Effect of resistance training regimens on treadmill running and neuromuscular performance in recreational endurance runners

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of heavy resistance, explosive resistance, and muscle endurance training on neuromuscular, endurance, and high-intensity running performance in recreational endurance runners. Twenty-seven male runners were divided into one of three groups: heavy resistance, explosive resistance or muscle endurance training. After 6 weeks of preparatory training, the groups underwent an 8-week resistance training programme as a supplement to endurance training. Before and after the 8-week training period, maximal strength (one-repetition maximum), electromyographic activity of the leg extensors, countermovement jump height, maximal speed in the maximal anaerobic running test, maximal endurance performance, maximal oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O_2max), and running economy were assessed. Maximal strength improved in the heavy (P = 0.034, effect size ES = 0.38) and explosive resistance training groups (P = 0.003, ES = 0.67) with increases in leg muscle activation (heavy: P = 0.032, ES = 0.38; explosive: P = 0.002, ES = 0.77). Only the heavy resistance training group improved maximal running speed in the maximal anaerobic running test (P = 0.012, ES = 0.52) and jump height (P = 0.006, ES = 0.59). Maximal endurance running performance was improved in all groups (heavy: P = 0.005, ES = 0.56; explosive: P = 0.034, ES = 0.39; muscle endurance: P = 0.001, ES = 0.94), with small though not statistically significant improvements in [Vdot]O_2max (heavy: ES = 0.08; explosive: ES = 0.29; muscle endurance: ES = 0.65) and running economy (ES in all groups < 0.08). All three modes of strength training used concurrently with endurance training were effective in improving treadmill running endurance performance. However, both heavy and explosive strength training were beneficial in improving neuromuscular characteristics, and heavy resistance training in particular contributed to improvements in high-intensity running characteristics. Thus, endurance runners should include heavy resistance training in their training programmes to enhance endurance performance, such as improving sprinting ability at the end of a race.     

A critical review of the current evidence examining whether resistance training improves time trial performance

A number of reviews have concluded that resistance training is beneficial for improving sports performance despite the inclusion of studies which do not actually measure a performance outcome (i.e. a timed trial). The purpose of this review was to examine only those studies which would allow us to infer the benefits of resistance training on improving time trial performance. Of the nine studies meeting all inclusion criteria only three demonstrated an additive effect of adding resistance training to the current activity-specific training being performed. These three studies demonstrated improvements in either 5 or 10 km time trial among recreationally skilled athletes (i.e. non-elite level time). Previous reviews have included studies which did not include: (1) performance outcomes; (2) control groups; and/or (3) equal volumes of activity-specific exercise among the resistance training and control groups. Presently, there is little evidence that adding resistance exercise to a sport-specific training program will augment time trial performance. While it is difficult to perform such long-term studies assessing the effects of resistance training among time trial athletes, the statement that resistance training is efficacious for improving time trial performance should be tempered until sufficient evidence is presented to support such claims.     

Submaximal heart rate seems inadequate to prescribe and monitor intensified training

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to investigate whether the change in (sub)maximal heart rate after intensified training is associated with the change in performance. Thirty subjects were recruited who performed cardiopulmonary exercise tests to exhaustion 2 weeks before (pre), 1 week after (post) and 5 weeks after (follow-up) an 8-day non-competitive amateur cycling event (TFL). The exercise volume during the TFL was 7.7 fold the volume during the preparation period. Heart rate and cardiopulmonary parameters were obtained at standardised absolute submaximal workloads (low, medium and high intensity) and at peak level each test. Subjects were classified as functionally overreached (FOR) or acute fatigued (AF) based on the change in performance. No differences between FOR and AF were observed for heart rate (P?=?.51). On total group level (AF?+?FOR), post-TFL heart rate decreased significantly at low (?4.4 beats·min^?1, 95% CI [?8.7, ?0.1]) and medium (?5.5 beats·min^?1 [?8.5, ?2.4]), but not at high intensity. Peak heart rate decreased ?3.4 beats·min^?1 [?6.1, ?0.7]. O₂pulse was on average 0.49?ml O₂·beat^?1 [0.09, 0.89] higher at all intensities after intensified training. No changes in ?O₂ (P?=?.44) or the ventilatory threshold (P?=?.21) were observed. Pearson’s correlation coefficients revealed negative associations between heart rate and O₂pulse at low (r?=??.56, P?<?.01) and medium intensity (r?=??.54, P?<?.01), but not with ?O₂ or any other submaximal parameter. (Sub)maximal heart rate decreased after the TFL. However, this decrease is unrelated to the change in performance. Therefore, heart rate seems inadequate to prescribe and monitor intensified training.     

Effects of resistance training on performance in previously trained endurance runners: A systematic review

The aim of this work was to identify, synthesize and evaluate the results of randomized controlled trials examining the effects of resistance training on performance indicators in previously trained endurance runners. A database search was carried out in PubMed, Science Direct, OvidSPMedLine, Wiley, Web of Science, ProQuest and Google Scholar. In accordance with the PRISMA checklist, 18 published articles dated prior to May 2016 involving 321 endurance runners were reviewed using the PEDro scale. Resistance training led to general improvements in muscular strength, running economy, muscle power factors, and direct performance in distances between 1,500 and 10,000 m. Such improvements were not accompanied by a significant increase in body mass or signs of overtraining. However, improvements did not occur in all cases, suggesting that they might depend on the specific characteristics of the resistance training applied. Although current evidence supports the effectiveness of resistance training to improve performance in already trained endurance runners, the methodological inconsistencies identified suggest that the results should be interpreted with caution. Future studies ought to investigate the benefits of resistance training in endurance runners while considering the existence of possible differentiated effects based on the specific characteristics of the resistance training carried out.     

Acute effects of high-intensity intermittent training on kinematics and foot strike patterns in endurance runners

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate running kinematic characteristics and foot strike patterns (FSP) during early and late stages of actual and common high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT): 5 × 2000 m with 120-s recovery between runs. Thirteen healthy, elite, highly trained male endurance runners participated in this study. They each had a personal record in the half-marathon of 70 ± 2.24 min, and each had a minimum experience of 4 years of training and competition. Heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored during HIIT. High levels of exhaustion were reached by the athletes during HIIT (HRpeak: 174.30 bpm; RPE: 17.23). There was a significant increase of HRpeak and RPE during HIIT; nevertheless, time for each run remained unchanged. A within-protocol paired t-test (first vs. last run) revealed no significant changes (P ≥ 0.05) in kinematics variables and FSP variables during HIIT. There were no substantial changes on kinematics and FSP characteristics in endurance runners after fatigue induced by a HIIT. Only the minimum ankle alignment showed a significant change. The author suggests that these results might be due to both the high athletic level of participants and their experience in HIIT.     

铁人三项自行车-跑换项过程的调整与训练

探讨了造成铁人三项自行车-跑换项过程中运动员常会出现不适感的原因.呼吸肌疲劳、脱水、糖原耗竭和感受器的传导反馈调整落后于身体活动变化,引起生物力学指标的不利改变,使跑的效率下降,可能是造成不适感的主要原因.自行车赛段的骑行位置和最后阶段的蹬车频率会对换项调整产生显著影响,运动员应注意根据自己的特点确定战术.换项过程中运动员身体所承受的特殊变化提示,针对比赛中将会遇到的情况进行专门训练,可能有助于提高运动员的耐受性,加快感受器的调整适应,减小生物力学指标的不利改变,减少运动损伤.     

Effects of plyometric training on maximal-intensity exercise and endurance in male and female soccer players

In a randomised controlled trial design, effects of 6 weeks of plyometric training on maximal-intensity exercise and endurance performance were compared in male and female soccer players. Young (age 21.1 ± 2.7 years) players with similar training load and competitive background were assigned to training (women, n = 19; men, n = 21) and control (women, n = 19; men, n = 21) groups. Players were evaluated for lower- and upper-body maximal-intensity exercise, 30 m sprint, change of direction speed and endurance performance before and after 6 weeks of training. After intervention, the control groups did not change, whereas both training groups improved jumps (effect size (ES) = 0.35–1.76), throwing (ES = 0.62–0.78), sprint (ES = 0.86–1.44), change of direction speed (ES = 0.46–0.85) and endurance performance (ES = 0.42–0.62). There were no differences in performance improvements between the plyometric training groups. Both plyometric groups improved more in all performance tests than the controls. The results suggest that adaptations to plyometric training do not differ between men and women.     

赛前大负荷专项训练对男子散打运动员免疫机能的影响研究

为研究赛前大负荷专项训练对男子散打运动员免疫机能的影响,选择10名男子散打运动员作为研究对象,通过对NK细胞、NKT细胞、CD4 /CD8 、T细胞以及Th1/Th2淋巴细胞亚群的检测,观察散打运动员赛前训练中免疫学指标的变化规律。结果显示,大负荷的专项赛前训练对NK细胞不产生显著性影响;赛前对抗实战阶段,散手运动员CD4 /CD8 出现显著性下降,并且出现了Th1/Th2失衡的临界性变化。     

"放松跑"在短跑中的运用及训练

对“放松跑”原理在短跑中的运用奈件进行了分析，从理论上探讨了“放松跑”对短跑运动能力的影响，并提出了具体的训练方法，可采用减阻训练法、节奏训练法、波浪跑训练法、放松大步跑训练法等。     

浅谈400米运动员的速度耐力训练

运用文献资料法和数据统计分析法,对我国部分优秀运动员400米的速度耐力训练进行研究。研究认为,在400米跑这一径赛项目中,发展速度与发展速度耐力是提高该项目成绩的两大关键,也是训练实践中要解决的核心问题。本文以运动生理学、运动生物化学为依据,结合运动训练理论与方法,对发展速度耐力这一问题进行分析,并提出了400米跑中发展速度耐力的有效方法和手段。     

运用高原训练提高男子中长跑运动员运动能力的实验研究

通过改变海拔高度,运用不同海拔渐进复合的持续训练、对运动强度和运动负荷的变化、运动员营养补剂的补充,探讨提高男子中长跑运动能力的训练模式。结果发现：高原刺激能显著提高运动员的血色素水平,补血的铁剂配合优质蛋白的适当使用可以维持运动员在训练期的血色素水平;可以有效提高运动员耐力水平     

我国女子足球运动员技术训练中不良行为的表现特征研究

技术训练是足球运动员提高自身和整体技术能力的最重要环节,如果球员在技术训练中存在不良行为,将势必影响到训练的效果。本研究以参加2008年中国女子足球超级联赛的俱乐部中的部分球员共160人作为研究对象,将她们在技术训练中的不良行为表现做为研究重点,对其进行系统的研究得出：我国成年女足球员在技术训练中存在不良行为的原因主要包括球员的长期的训练习惯、训练态度、相关训练认知上的欠缺以及教练员的管理监控不利等几个方面。     

辽宁省青少年游泳运动员有氧耐力训练研究

采用文献资料法、实验法,以24名11~15岁年龄段的男子青少年游泳运动员为研究对象,随机分成实验组和对照组,每组各12人,进行为期8周的训练。训练前后对实验组进行200m×7多级递增负荷测试及50m自由泳专项测试,从而了解有氧耐力的训练效果,为基层青少年运动员有氧耐力训练提供参考,也为改善和提高青少年游泳运动员的最大有氧耐力提供依据。     

应用无氧阈强度提高女飞行学员有氧耐力的研究

应用无氧阈强度对女飞行员进行训练,并与传统的训练方法进行对照,结果表明：应用无氧阈强度训练可以提高对女飞行员的有氧耐力。     

耐力运动对自由基、血清超氧化物歧化酶活性影响的研究

为探讨耐力运动对自由基、超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响,对32名运动员进行了安静、小运动量训练、大运动量训练负荷下血中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD、Mn-SOD、CnZn-SOD)、血乳酸测定.发现小运动量训练后SOD、MDA值与安静状态下相比无显著性差异,而大运动量训练后SOD、MAD与安静值相比有显著性差异(P＜0.01),提示耐力运动与短时大极量运动一样可导致体内MDA含量升高,SOD活性升高.     

Altitude training in endurance running: perceptions of elite athletes and support staff

This study sought to establish perceptions of elite endurance athletes on the role and worth of altitude training. Elite British endurance runners were surveyed to identify the altitude and hypoxic training methods utilised, along with reasons for use, and any situational, cultural and behaviour factors influencing these. Prior to the 2012 Olympics Games, 39 athletes and 20 support staff (coaches/practitioners) completed an internet-based survey to establish differences between current practices and the accepted “best-practice”. Almost all of the athletes (98%) and support staff (95%) surveyed had utilised altitude and hypoxic training, or had advised it to athletes. 75% of athletes believed altitude and hypoxia to be a “very important” factor in their training regime, with 50% of support staff believing the same. Athletes and support staff were in agreement of the methods of altitude training utilised (i.e. 'hypoxic dose’ and strategy), with camps lasting 3–4 weeks at 1,500–2,500 m being the most popular. Athletes and support staff are utilising altitude and hypoxic training methods in a manner agreeing with research-based suggestions. The survey identified a number of specific challenges and priorities, which could provide scope to optimise future altitude training methods for endurance performance in these elite groups.     

我国女子长跑青少年运动员基础训练阶段赛前6周训练的结构特征

对我国女子长跑青少年运动员基础训练阶段赛前6周训练结构特征进行研究,结果表明:技术、速度和力量训练比例较低,训练内容多样化程度不高,缺乏协调能力训练的专门安排,准备和整理活动管理监督状况较差,而且训练的高负荷、高度专项化导致有氧训练严重不足,有氧和无氧(混氧)比例失衡和倒置,最终造成训练效益不高,以及较为严重的早期专项化。     

“节奏策略”与极限负荷下的心理承受力训练

阐述了在极限负荷条件下运动员对疼痛与疲劳的忍受性作为一种心理承受力对大强度体能训练的重要性,并对疲劳与疼痛的控制方法进行了介绍与说明。以已有实证研究对“节奏策略”的支持性结论为基础,提出假设：对疲劳的认知信念的改变和通过心理技能训练改变意志努力,可以影响中枢神经系统的“疲劳管理策略”,并且会对运动表现产生积极影响。根据已有的研究结果及知识经验,提出一个四步的训练程序,来帮助提高运动员在极限负荷下的心理承受能力。     

Knowledge is power: Issues of measuring training and performance in cycling

ABSTRACT

Mobile power meters provide a valid means of measuring cyclists’ power output in the field. These field measurements can be performed with very good accuracy and reliability making the power meter a useful tool for monitoring and evaluating training and race demands. This review presents power meter data from a Grand Tour cyclist’s training and racing and explores the inherent complications created by its stochastic nature. Simple summary methods cannot reflect a session’s variable distribution of power output or indicate its likely metabolic stress. Binning power output data, into training zones for example, provides information on the detail but not the length of efforts within a session. An alternative approach is to track changes in cyclists’ modelled training and racing performances. Both critical power and record power profiles have been used for monitoring training-induced changes in this manner. Due to the inadequacy of current methods, the review highlights the need for new methods to be established which quantify the effects of training loads and models their implications for performance.     

浅析普通高校田径业余训练新思路——OSF训练法

本文通过分析与实证相结合的方式阐述了OSF训练法可以作为普通高校业余田径训练的一种新方法,并对该训练方法的优缺点和实践中应注意的问题等进行了初步分析。