Perceived social support from team-mates: Direct and stress-buffering effects on self-confidence

Abstract

In this study, we wished to determine whether the perceived support available from team-mates predicts levels of self-confidence. Four dimensions of support were examined: emotional, esteem, informational, and tangible. The sample consisted of 152 university athletes (74 females, 78 males) with a mean age of 20.1 years (s=1.4). Participants completed measures of perceived support, stressors, and self-confidence at the training session before an important match. Moderated hierarchical regression analyses revealed that all four dimensions of support had direct effects on self-confidence (ΔR ²=0.13–0.17, all P<0.01), with support positively predicting self-confidence. Perceived emotional (ΔR ²=0.05, P<0.05), esteem (ΔR ²=0.02, P<0.05), and informational (ΔR ²=0.03, P <0.05) support also had stress-buffering effects on self-confidence. The findings suggest that although university athletes perceived different levels of emotional, esteem, informational, and tangible support to be available from their team-mates, all four dimensions of support positively predicted self-confidence.     

The effects of perceived and received support on objective performance outcome

Abstract

In this study, we examined the main and stress-buffering effects of perceived and received support on objective performance outcome. The sample consisted of 123 British male high-performance golfers with a mean age of 25.3 years (s=5.4). Participants completed measures of perceived support, stressors, stress, and received support before competitions. After the competitions, performance outcome (number of shots) was recorded. When the two types of support were considered separately, there were significant main effects for perceived (ΔR ²=0.08, b=?0.81, P<0.01) and received support (ΔR ²=0.05, b=?0.68, P<0.01) on performance. There were also significant stress-buffering effects for perceived (ΔR ²=0.03, b=?0.48, P=0.02) and received support (ΔR ²=0.06, b=?0.61, P<0.01). When both types of support were considered together, the significant main effect (ΔR ²=0.09, P<0.01) was primarily attributable to perceived support (b=?0.63, P=0.02). The significant stress-buffering effect (ΔR ²=0.06, P=0.01) was primarily attributable to received support (b=?0.56, P=0.04). These results demonstrate the beneficial influence of social support on performance. The findings highlight the need to recognize the distinction between perceived and received support, both in terms of theory and the design of social support interventions with athletes.     

The effects of perceived and received support on self-confidence

A sample of 222 university athletes (mean age 19.8 years, s = 2.0), ranging in standard from university second team to international competitor, completed a measure of perceived support 2 weeks before an important competition or match. On the day before the competition or match, the athletes completed measures of stressors, stress, received support, and self-confidence. Moderated hierarchical regression analyses revealed the following key findings: (i) main effects for both perceived (DeltaR2 = 0.11) and received support (DeltaR2 = 0.14) upon self-confidence; (ii) stress-buffering effects for both perceived (DeltaR2 = 0.02) and received (DeltaR2 = 0.07) support upon self-confidence; (iii) when both aspects of support were considered simultaneously, stress-buffering effects were primarily attributable to the influence of received support. These results demonstrate the beneficial impact of social support on self-confidence, both directly and by reducing the negative effect of stress on self-confidence. Our findings emphasize the need to recognize the distinction between perceived and received support, both in terms of theory and the design of social support interventions with athletes.     

The effects of service convenience and perceived quality on perceived value,satisfaction and loyalty in low-cost fitness centers

Due to its importance in fitness centers, a number of authors have explored and analyzed loyalty. However, two characteristics not yet examined are service convenience in fitness center chains and low-cost fitness centers (an emerging business model). In the present study, the authors sought to understand the relationship among perceived quality and service convenience on perceived value, satisfaction, and client loyalty in low-cost fitness centers. Clients (N = 763; 381 women and 382 men) from three low-cost Spanish fitness centers were surveyed, revealing a positive relationship among the variables studied. Findings demonstrate the importance of proper management of non-monetary sacrifices and perceived quality by the managers of these sport organizations, since client loyalty could depend on factors of these emerging sport models.     

运动员损伤后的自信心恢复

在竞技运动中,运动员损伤后,如何尽快恢复自信心,重返赛场?在文献研究的基础上,对影响自信心恢复的因素及怎样采取合理措施进行自信心恢复训练,作了概括和进一步的探讨.本文中目标取向和社会支持是影响运动员自信心恢复的主要因素.倾向于任务取向的运动员,对自信心评价水平较高,具有高社会支持感的运动员更易于自信心的恢复.因此在恢复期,确立以提高运动能力为目的的康复目标,营造充满温暖、关爱的心理环境,对促进运动员自信心的恢复有重要意义.     

体育课程对大学生心境及自信心的影响

用心境量表和自信心量表测量了不同课程内容设置和时间变化对学生心理活动的影响。结果表明:(1)不同的教学内容和时间对大学生心境变化存在显著影响作用,并且内容与时间存在交互效应。(2)不同的教学内容和时间对大学生自信心变化没有显著性影响,但内容与时间也存在着交互效应。     

The effects of cognitive and somatic anxiety and self-confidence on components of performance during competition

This study considered the influence of competitive anxiety and self-confidence state responses upon components of performance. Basketball players (n=12) were trained to self-report their cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self-confidence as a single response on several occasions immediately before going on court to play. Performance was video-recorded and aspects of performance that could be characterized as requiring either largely anaerobic power (height jumped) or working memory (successful passes and assists) were measured. Intra-individual performance scores were computed from these measures and the data from seven matches were subjected to regression analyses and then hierarchical regression analyses. The results indicated that, as anticipated, somatic anxiety positively predicted performance that involved anaerobic demands. Self-confidence, and not cognitive anxiety, was the main predictor of performance scores with working memory demands. It would appear that different competitive state responses exert differential effects upon aspects of actual performance. Identifying these differences will be valuable in recommending intervention strategies designed to facilitate performance.     

The effects of cognitive and somatic anxiety and self-confidence on components of performance during competition.

This study considered the influence of competitive anxiety and self-confidence state responses upon components of performance. Basketball players (n = 12) were trained to self-report their cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self-confidence as a single response on several occasions immediately before going on court to play. Performance was video-recorded and aspects of performance that could be characterized as requiring either largely anaerobic power (height jumped) or working memory (successful passes and assists) were measured. Intra-individual performance scores were computed from these measures and the data from seven matches were subjected to regression analyses and then hierarchical regression analyses. The results indicated that, as anticipated, somatic anxiety positively predicted performance that involved anaerobic demands. Self-confidence, and not cognitive anxiety, was the main predictor of performance scores with working memory demands. It would appear that different competitive state responses exert differential effects upon aspects of actual performance. Identifying these differences will be valuable in recommending intervention strategies designed to facilitate performance.     

Stressors,social support,and effects upon performance in golf

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the effect of eccentric exercise on position sense and reaction angle of the elbow and knee flexors. Twelve males underwent two eccentric exercise sessions involving a randomized crossover design. In the first session participants used their elbow flexors and in the other session their knee flexors. Muscle damage indices, position sense, and joint reaction angle to release of the elbow and knee flexors were measured before, immediately after, and up to 7 days after exercise. Exercise induced greater muscle damage in the elbow flexors than knee flexors. Exercise disturbed position sense of the elbow and knee joint. For both limbs, the participants adopted a more extended position than the reference angle. The elbow and knee joint reaction angles to release increased after exercise for both the elbow and knee flexors. The disturbances in position sense and reaction angle after exercise were greater in the elbow flexors than knee flexors. The elbow flexors remained more accurate and faster than the knee flexors at all time points. These results may be explained by the higher density of muscle spindles and the lower innervation ratio of the elbow flexors compared with the knee flexors, as well as the fact that the arms are more accustomed than the legs to perform fast and accurate movements.     

The effects of self-handicapping on attributions and perceived judo competence

The aim of this study was to examine hypotheses derived from Jones and Berglas's (1978) self-handicapping model. It was hypothesized that individuals using many self-handicaps would use more internal attributions and report greater gains in perceived judo ability following success than individuals using few self-handicaps. In addition, it was hypothesized that individuals using many self-handicaps would use more external attributions and report less reduction in perceived judo ability following failure. Fifty-three judo players completed measures of trait self-handicapping, situational self-handicapping and a measure of perceived judo ability before competition. Following competition, the participants completed the Causal Dimension Scale II and the measure of perceived judo ability for a second time. Analyses of variance revealed that high self-handicappers attributed failure to more external factors than low self-handicappers. It was also found that high self-handicappers reported less of a reduction in perceived judo ability following failure than low self-handicappers. The findings therefore provide support for the potential short-term benefits of self-handicapping in sport, although further research is required to examine the long-term implications of using self-handicaps.     

Assessing perceived need support and need satisfaction in physical education: adaptation and validation with English students

This study aimed to validate an English version of Basic Psychological Needs Support Questionnaire (BPNSQ) and the Basic Psychological Needs in Physical Education Scale (BPN-PE) in the physical education context. Participants included 453 students aged between 12 and 17 years. For the BPNSQ, the hypothesized three-factor solution displayed high interfactor correlations (rs > 1), and a follow-up analysis indicated that the items were represented by a single need-support factor. For the BPN-PE, hypothesized three-factor solution was supported. Both scales were found invariant across gender, and the nomological validity was also demonstrated through the associations between factors of both scales. This study provides initial support for the use of the BPN-PE to assess psychological need satisfaction within the physical education context among English-speaking adolescents. The hypothesized three-factor structure of the BPNSQ was not supported and more research is needed to evaluate the English version in the physical education context.     

The effects of stretching on knee flexor fatigue and perceived exertion

Abstract

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of acute static muscle stretch on hamstring muscle fatigue and perceived exertion between young adult men and women. Twenty volunteers participated in two experimental sessions, in which we assessed maximal-effort isokinetic knee flexor force (90° · s^?1) and the number of sub-maximal (50% maximal) knee flexor repetitions to the point of failure. Immediately before the sub-maximal contractions on one randomly selected session, participants received ten 30-s passive knee flexor muscle stretches. Perceived exertion was sampled with a modified Borg category-ratio scale following each sub-maximal repetition. Each participant's perceived exertion response was estimated every 10% across the sub-maximal repetitions, via linear interpolation and power-function modelling. The men generated significantly greater force than the women during both experimental sessions, while muscle stretching had no significant effect on the number of sub-maximal repetitions. When estimated via power-function modelling, perceived exertion increased at a significantly greater rate following muscle stretch. Perceived exertion was significantly greater for the women following muscle stretch than the men. The findings suggest that the elevation in perceived exertion following knee flexor muscle stretching may be greater in women than men, despite no significant alterations in mechanical measures of muscle fatigue.     

我国优秀射击运动员自信心来源特征及结构分析

基于问卷调查及数理统计等方法,对我国优秀射击运动员自信心来源及特质自信心进行调查分析,结果表明:不同属性高水平射击运动员之间不存在显著性差异(P>0.05),运动员自信心对特质应对自信心存在显著性影响(P<0.05),并且进一步分析自信心来源的结构,表现出不同程度的直接作用和间接作用,最后对自信心来源的7个维度与运动水平的相关性进行分析,其相关性普遍较高(r>0.3),表明运动自信心来源的7个维度能够较好地反映出运动员的运动水平.     

The effects of acute stretching on hamstring muscle fatigue and perceived exertion

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an acute stretching regime on hamstring muscle fatigue and rating of perceived exertion during a dynamic, sub-maximal bout of resistance exercise. Sixteen healthy males (age 25.7 +/- 4.3 years, height 1.81 +/- 0.06 m, body mass 87.5 +/- 15.1 kg; mean +/- s) and 16 healthy females (age 24.9 +/- 4.5 years, height 1.67 +/- 0.06 m, body mass 62.9 +/- 9.4 kg) volunteered to participate in two experimental sessions. After establishing their one-repetition maximum for the hamstring curl, the participants were assigned at random to one of two groups. Group 1 performed three bouts of 20 s hamstring stretches with the assistance of one of the investigators, while group 2 did not perform the stretches; instead, they sat resting for 3 min. Then, after stretching or resting, the participants performed as many hamstring curls as they could at 60% of their one-repetition maximum established earlier. All participants were assessed for their perceived exertion using a modified Borg category ratio (CR-10) scale. The participants returned within 1 week to complete the experiment. This time group 1 did not perform hamstring stretches, whereas group 2 did. As on the first occasion, all participants performed hamstring curls after stretching or resting. The participants in group 1 were able to perform more curls on the second day of testing than their counterparts in group 2. There were no significant differences between males and females or between the stretch and non-stretch conditions. There was a significantly higher first repetition rating of perceived exertion for the stretch condition (2.88 +/- 1.01) than for the non-stretch condition (2.50 +/- 0.95); there was no significant difference in the median ratings of perceived exertion between the stretch and non-stretch conditions. Significantly higher power function exponents were exhibited in the non-stretch (0.57 +/- 0.16) than in the stretch condition (0.51 +/- 0.12). In addition, females exhibited significantly higher power function exponents than males, irrespective of stretch condition and day (females: 0.59 +/- 0.12; males: 0.49 +/- 0.11). In conclusion, we found a small but statistically significant effect of an acute bout of stretching on ratings of perceived exertion during fatiguing hamstring muscle resistance exercise.     

Feedback about more accurate versus less accurate trials: differential effects on self-confidence and activation

One purpose of the present study was to examine whether self-confidence or anxiety would be differentially affected byfeedback from more accurate rather than less accurate trials. The second purpose was to determine whether arousal variations (activation) would predict performance. On day 1, participants performed a golf putting task under one of two conditions: one group received feedback on the most accurate trials, whereas another group received feedback on the least accurate trials. On day 2, participants completed an anxiety questionnaire and performed a retention test. Shin conductance level, as a measure of arousal, was determined. The results indicated that feedback about more accurate trials resulted in more effective learning as well as increased self-confidence. Also, activation was a predictor of performance.     

Work-time profile,blood lactate concentration and rating of perceived exertion in the 1998 Greco-Roman wrestling World Championship

The aim of this study was to examine work-time profiles, blood lactate concentrations and perceived exertion among Greco-Roman wrestlers in the 1998 World Championship. Forty-two senior wrestlers from nine nations were studied in 94 matches. Each match was recorded with a video camera (Panasonic AG 455, film rate: 25 Hz) and analysed for duration of work (wrestling) and rest (interrupt) periods. Blood lactate concentration was determined with an electrochemical device (Analox P-LM5) and a rating of perceived exertion scale (Borg) was used to estimate general exertion and exertion in the extremity and trunk muscles. The mean duration of the matches was 427 s (range 324-535 s), with mean durations of work and rest of 317 and 110 s, respectively. The mean periods of work and rest were 37.2 and 13.8 s, respectively. Mean blood lactate concentration was 14.8 mmol · l -1 (range 6.9-20.6). The difference in mean blood lactate concentration between the first- and final-round matches was not significant ( P > 0.05). Blood lactate concentration was significantly higher ( P ? 0.04) in matches of long duration than in those of short duration. The mean general rating of perceived exertion for all matches was 13.8 according to the scale used. Most of the wrestlers (53.3%) perceived exertion to be highest in the flexors of the forearm, followed by the deltoids (17.4%) and the biceps brachii muscles (12.0%). In addition to a relatively high rating of perceived exertion in the arm muscles, this indicates a high specific load on the flexor muscles of the forearm.     

啦啦操教学对女大学生自信的影响研究

采用教学实验、数理统计等方法,研究啦啦操教学对女大学生自信的影响。研究结果表明:经过12周的啦啦操教学,女大学生在整体自信、学业自信、身体自信和社交自信上差异显著(P<0.05),啦啦操教学组与健美操和体育舞蹈教学组女大学生的整体自信、身体自信和社交自信水平差异显著(P<0.01)。啦啦操教学对女大学生的整体自信、身体自信和社交自信几个维度上的自信水平影响显著,并且与健美操和体育舞蹈教学相比,对提升女大学生整体自信、身体自信和社交自信上的效果更显著。     

The hierarchical effects of perceived quality on perceived value,satisfaction, and loyalty: Empirical results from public,outdoor aquatic centres in Australia

Drawing on the literature on service quality, value, satisfaction, and loyalty, the present study assumes a hierarchical, multidimensional scheme for perceived quality focussing on four process dimensions of service quality. The aim of this study is to test a comprehensive model of perceived quality on loyalty in the context of public aquatic centres in Australia. Using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) on a sample of 961 repeat customers of three outdoor public aquatic centres, results from this study reveal that four first-order process quality dimensions—facility presentation, core services, secondary services and staff—are significant in determining their higher-order perceived quality construct, with facility presentation and staff having the strongest influence. Moreover, the results of the present study indicate that overall satisfaction fully mediates the impact of perceived quality and perceived value on loyalty (behavioural intentions), with perceived quality having the strongest influence on overall satisfaction and loyalty. The present study provides an enhanced conceptualisation of the perceived quality construct in the context of public aquatic centres and contributes to the debate on the relationships among service quality, satisfaction, value, and loyalty in the sport and leisure context. In addition to strengthening theoretical understandings, the present study offers a service quality model that allows aquatic centre managers to identify specific attributes of the service that can be managed to influence loyalty more favourably.     

学生篮球裁判员怯场心理分析及临场自信心的培养

采用文献资料法、调查访谈法等针对学生裁判员在临场执裁过程中产生“怯场”心理的成因作出分析,并提出相应的对策研究,旨在使学生裁判员的能力和自信心得到提高,执裁时排除外界干扰,保持心理稳定,充分发挥执裁水平,顺利完成比赛任务。     

Social support and physical activity participation among healthy adults: a systematic review of prospective studies

The objective of this review was to determine the direction and strength of the prospective relationship between social support and PA among healthy adults. A systematic review was conducted; including studies up until December 2015, in the following databases: Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus. Published English and French written studies were included if the reported study used a longitudinal design; examined the relationship between social support and PA over at least two intervals; and assessed a sample of healthy adults between 18–65 years of age. Two reviewers independently extracted study information and independently assessed the risk of bias in each study. The initial search yielded a total of 2892 citations, and 20 studies were included in the review. Follow-up period ranged from 2 weeks to 10 years. Irrespective of the type and source of support, the strength and direction of the association between social support and PA was inconsistent across studies, with effect sizes ranging from small to large and from negative to positive. Based on meta-analysis, there was a small positive association between support for PA from friends and future PA. Researchers are encouraged to continue to conduct longitudinal studies to better understand the relationship between social support and PA.