sports among Dutch-speaking patients after ACLR.     

第11届健美操世锦赛男单项目中国队与前三名队难度动作对比分析

对获得第11届健美操世锦赛男单决赛第五名的中国队与前三名队的难度动作进行对比分析,结果表明:中国男单与前三名队相比,难度动作的总分值偏低,提高难度动作是今后训练的重点;中国男单在B组只选择了一个难度动作,存有一定的风险性,今后应加强和丰富B组难度的训练;中国男单与前三名队在体能方面相比,有一定差距,发展运动员的体能是今后训练的着力点。