遵义市中学体育竞赛训练影响因素及发展对策

运用文献资料法、问卷调查法等研究方法对遵义市中学体育竞赛训练影响因素进行了研究。结果显示：遵义市体育竞赛训练受物质保障,组织、管理,建设、训练和外部环境等因子的影响。建议加强体育竞赛训练的组织与管理;整合师生资源,打造体育特色学校;积极寻求训练经费来源、开发可用场地;提高教师训练能力;因地制宜、积极开展小型多样的体育竞赛。     

The Impact of an Obstacle Course Sport Education Season on Students' Aerobic Fitness Levels

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine if factor patterns of selected sports skills were similar for two samples, a skilled sample and one consisting of a wide range of skills. Comparisons were also made with kinesiological evidence regarding the patterning of basic sports skills. Data consisting of performance scores on various sports skills were available for 166 high school girls. Out of this sample, a smaller sample was drawn consisting of 69 girls who were above average in skill. Two factor models, alpha and incomplete image analysis, were used in the analysis of this data. The factor pattern of selected sports skills performed by subjects above average in skill was similar in many respects to that of a sample which included a wide range of skill. The primary difference lay in the clustering of overarm skills which appeared in the above-average factor pattern. The overarm and push patterns of the above-average sample resembled the patterns of skill obtained through kinesiological analysis. The structure of kicking, underarm, and sidearm skills remained obscure, based on the results of factor analytic techniques.     

表面肌电的处理方法及在体育科研中应用前景

表面肌电信号的检测是一种无创电检测方法,它的检测分析对临床诊断及康复医学、运动医学等具有重要意义。肌电图学在体育科学研究上应用较晚,主要用于对肌肉力量和肌肉疲劳的诊断上,并逐步从基础理论研究转向为运动技术服务的实践研究。本文试图对表面肌电的信号分析方法及其在体育中应用前景作个回顾。     

Charting the development of sport expertise: challenges and opportunities

This review poses three key issues that will progress our understanding of the sport expertise literature and its translational scientific impact. Primarily relying on research conducted in interceptive sport tasks, and to a lesser extent team sports, we review the perceptual-cognitive skills of sports experts and explore the challenge of designing a sufficiently representative task to examine expertise. We focus on the methodological challenges presented by the reciprocal relationship between players’ action capabilities and their perceptual-cognitive skill. Second, we consider the need for a paradigm shift in the experimental approach used when examining the development of sport expertise. In short, a shift from traditional expert-novice designs to more prospective longitudinal designs that cross-sectionally track the development of expertise is discussed. The final issue considers how the volume of in situ data now collected provides a rich source of information that sport expertise researchers have only begun to consider and integrate with more traditional sport psychology research. We demonstrate how statistical approaches that have described the likely trajectories of expert performers on their journey toward expertise coupled with more traditional qualitative experimental approaches can provide useful insights into the development of psychological performance skills and more broadly sport expertise.     

An early review of stroboscopic visual training: insights,challenges and accomplishments to guide future studies

ABSTRACT

Stroboscopic visual training (SVT) is a form of training in which an individual practices a task under intermittent visual conditions with the intention of enhancing subsequent performance under normal visual conditions. Training with stroboscopic devices is theorized to improve important visual, perceptual, and cognitive skills, which in turn transfers to enhanced sporting performance. Indeed, while there is an abundance of anecdotal evidence suggesting benefits of strobe training, empirical evidence is rarer and less conclusive. This lack of clarity is due, in part, to the challenging methodological issues faced when conducting experimental vision training studies in applied contexts. The present paper is an early review of the research to date with a focus on the key methodological decisions, such as the training and testing protocols employed, participant samples and control groups used, and practical considerations that enable such training in applied settings. Whilst still at an early stage, the existing studies point to SVT enhancing some aspects of foveal visual sensitivity and visual motor control, with notable benefits for some athletic tasks. Such improvements could have implications not just in sport, but in domains such as rehabilitation, education, and motor vehicle safety.     

论运动训练中身体状态的调整过程

参加运动时的良好身体状态，除了能为运动员创造高水平成绩打下基础外，也能有效地减小运动损伤的可能性。现在，无论是运动训练专家还是教练员们都同样认识到，不适宜的身体状态是运动损伤的主要原因之一。肌纤维的分布不均衡，不合理的时机掌握等，都是由神经肌肉之间的不协调联系所引起的。不合理的肌力分布或者心血管状况、不合理的肌肉体积、柔韧度以及与身体组成成分有关的问题是一些运动损伤的基本原因，这些都不利于正常的身体状态和运动训练。     

The yips in sport: A systematic review

ABSTRACT

The yips are a psycho-neuromuscular movement disorder, which affects sports in which fine motor precision skills are required for success. This review aims to examine key components of the yips within sport literature using a systematic approach. Twenty-five published studies were used in the systematic review, the majority of which focused on the yips in golf (n = 18); case studies were the most popular methodological approach (n = 12). Four components of the yips were identified: psychological, physiological, neurological and performance. This review describes evidence associated with each component according to research design, sample characteristics and main findings. Key findings associated with each component are evaluated and gaps within the existent literature are highlighted. It is concluded that future research incorporates a multi-discipline theory-driven approach on a wider range of sports using a more precise definition of yips types in order to enhance our understanding of the predictors and mechanisms of the yips which, in turn, will allow practitioners to develop effective interventions for athletes.     

标准龙舟直道竞速类项目训练学特征分析——以龙舟500m直道竞速为例

为了进一步了解龙舟运动项目的特征及探讨龙舟运动训练规律,采用文献资料法以竞技体育训练学为出发点,深入分析龙舟赛竞速类项目的生理供能基础、专项技术特征、不同赛段划桨的特点、运动员体能训练特征等。研究指出:龙舟运动作为我国当前大力发展的民族体育竞技项目,训练理论亟需完善,正确理解和认识龙舟运动项目能量供应特征、技术训练特点及体能训练特征等,有利于提升我国龙舟赛竞速类项目训练科学化水平,促进龙舟竞赛项目运动成绩不断提高。     

Comparison of Muscle Patterning in the Overarm Throw and Tennis Serve

The muscular patterning of three skilled throwers who were less skilled servers, three skilled servers who were less skilled throwers, and three individuals skilled in both sport skills, was studied by means of electromyography and tri-plane cinematography during performances of the throw and serve. Surface electrodes were used to record electrical activity from two trunk, four shoulder girdle, and four shoulder joint muscles. Regardless of skill level, the nine female subjects used common joint and segment movements and employed, with minor exceptions, the same number of muscles during late preparatory and force production phases in the two skills. However, for the two skills, there were differences in the duration during which the muscles were active. The serve took longer to perform and involved a different sequential coordination of muscular activity than did the throw. Differences in muscle patterning between the two skills were greater during the force production phase in individuals judged to be skilled in both sport skills. The temporal differences between the two overarm skills suggested that, if performers can perceive time differences between 200 to 800 mseconds, then reference to or practice in the throw may not be a good method to gain expertise in the serve.     

衡阳市少儿体育舞蹈开展的现状调查与分析

通过问卷调查、文献资料、逻辑分析等方法,对衡阳市少儿体育舞蹈的开展现状进行调查和分析。结果表明：衡阳市少儿体育舞蹈运动有较大的发展潜力,开展势头良好,得到社会广泛关注,但还存在一些问题,特别是少儿体育舞蹈培训中心的教学内容安排科学性不强、教师培训不及时、专业技能达不到要求、管理体制不完善,以及场地设施不理想,这些都严重制约着衡阳市少儿体育舞蹈的发展,望引起重视进行相关改革。     

表面肌电的处理方法及在体育科研中的应用前景

表面肌电信号的检测是一种无创电检测方法，它的检验分析对临床诊断及康复医学、运动医学等具有重要意义。肌电图学在体育科学研究上应用较晚，主要用于对肌肉力量和肌肉疲劳的诊断上，并逐步从基础理论研究转向为运动技术服务的实践研究。对表面肌电的信号分析方法及其在体育中应用前景做一综述。     

论青少年篮球运动员快速力量训练原则

借鉴运动训练学、运动生物化学、运动生物力学等基本理论 ,运用篮球运动训练理论 ,结合篮球运动训练的实践 ,论述了快速力量训练过程中应遵循的优先发展最大力量、接近模拟比赛状态、方法与手段因人而异、适宜安排负荷、优选训练方式、注意肌肉工作形式六条基本原则     

Tribute to Dr Jacques Rogge: muscle activity and fatigue during hiking in Olympic dinghy sailing

‘A tribute to Dr J. Rogge’ aims to systematically review muscle activity and muscle fatigue during sustained submaximal quasi-isometric knee extension exercise (hiking) related to Olympic dinghy sailing as a tribute to Dr Rogge’s merits in the world of sports. Dr Jacques Rogge is not only the former President of the International Olympic Committee, he was also an orthopaedic surgeon and a keen sailor, competing at three Olympic Games. In 1972, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Sports Medicine, he was the first who studied a sailors’ muscle activity by means of invasive needle electromyography (EMG) during a specific sailing technique (hiking) on a self-constructed sailing ergometer. Hiking is a bilateral and multi-joint submaximal quasi-isometric movement which dinghy sailors use to optimize boat speed and to prevent the boat from capsizing. Large stresses are generated in the anterior muscles that cross the knee and hip joint, mainly employing the quadriceps at an intensity of 30–40% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), sometimes exceeding 100% MVC. Better sailing level is partially determined by a lower rate of neuromuscular fatigue during hiking and for ≈60% predicted by a higher maximal isometric quadriceps strength. Although useful in exercise testing, prediction of hiking endurance capacity based on the changes in surface EMG in thigh and trunk muscles during a hiking maintenance task is not reliable. This could probably be explained by the varying exercise intensity and joint angles, and the great number of muscles and joints involved in hiking.

Highlights

• Dr Jacques Rogge, former president of the International Olympic Committee and Olympic Finn sailor, was the first to study muscle activity during sailing using invasive needle EMG to obtain his Master degree in Sports Medicine at the Ghent University.

• Hiking is a critical bilateral and multi-joint movement during dinghy racing, accounting for >60% of the total upwind leg time. Hiking generates large stresses in the anterior muscles that cross the knee and hip joint.

• Hiking is considered as a quasi-isometric bilateral knee extension exercise. Muscle activity measurements during sailing, recorded by means of EMG, show a mean contraction intensity of 30-40% maximal voluntary contraction with peaks exceeding 100%.

• Hiking performance is strongly related to the development of neuromuscular fatigue in the quadriceps muscle. Since maximal strength is an important determinant of neuromuscular fatigue during hiking, combined strength and endurance training should be incorporated in the training program of dinghy sailors.

     

人体下肢肌肉功能模型及其应用的研究

研究人体在运动过程中,肌肉长度、肌长度变化速率、肌力臂等肌肉功能参数以及肌肉功能的动态变化,是运动生物力学、运动解剖学、运动生理学和体育训练学等学科领域中十分关注的课题,它们对于深入探讨人体运动规律、肌肉的神经控制与工作特性以及制定肌肉专项力量训练方案等均具有非常重要的理论和实践意义.为此,本文将以人体下肢肌肉附着点(肌肉起止点、代起止点)、关节转动中心在相应环节基准坐标系中的坐标为基础,建立适合于活体应用的下肢肌肉功能模型.该模型不但能详尽地定量评定下肢于不同状态下肌肉所具有的潜在功能,而且也能获得人体在运动过程中下肢肌肉功能参数的动态变化状况.同时,本研究通过步态分析的实例,初步检验了模型的可用性和可靠性.     

对福建省部分项目运动员屈、伸髋、膝、踝关节肌肉力量若干问题的探讨

人体是一个有机整体,其运动需要身体各部位肌肉的协调用力,这就要求其各部位肌肉力量协调发展。对福建省部分羽毛球、田径、自行车运动贝屈、伸髋、膝、踝关节肌肉力量测定结果进行分析。探讨这些运动员肌肉力量所表现出的特征,为有关项目运动的力量训练监控提供科学依据。     

武术运动中柔韧性训练的探讨

文章从运动生理学角度分析和研究了武术柔韧性训练对运动肌肉伸展性、张力,以及对动作幅度大小的影响。研究结果表明:柔韧性不好,掌握动作技能的过程会立即缓慢下来并复杂化,而其中某些对完成比赛动作十分重要的关键技术往往不可能学会;关节灵活性差会限制力量、速度和协调能力的发挥,降低肌肉群内和肌肉群间的协调性,是导致肌肉、韧带损伤的原因之一。在提出问题的同时,文章就如何丰富武术套路柔韧性训练提出了自己的观点。     

Sand training: a review of current research and practical applications

Abstract

Sand surfaces can offer a higher energy cost (EC) and lower impact training stimulus compared with firmer and more traditional team sport training venues such as grass. This review aims to summarise the existing research on sand training, with a specific focus on its application as a team sports training venue. Compared with grass, significant physiological and biomechanical differences are associated with sand exercise. However, evidence also exists to suggest that training adaptations unique to sand can positively influence firm-ground performance. Furthermore, the lower impact forces experienced on sand can limit muscle damage, muscle soreness, and decrements in performance capacity relative to exercise intensity. Therefore, using a sand training surface in team sports may allow greater training adaptations to be achieved, while reducing performance decrements and injuries that may arise from heavy training. Nevertheless, further research should investigate the effect of sand surfaces over a greater range of training types and performance outcomes, to increase the application of sand training for team sports.     

Perceptual-cognitive skill training and its transfer to expert performance in the field: Future research directions

Abstract

Perceptual-cognitive skills training provides a potentially valuable method for training athletes on key skills, such as anticipation and decision-making. It can be used when athletes are unable to physically train or are unable to experience repeated key situations from their sport. In this article, we review research on perceptual-cognitive skills training and describe future research areas focusing on a number of key theories and principles. The main aim of any training intervention should be the efficacy of retention and transfer of learning from training to field situations, which should be the key consideration when designing the representative tasks used in perceptual-cognitive skills training. We review the principles that seek to create practice tasks that replicate those found in the field, so as to increase the amount of transfer that occurs. These principles are perception–action coupling, the contextual interference effect and contextual information, which suggest there should be a high level of similarity between training and real-life performance when designing perceptual-cognitive skills training. In the final section, we discuss the transfer of retained skill acquisition from perceptual-cognitive skills training to field performance, which we suggest to be the key area for future research in this area.     

强化左侧肢体训练促进儿童运动和智力潜能发展的实验研究

采用实验对比等方法,研究开发小学生运动和智力潜能的方法,实验结果表明,通过强化小学生左侧肢体的运动技能训练,能有效提高其左侧、双侧(全身)甚至右侧的运动技能,对提高和开发小学生的心智能力也有明显的促进作用。     

冰球运动员预防受伤与伤后的心理训练

冰球运动是一项极为激烈的对抗性运动,两队队员相互频繁接触,难免身体受到损伤。积极预防冰球运动员的运动性损伤,以及伤后的心理训练,对促进运动性损伤的恢复和提高个人的技、战术水平具有重要的作用。加强思想教育,正确的训练或比赛准备活动是预防冰球运动运动性损伤的有效措施。想象训练、念动训练是运动员伤后重要的心理训练方法,心理训练时应注意排除杂念、放松身体、较好的身体条件与环境等,只有持之以恒的心理训练才会对运动员伤后恢复与技、战术水平提高产生良好的效果。