对我国少年男子柔道技术现状的调查与分析

对我国少年男子柔道运动员的技术情况进行了调查，结果表明，当前少年男子柔道以投技得分为主，投、寝技术发展不平衡，对于不同方向的技术和技术组合缺乏训练，体能的总体水平不高，运用规则的能力有待于提高。     

Kinematic comparison of the seoi-nage judo technique between elite and college athletes

This study sought to identify biomechanical factors that determine fast and skilful execution of the seoi-nage (shoulder throw) technique by comparing kinematics between elite and college judo athletes. Three-dimensional motion data were captured using a VICON-MX system with 18 cameras operating at 250 Hz as three male elite and seven male college judo athletes performed seoi-nage. No significant difference was found in motion phase time of the turning phase between the two groups, indicating that motion phase time is not necessarily a factor contributing quickness in seoi-nage. The maximum relative velocity of the whole body centre of mass along the anterior–posterior direction was significantly greater in the elite athletes (2.74 ± 0.33 m/s) than in the college athletes (1.62 ± 0.47 m/s) during the turning phase (p = 0.023). The overall angular velocity of the body part lines, particularly the arm line, tended to be greater in the elite athletes (p = 0.068). The results imply that the velocity of the thrower relative to the opponent in the forward drive and turning motion reflects high skill seoi-nage. Coaches should recognise the relative forward velocity as a factor that may contribute to a successful seoi-nage when teaching the judo throw technique.     

我国青少年女子柔道运动员身体素质测试指标及评价标准的研究

运用问卷调查法、主成分分析法及因子分析法,筛选出具有代表性的、能够反映出柔道运动项目特点的身体素质的指标,在此基础上建立了我国青少年女子柔道运动员身体素质测试指标结构的评价模型,并制订了身体素质发展水平的评价标准,为女子柔道运动员专项运动素质训练的科学化,以及从素质方面进行运动员选材提供参考。     

生活方式、体育锻炼与中年男性糖耐量减低

目的:探讨中年男性糖耐量减低(IGT)发病的相关危险因素中,生活方式和体育锻炼对IGT发病的影响。方法:采用问卷调查方法,对入选的172例IGT患者、177例糖耐量正常(NGT)者进行调查,在IGT的相关危险因素中,比较分析其中的生活方式和体育锻炼与IGT发病的关系,结果:(1)饭量>400g/天,IGT组91.9%(158例/172例),明显高于NGT组的41.8%(74例/177例),有显著性差异(x2=103.646,P<0.01);(2)摄肉量>100g/天,IGT组62.2%(107例/172例)高于NGT组的40.7%(72例/177例),有显著性差异(x2=16.187,P<0.01);(3)吸烟20支/日且持续2年以上的,IGT组51.2%(88例/172例)高于NGT组的9.04%(16例/177例),有显著性差异(x2=95.644,P<0.01);(4)每周3次以上(含3次)的体育锻炼,IGT组15.1%(26例/172例),低于NGT组的65.5%(116例/177例),有显著性差异(x2=94.818,P<0.01)。结论:饭量>400g/天、摄肉量>100g/天、吸烟及体育锻炼少可能与中年男性IGT关系密切。     

Home advantage in judo: A study of the world ranking list

Abstract

In 2009, the International Judo Federation established a ranking system (RS) to classify athletes and to distribute the competitor quotas of the Olympic Games. However, the RS does not consider the home advantage. This issue has not been studied in judo, and its implications for the RS have not been determined. The objective was to verify the home advantage in judo in terms of winning a medal or the number of matches won. Therefore, 25 competitions that computed points for the RS in 2009 were analysed. Logistic regression analysis and the Poisson generalised linear model were used for the analyses, which included the relative quality of the athletes. The sample was composed only of athletes who had competed both at home and away. The odds ratio for winning medals was higher for athletes who competed at home for both males and females. The association between the number of matches won and competing at home was significant only for the male athletes. The home advantage was observed in the competitions that used the judo RS. Thus, it is likely that athletes from countries that host competitions using the RS have an advantage in terms of obtaining their Olympic classification.     

Effects of bilateral and non-dominant practices on the lateral preference in judo matches

This study analysed the effects of bilateral and non-dominant practice on novice practitioners’ lateral preference for judo skills in a combat context (i.e., randori). Thirty sports sciences students (22 men and 8 women; mean age 19 ± 1 years) with right hand, foot, and counterclockwise rotation preferences were divided into 3 groups: bilateral (BG; n = 8), non-dominant (NDG; n = 11), and control (CG; n = 11). Participants received 8 weeks of training at a rate of 3 days per week. The NDG was trained to perform judo skills exclusive with their non-dominant side, while the BG performed every task symmetrically. Before and after training, participants were recorded during two 3-min randoris to obtain the percentage of their engagement in dominant side actions. Pretest percentages were 73.1 ± 19.9%, 77.8 ± 18.8%, and 68.9 ± 27.2% for BG, NDG, and CG, respectively. Post-test values were 75.0 ± 15.6%, 23.3 ± 27.9%, and 72.2.9 ± 20.4%, respectively. Significant differences were observed between NDG and each of the other groups after the training. Changes from pretest were only significant for NDG (P = 0.003). These results suggest that lateral preference among novice judo practitioners during randori can be modulated by the type of practice.     

优秀女子柔道运动员运动损伤的现状调查及对策

运用专家访谈、问卷调查法等方法,对中国女子柔道集训队的优秀女子柔道运动员的损伤部位、损伤性质、损伤的时间、创伤对训练的影响及损伤特点等进行全面的调查研究,详细分析探讨其致伤原因,并在此基础上提出预防运动损伤的有效的训练学对策。     

Judges in judo conform to the referee because of the reactive feedback system

Abstract

This experiment tested whether the conformism observed among panels of judges in aesthetic sports also occurs among judges in judo. Similar to aesthetic sports, judo judging relies upon a form of open feedback. However, in judo, this system is reactive (i.e. two judges have to publicly ‘correct’ the score given by the higher-status referee), whereas it is active in aesthetic sports (i.e. judges with equal status report their score simultaneously and can use the feedback about the scores of their colleagues for evaluating later performances). In order to test whether such reactive open-feedback system leads to conformism among judges in judo, we designed an experiment in which this feedback was manipulated. Participants were 20 certified Flemish judges, who had to score two sets of 11 ambiguous video sequences that are used during formation and training of judo judges: one set with feedback about the referee's score and one set without feedback. The results revealed that when participants knew the referee's score, their scores were significantly more in line with this score than when they did not know this score. More specifically, for both sets of sequences at least 10% less deviations from the referee were observed when participants were given feedback about the score of the referee. These results suggest that preventable conformism can occur in typical judo judging, that is with reactive open feedback.     

Changes in peak leg power induced by successive judo bouts and their relationship to lactate production

Abstract

Eleven male judoka, who compete at national level, were recruited with the aim of investigating changes in peak leg power as a result of successive judo bouts and their relationship with lactate production. The participants executed a force–velocity curve to determine peak power in a 90° squat exercise in concentric work. The group then participated in four 5-min judo bouts each separated by 15 min of passive rest. The power developed as a result of the load associated with the maximum peak power reached in the preliminary test was determined, for the same movement, before and after each bout. Finger capillary blood samples were taken after each bout to determine the maximum lactate concentration achieved and lactate clearance. The results showed no effect of successive bouts on peak leg power (P > 0.05) and no difference when comparing the power measured before and after each bout (P > 0.05). Maximum lactate concentration of the fourth bout was lower than that of the first (12.6 ± 3.5 and 14.6 ± 4 mmol · l^?1 respectively; P < 0.05), although there was no difference in their clearance dynamics (P > 0.05). On the basis of the results obtained, we conclude that successive judo bouts, with the structure proposed in this study, produce high acidosis levels, which have no effect on the peak power developed in the legs.     

运动对中年糖耐量减低患者胰岛素抵抗及游离脂肪酸的影响

目的：探讨运动对中年糖耐量减低患者胰岛素抵抗、游离脂肪酸的影响。方法：将61名糖耐量减低患者随机分为健步走组20例、健步走＋抗阻力运动组20例、对照组21例，两运动组进行24周运动处方的锻炼，并与对照组对比。结果：两运动组24周运动干预前后胰岛素抵抗指数和血游离脂肪酸的差异具有显著性；与健步走组相比，健步走＋抗阻力运动组游离脂肪酸降低的幅度较明显。结论：对中年IGT患者进行运动干预可提高胰岛素敏感性，降低游离脂肪酸水平，且健步走＋抗阻力运动对游离脂肪酸降低的效果较健步走的大。     

中国优秀柔道运动员某些生理生化指标的研究

以117名优秀柔道运动员为研究对象,通过身体成分、有氧代谢能力、无氧代谢能力及血液指标等对我国优秀柔道运动员的竞技能力进行分析,结果表明,身体成分及形态学和血液生化指标与普通组运动员相比并无显著性差异,优秀运动员基础代谢率降低,出现机能节省化现象,呼吸、循环系统功能改善,能更好的适应大强度、大运动量的训练;女子优秀组运动员肢体肌肉的爆发力和速度耐力都优于普通组运动员。     

Accumulating short bouts of running reduces resting blood pressure in young normotensive/pre-hypertensive men

Abstract

In this study, we compared the effects of accumulated and continuous running on resting arterial blood pressure. Ten normotensive/pre-hypertensive men, aged 25.0 ± 4.2 years (mean ± s), participated in three 2-day trials at least one week apart in a randomized, repeated-measures design. On Day 1, participants rested (control) or ran at 70% of maximum oxygen uptake in either ten 3-min bouts (30 min rest between bouts) or one continuous 30-min bout. On Day 2, participants rested throughout the day. Blood pressure was measured at hourly intervals throughout Days 1 and 2. Mean resting systolic blood pressure on Day 2 was 6% lower during the accumulated and continuous running trials compared with the control trial (110 ± 6 vs. 110 ± 8 vs. 117 ± 6 mmHg respectively; P < 0.05), but there were no differences in resting diastolic blood pressure among the three trials (70 ± 7 vs. 69 ± 6 vs. 70 ± 5 mmHg respectively). These findings demonstrate that accumulating 30 min of running throughout the day in short bouts is as effective as 30 min of continuous running for reducing resting systolic blood pressure on the next day in young normotensive/pre-hyptertensive men.     

柔道投技中大外刈技术的三维运动学分析

大外刈等传统的柔道投技技术是运动员练习最多、比赛中应用最广、最容易得分的主要技术手段,本文以北京体育大学竞技体校8名优秀柔道运动员为研究对象,并把其分为优秀组和普通组,采用运动学录像解析的方法并结合运动解剖学的基本理论对两组运动员大外刈技术进行量化分析和评价,研究和剖析大外刈技术动作的运动原理和动作结构特征。并得出以下结论:(1)优秀组运动员在技术过程中动作的幅度和速度大于普通组,动作效果较普通组好。(2)优秀组和普通组在右腿后刈阶段左臂动作存在技术不合理之处:即都是左臂用力后拉对方衣袖,而不是和右臂一起前推对方身体。今后的训练中应对此加以重视和改进。     

福建省竞技柔道现状与发展对策

通过实地考察，专家访谈和文献资料的方法，对我省竞技柔道现状进行调查和研究，并结合我省竞技体育的实际情况，对如何发展我省竞技柔道运动提出若干建议。     

The effect of submaximal exercise on recovery hemodynamics and thermoregulation in men and women

Five women and 5 men were studied to examine the effects of submaximal exercise on thermoregulatory and hemodynamic variables during recovery in two environments: (a) control (C), 22 degrees C, 33% rh; and (b) hot humid (H), 32 degrees C. The participants exercised on a cycle ergometer at 60% of peak oxygen consumption for 35 min prior to 90 min of seated recovery. Sessions were identical, except for environment. Variables evaluated (p < .05) were: core temperature (TR), mean skin temperature (Ts), sweat rate (SR), heart rate (HR), stroke index (SI), cardiac index (CI), forearm blood flow (FBF), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Men and women exhibited similar patterns of TR, Ts, and SR in both environments. Ts and SR (collapsed means for gender) were higher in the H than in the C. DBP was higher in men than in women throughout recovery in both environments. With combined means for gender, HR was higher in the H than in the C. CI, SI, FBF, and SBP were similar in both environments and returned to baseline within 15 min into recovery. These data suggest that heat dissipation during extended recovery was accomplished with similar contributions of cutaneous vasodilation and sweating in M and F. Furthermore, the moderate exercise level did not influence hemodynamics beyond 15 min of recovery in either environment.     

Tactical behaviour of winning athletes in major championship 1500-m and 5000-m track finals

This article analyses the tactics employed by middle-distance (1500-m) and long-distance (5000-m) runners from an observational methodology perspective. The subject of investigation has received little attention from specialists in the field of athletics, with most research focusing on physiological studies of athlete performance. Using an ad hoc observation tool and a database containing systematically recorded data we detected time patterns (T-patterns) within the data recorded using the Theme software program (version 5.0), and analysed the tactics employed by winners of the men's 1500-m and 5000-m finals of the World Championships in Athletics [Edmonton 2001, Paris 2003, Helsinki 2005 (1500-m final only), Osaka 2007 (1500-m final only), Berlin 2009 and Daegu 2011], the European Athletics Championships (Munich 2002, Göteborg 2006, and Barcelona 2010) and the Olympic Games (Sydney 2000, Athens 2004, Beijing 2008 and London 2012). T-pattern detection and investigation of the relationship between category systems corresponding to the criteria comprising the observation tool revealed both similarities (starting lane and lane used during race, runner's position during race and sprint zone and lane) and differences (variations in pace, zones in which changes of pace occur, sprint initiation zone and winner's position at the start of the sprint) between the two disciplines.     

我国少年男子柔道技术现状调查与分析

通过全国少年柔道锦标赛的技术统计，对我国少年男子柔道技术现状进行了分析。结果显示，当前少年男子柔道以投技得分为主，投寝技发展不平衡；对于不同方向的技术和技术组合缺少科学的设计；体能的总体水平不高；运用规则的能力有待于进一步提高。     

中小学“校园柔道”开展的重要性研究

随着我国基础教育的改革,教育部对《体育与健康课程》的重视程度越来越高。体育课程作为学校课程的重要组成部分,在体育课程的改革下,体育课不仅是提高学生的身心发展健康,发展学生运动技能学习为基础,在这基础上,增加了学生的素质教育、培养学生的安全意识,且每个学生都要学会一到两项的终身体育锻炼的项目。本文采用文献资料法等方法,对柔道的特点进行分析,结合校园体育,阐述柔道进入中小学校园的重要性,为促进柔道校园中国行提供参考建议。