我国竞技体育人才资本投资理论初探

从人口基数上看,我国是体育人力资源大国,但竞技体育人力资本却极为稀缺。通过运用人力资本投资理论来考察竞技体育人力资本投资的全过程,包括其特征及激励机制,并进一步探讨我国竞技体育人力资本稀缺的深层理论根源。     

Returning to competition after a serious injury: The role of self-determination

Abstract

We tested hypotheses grounded in self-determination theory regarding athletes' cognitive appraisals and emotional reactions when returning to competition following a serious injury. Professional male athletes (N = 225) competing in the Australian Football League were presented with return-to-competition scenarios that varied with respect to: (1) degree of self-determination and (2) salience of re-injury concern. Significant MANOVA main effects were observed for the degree of self-determination on both primary appraisals and emotional responses as well as for the salience of re-injury concern on emotional response. Follow-up ANOVA polynomial trend analyses provided support for the hypothesized trends for greater self-determination in the return to sport to result in more positive appraisals and affect. Findings support self-determination theory contentions and research indicating the psychological benefits of increased self-determination.     

从规则的演变看竞技健美操难度动作的发展

通过对1997-2005年新旧竞技健美操评分规则的分析比较,运用文献资料法和专家访谈法探讨新旧规则中难度动作的变化特点及发展,以期能对我国的竞技健美操运动的发展提供一定的理论依据。     

试析我国体育赛事的市场化

运用文献资料、归纳和逻辑分析等方法,结合我国体育赛事市场的实际情况,对我国体育赛事市场运作的基本条件、现状以及制约其发展的因素进行分析,并提出促进我国体育赛事市场化的对策与措施。     

从2005年评分规则的修订看竞技健美操的发展趋势

1前言竞技健美操作为一个新兴的运动项目,从产生至今不过20几年的时间。任何项目的发展和完善都需要一个过程,作为技术性很强的竞技健美操项目更不例外。竞技健美操是一个相对独立的从属于技能类表现难美性项群的体育运动项目,规则是项目发展的准绳,规则对训练和比赛都起着重要     

我国职业足球竞赛监管机构分析

通过借鉴国外足球强国经验及结合我国国情的分析论证,认为国家体育竞赛监察委员会、国家体育总局体育经济司市场管理处和足球管理中心组成的我国职业足球竞赛监管机构,应实行纵向管理,各有侧重,共同完成对我国职业足球竞赛的监督管理;足管中心的下属机构和相关人员及应成立的有自律功能的职业联赛组织,对我国职业足球竞赛行使日常监管职责。     

现代田径竞赛裁判工作的主要特征

运用文献资料法和调查访问法等研究方法,对田径竞赛裁判工作的现状和特征进行了探讨,分析了现代田径竞赛所具有的比赛项目多、参赛运动员多、竞赛时间持续长、竞赛成绩判定客观性强的现状,提出了田径竞赛裁判工作具有裁判分工专业化、裁判方法电子化、裁判工作程序化、成绩评判科学化、场地器材高科技化和裁判员队伍大型集团的六大特征.     

竞赛压力对不同结果期待倾向男子足球运动员状态自信的影响

采用问卷调查和数理统计方法探讨了男子足球运动员的乐观、悲观倾向与运动状态自信的关系以及竞赛压力可能的调节作用.结果表明:(1)乐观倾向、悲观倾向既相对独立又显著相关,在男子运动员个体运动状态自信的变异中,乐观倾向具有保护性作用.悲观倾向具有破坏性作用,比较而言,悲观倾向的消极作用比乐观倾向的保护性作用更强.(2)竞赛压力是结果期待倾向与运动状态自信的显著调节因素,主要作用表现为随着压力水平的增高,乐观倾向对状态自信的保护意义具有增强的趋势.     

体育比赛中的客场劣势及其对策

客场劣势对比赛成绩的影响不容忽视。针对引起客场劣势的观众、气候、化、时差、裁判、比赛动机等主要因素的分析，提出降低客场劣势的训练措施，帮助教练员和运动员在比赛中把客场劣势降低到最小程度。     

新赛制下全年训练周期的安排

通过对传统周期训练理论以及其他一些观点的剖析，认为传统周期训练理论在新赛制下并未过时，仍是全年周期安排的依据。     

The effect of badminton-specific exercise on badminton short-serve performance in competition and practice climates

This study examined the effects of changes in physiological and psychological arousal on badminton short-serve performance in competitive and practice climates. Twenty competitive badminton players (10 males and 10 females) volunteered to participate in the study following ethics approval. After familiarisation, badminton short-serve performance was measured at rest, mid-way through and at the end of a badminton-specific exercise protocol in two conditions; competition vs. practice. Ratings of cognitive and somatic anxiety were assessed at three time points prior to badminton short-serve performance using the Mental Readiness Form 3. Heart rate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed during the exercise protocol. Results indicated that better short-serve performance was evident in practice compared to competition (P?=?.034). RPE values were significantly higher in the competition condition compared to practice (P?=?.007). Cognitive anxiety intensity was significantly lower post-exercise in the practice condition compared to competition (P?=?.001). Cognitive anxiety direction showed greater debilitation post-exercise in the competition condition compared to practice (P?=?.01). Somatic anxiety intensity increased from pre-, to mid- to post-exercise (P?=?.001) irrespective of condition. This study suggests that badminton serve performance is negatively affected when physiological arousal, via badminton-specific exercise, and cognitive anxiety, via perceived competition, are high.     

竞技体育中高科技的应用是对公平竞争精神的破坏

科技奥运模式下，现代技术已经成为影响训练过程和竞赛结果的决定性因素。但是，运动员之间对高科技的占有是不公平的，这就客观上造成了不公平竞争现象的发生，从而严重破坏了公平竞争精神。究其原因，是由于前提、占有优势和从占有优势向现实优势转化3个关键环节中存在着不公平造成的。     

体育教学中学生竞争意识的培养

在体育教学中注重学生竞争意识的培养，是学校体育改革发展的需要。通过体育教学活动，不仅可以培养学生的竞争意识，同时还可以培养学生优良的竞争品质，这是新世纪人才所必须具备的素养和品质。为此，在体育教学中必须坚持一系列的正确原则与方法，才能实现这一教育目的。     

排球运动员在比赛中心理定向的探讨

排球比赛中心理定向对排球运动员有着极大的影响，讨论了运动员在比赛过程中心理训练的重要性，认为心理定向训练与身体训练、技术训练同等重要，应引起足够的重视。     

近十年我国乒乓球项目竞技格局特征研究

采用文献资料、数理统计等方法,对近十年我国乒乓球项目竞技格局进行研究,结果表明:我国乒乓球男子项目中竞技实力不断提升的是北京和解放军队,竞技实力在下降的是广东、上海、黑龙江和江苏队;女子项目中竞技实力在减弱的是河北和辽宁队,竞技实力逐步提升的是山东队,竞技实力稳中稍降的是北京队。     

浙江省优秀划船运动员赛前血清某些激素浓度的变化

通过比较划船运动员赛前和平时( 对照)血清中某些激素的水平,发现有明显差异,女性睾酮从1 .59 下降至1 .18nmol/L,男性睾酮则从18 .93 上升21.69nmol/L;女性皮质醇从543 .4 下降至206.0nmol/L,男性皮质醇从543.7 下降至226 .0nmol/L,男性雌二醇从0.158 上升至0 .310pg/L;T3 及T4 均有显著性下降。结果表明优秀划船运动员赛前晨起血清激素水平较好,有利于运动员发挥最佳水平,同时有调动免疫系统,起到保护机体的作用。     

Determination of the swing technique characteristics and performance outcome relationship in golf driving for low handicap female golfers

Abstract

Previous studies on the kinematics of the golf swing have mainly focused on group analysis of male golfers of a wide ability range. In the present study, we investigated gross body kinematics using a novel method of analysis for golf research for a group of low handicap female golfers to provide an understanding of their swing mechanics in relation to performance. Data were collected for the drive swings of 16 golfers using a 12-camera three-dimensional motion capture system and a stereoscopic launch monitor. Analysis of covariance identified three covariates (increased pelvis–thorax differential at the top of the backswing, increased pelvis translation during the backswing, and a decrease in absolute backswing time) as determinants of the variance in clubhead speed (adjusted r ² = 0.965, P < 0.05). A significant correlation was found between left-hand grip strength and clubhead speed (r = 0.54, P < 0.05) and between handicap and clubhead speed (r = ?0.612, P < 0.05). Flexibility measures showed some correlation with clubhead speed; both sitting flexibility tests gave positive correlations (clockwise: r = 0.522, P < 0.05; counterclockwise: r = 0.711, P < 0.01). The results suggest that there is no common driver swing technique for optimal performance in low handicap female golfers, and therefore consideration should be given to individual swing characteristics in future studies.     

同场对抗性项群青少年运动员运动竞赛中攻击性行为的实证研究

在系统分析国内外相关研究的基础上,运用现场观察法、问卷调查法、专家访谈法和数理统计法等对同场对抗性项群青少年运动员进行运动竞赛中发生的种种攻击性行为的动机、原因、影响因素三方面的认知调查,并对同场对抗性项群青少年运动员运动竞赛中攻击性行为的发生机制提出新的观点。     

央视“武林大会”比赛规则的若干思考

运动竞赛规则是体育竞技比赛的基本规范和准则,决定着运动项目的生存与发展,央视“武林大会”比赛规则制订的规范性与科学性对“武林大会”的前途起到决定性作用。在“武林大会”现行规则的基础上,探讨其成功做法、存在不足及引起的比赛问题,并提出修缮的若干原则,对设置内容进行探讨,旨在完善比赛规则,增强武林大会节目的观赏性,促进传统武术健康快速发展。     

The role of a short post-lunch nap in improving cognitive,motor, and sprint performance in participants with partial sleep deprivation

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a post-lunch nap on subjective alertness and performance following partial sleep loss. Ten healthy males (mean age 23.3 years, s = 3.4) either napped or sat quietly from 13:00 to 13:30 h after a night of shortened sleep (sleep 23:00 – 03:00 h only). Thirty minutes after the afternoon nap or control (no-nap) condition, alertness, short-term memory, intra-aural temperature, heart rate, choice reaction time, grip strength, and times for 2-m and 20-m sprints were recorded. The afternoon nap lowered heart rate and intra-aural temperature. Alertness, sleepiness, short-term memory, and accuracy at the 8-choice reaction time test were improved by napping (P < 0.05), but mean reaction times and grip strength were not affected (P > 0.05). Sprint times were improved. Mean time for the 2-m sprints fell from 1.060 s (s _[xbar]  = 0.018) to 1.019 s (s _[xbar]  = 0.019) (P = 0.031 paired t-test); mean time for the 20-m sprints fell from 3.971 s (s _[xbar]  = 0.054) to 3.878 s (s _[xbar]  = 0.047) (P = 0.013). These results indicate that a post-lunch nap improves alertness and aspects of mental and physical performance following partial sleep loss, and have implications for athletes with restricted sleep during training or before competition.