Anthropometric and physical performance characteristics of top-elite,elite and non-elite youth female team handball players

In order to maximise the potential for success, developing nations need to produce superior systems to identify and develop talent, which requires comprehensive and up-to-date values on elite players. This study examined the anthropometric and physical characteristics of youth female team handball players (16.07 ± 1.30 years) in non-elite (n = 47), elite (n = 37) and top-elite players (n = 29). Anthropometric profiling included sum of eight skinfolds, body mass, stature, girths, breadths and somatotype. Performance tests included 20 m sprint, counter-movement jump, throwing velocity, repeated shuttle sprint and jump ability test, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1. Youth top-elite players had greater body mass, lean mass, stature, limb girths and breadths than elite and non-elite players, while only stature and flexed arm were higher in elite compared to non-elite players (all P < 0.05). Sum of skinfolds and waist-to-hip ratio were similar between groups (P > 0.05). Top-elite performed better in most performance tests compared to both elite and non-elite players (P < 0.05), although maximal and repeated 10 m sprints were similar between playing standards (P > 0.05). Elite outperformed non-elite players only in throwing velocity. The findings reveal that non-elite players compare unfavourably to top-elite international European players in many anthropometric and performance characteristics, and differ in a few characteristics compared to elite European club team players. This study is useful for emerging team handball nations in improving talent identification processes.     

对我国不同位置优秀男篮运动员运动损伤情况的调查与分析

通过对我国不同位置优秀男子篮球运动员运动损伤情况的调查、了解,发现男子篮球运动员的损伤与场上位置有很大的关系,其中,前锋队员受伤率最高,其次是中锋和后卫队员。前锋队员易受伤的主要部位是膝关节和踝关节,中锋队员主要是腰背肌和膝关节,后卫队员主要是踝关节和指关节。造成这种情况的主要原因是不同位置上的运动员在比赛中技术动作要求不同,身体各部位所承受的负荷也不同。     

Somatotype and size of elite female basketball players

The aim of this study was to compare the somatotype and size of elite female basketball players in terms of playing position and team performance. Anthropometry and somatotype data were collected on 168 players from 14 countries before the Women's World Basketball Championship, Australia, 1994. There were 64 guards (mean?±?s: age 25.4?±?3.3 years, height 1.72?±?0.06?m, mass 66.1?±?6.2?kg, somatotype?=?2.9?–?3.9?–?2.6), 57 forwards (age 25.2?±?3.8 years, height 1.81?±?0.06?m, mass 73.3?±?5.9?kg, somatotype?=?2.8?–?3.5?–?3.2) and 47 centres (age 24.1?±?3.1 years, height 1.90?±?0.06?m, mass 82.6?±?8.2?kg, somatotype?=?3.2?–?3.1?–?3.4). Mean somatotypes by position were significantly different (F?=?7.73, P?<?0.01). Guards had greater mesomorphy than centres and less ectomorphy than forwards and centres. When discriminant function analysis was applied to endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy, age, height and mass, only height, mass and ectomorphy entered (Wilks' λ?=?0.351, F?=?31.40, P?<?0.000), 70% of the variance was accounted for, and 72% of players were correctly classified. In the four top versus four bottom teams, guards were taller and more ectomorphic, forwards were taller, with lower mesomorphy and higher ectomorphy, and centres did not differ. Thus there are some differences in somatotypes by position and team placing, but the combination of height, mass and ectomorphy provide the best differentiation by position.     

Game movement demands and physical profiles of junior,senior and elite male and female rugby sevens players

To inform recruitment, selection, training and testing of male and female rugby sevens players game running movement patterns and physical characteristics were quantified across junior, senior, and elite playing levels. Anthropometric and physical testing (40 m sprint, vertical jump, Yo-Yo IR1) occurred prior to players’ national championships or international tournaments (n = 110 players), while game movements were obtained via GPS (n = 499 game files). The game movements of male players were similar across playing levels except for number of impacts >10 g which were 2 to 4-fold higher in elite (25.0 ± 11.2 impacts · game^?1; mean ± SD), than junior (6.3 ± 3.5) and senior (11.8 ± 6.6) players. In men, there were fewer substantial correlations between on- and off-field measures which may reflect similar physical attributes across playing levels, and that other (strength, technical or tactical) factors may better differentiate these players. In females, elite players had more favourable on- and off-field performance measures than juniors and seniors, with moderate to strong correlations between on- and off-field variables. Female players should benefit from additional fitness training, while male players need to balance fitness with other technical and tactical factors.     

中外优秀女篮运动员的身高、体重、年龄特征比较

通过对世界女子篮球优秀运动员的身高、体重、年龄等的统计分析表明：优秀女子篮球运动员的身高、体重、年龄等有其基本特点和规律。与之相比，我国优秀女子篮球运动员及运动队存在不足，应引起注意并采取有针对性的措施加以解决，尽快提高我国女子篮球运动的水平。     

Self-regulation and performance level of elite and non-elite youth soccer players

Abstract

In learning and development, self-regulation can be described as the extent to which individuals are metacognitively, motivationally, and behaviourally proactive participants in their learning process (Zimmerman, 1989 Zimmerman, B. J. 1989. A social cognitive view of self-regulated academic learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81: 329–339. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 2006 Zimmerman, B. J. 2006. “Development and adaptation of expertise: The role of self-regulatory processes and beliefs”. In The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance, Edited by: Ericsson, K. A., Charness, N., Feltovich, P. J. and Hoffman, R. R. 705–722. New York: Cambridge University Press. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]). We examined the relationship between self-regulation and performance level in elite (n = 159) and non-elite (n = 285) youth soccer players aged 11–17 years (mean 14.5 years, s = 1.4). The players completed a questionnaire that assessed planning, self-monitoring, evaluation, reflection, effort, and self-efficacy. A logistic regression analysis was performed (controlling for age) to determine which self-regulatory aspects were associated with players' performance level (elite vs. non-elite). High scores on reflection and effort were associated with a higher level of performance. Findings suggest that elite players may be more aware of their strong and weak points as well as better able to translate this awareness into action. In addition, elite players appear to be more willing to invest effort into practice and competition. It is suggested that these better developed self-regulatory skills may translate into a more effective learning environment and ultimately result in an increased capacity for performance in elite players relative to their non-elite peers.     

Relationships among birth-month distribution,skeletal age and anthropometric characteristics in adolescent elite soccer players

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to clarify relationships among the distribution of birth month, maturation and body size in young soccer players. We therefore examined physical and maturational differences between selected players, who were considered to have higher potential to play soccer at a professional level as decided subjectively by coaches, and unselected players. Participants were 332 elite soccer players (mean age = 12.2 ± 1.5 years; range = 9.1–15.0 years). Participants were divided into six categories (under = U10 to U15), depending on chronological age. Height, body mass skeletal age and maturation difference (skeletal age – chronological age) were compared among four groups (quarter = Q1 to Q4) depending on month of birth. Overall, the distribution of players across the four quarters was skewed such that numbers were greatest in Q1 and smallest in Q4. No significant differences in maturation difference were observed between birth quarters in any age category. On the other hand, except for the U14 age category, there were no significant differences in height between Q4 and Q1 players. However, the height of Q4 players was significantly smaller than those of Q1 in three (U11, U13 and U14, P < 0.01) of six categories when maturation difference was statistically controlled. Our results suggest a clear bias toward quarter of birth and this bias may depend to some extent on differences in individual skeletal age and body size. Individual biological maturation should thus be considered when selecting adolescent soccer players.     

The relationship between functional potential and field performance in elite female wheelchair basketball players

The functional classification system for wheelchair basketball is based on an analysis of the players' functional resources through field-testing and game observation. Under this system, players are assigned a score of 1 to 4.5. The aim of this study was to determine if the wheelchair basketball player classification system reflects the existing differences in performance of elite female players. During the World Championship for Wheelchair Basketball in Sydney 1998, eight teams were videotaped for three 40-min games for a total of 120?min per team. Fifty-nine female players (Class I [1 and 1.5 points] n?=?12; Class II [2 and 2.5 points] n?=?20; Class III [3 and 3.5 points] n?=?13; Class IV [4 and 4.5 points] n?=?14) were retained for a detailed performance analysis by means of the Comprehensive Basketball Grading System (CBGS). Two-way analysis of variance showed high point players to perform better compared with low point players for the majority of variables determining the quality of game performance. A lack of significant differences between two adjacent classes was explained on the basis of the methodological approach, the class–position relationship in this sample, and the performance level of women's wheelchair basketball. We conclude that the performance of elite female wheelchair basketball players is dependent on functional ability.     

第五届城市运动会男子篮球运动员比赛能力的分析

现代篮球理论认为,球队整体协作与运动员个人能力影响着一支球队竞技水平的高低,而球员的个人能力往往直接决定着球队的胜负。通过对第五届城运会篮球比赛进行实证研究,对球员的个人比赛能力作了详尽的分析,进而探讨如何提高个人比赛能力,制定针对性训练计划,以提高球队整体的竞技水平。     

Joint- and subject-specific strategies in male basketball players across a range of countermovement jump heights

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to investigate subject- and joint-specific strategies used by male basketball players as they increase their countermovement jump (CMJ) height from sub-maximal to maximal efforts. Lower extremity joint kinematics and kinetics were recorded as 11 male, NCAA Division I basketball players performed 8–10 CMJ across effort levels of approximately 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. Simple correlation models were used to investigate the associations between effort levels (i.e., CMJ height) and joint mechanics (i.e., negative (eccentric) and positive (concentric) mechanical work performed at the hip, knee, and ankle joints) for each individual player and the entire group. Group-analyses showed that increases in all joint mechanical variables were associated with increases in CMJ height. In contrast, single-subject analyses revealed that players used individualised strategies, and selectively scaled the magnitude of mechanical work at none (n = 2), one (n = 2), two (n = 5), or all three (n = 2) joints as they increased CMJ efforts. In addition, individual players also appeared to selectively scale different combinations of eccentric or concentric joint work as they increased CMJ height. These results highlight that male basketball players use joint-specific strategies to increase CMJ height when progressively increasing CMJ effort.     

辽宁高校男篮运动员的综合评价方法

运用数理统计法、合成鉴标法等研究并确定了反映辽宁高校男篮运动员训练水平的9项检查性指标,这些指标能客观地反映当前辽宁高校男篮运动员的身体素质、基本技术与心理特征水平.并研制出可用于评价辽宁高校男篮运动员身体素质、基本技术、心理特征和运动训练水平及其发展均衡程度的评价方法.     

Influence of force-vector and force application plyometric training in young elite basketball players

Plyometric training composed by unilateral exercises with horizontal jumping direction seems to be an effective way to improve physical performance in athletes. The present study aimed to compare the influence of a combined jumping direction and force application (horizontal-unilateral vs. vertical-bilateral) plyometric training on linear sprinting, jumping, change of direction (COD) and dynamic balance in young elite basketball players. Twenty young (U-13 to U-14) male basketball players (age: 13.2?±?0.7 years, body mass: 59.5?±?12.7?kg, height: 172.9?±?7.9?cm) were randomly assigned either to a unilateral-horizontal (UH, n?=?10) or bilateral-vertical (BV, n?=?10) plyometric group, twice a week for 6-wk. Both groups performed between 60 and 100 jumps/session. UH executed all jumps unilaterally with horizontal direction, while jumps in the BV were bilaterally with vertical direction. Performance was assessed by a linear sprinting test, vertical and horizontal jumping tests, COD tests (V-cut and 5+5?m with a 180°COD test), an ankle dorsiflexion test and dynamic balance tests (anterior and postero-lateral directions). Within-group differences showed substantial improvements (Effect size (ES):0.31–1.01) in unilateral vertical and horizontal jumping, V-cut test and postero-lateral direction with right leg after both training interventions. Furthermore, UH group also substantially improved (ES:0.33–0.78) all sprinting times and postero-lateral direction with left leg, while BV enhanced anterior direction with left leg (ES:0.25). Between-group analyses showed substantially greater improvements (ES:0.33) in 10-m and V-cut test in UH than in BV. The likely beneficial effect (small ES) achieved in sprinting abilities suggests the combination of unilateral-horizontal jumps to improve such abilities.     

篮球运动员竞赛心理特征及赛前心理训练研究

结合多年带队训练、比赛的实践经验，分析了篮球运动员的心理特征。并针对心理特征提出了赛前心理调整和训练的具体方法。教练员在篮球训练和竞赛中应注重探索不同类型运动员的心理变化规律，研究有效的心理训练方法；应强化赛前训练，帮助运动员确立积极的技术心理定向。     

中美优秀男子篮球运动员身体形态及几项主要技术指标的比较研究

从身体形态指标和5项主要技术指标的统计入手，通过中美优秀男子篮球运动员的比较．研究形态指标与技术之间的关联，以期为篮球运动员的选材和训练提供一些参考。     

我国优秀篮球运动员ACE基因I/D多态性频率分布特征研究

目的:探讨我国优秀篮球运动员ACE基因I/D多态性频率分布特点。方法:采用毛发提取DNA,对我国100名优秀篮球运动员、70名一般篮球运动员和159名普通大学生的ACE基因I/D多态性进行检测。结果:经Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡定律检验,各组基因频率都达到平衡;与普通大学生组比较,优秀篮球运动员的DD型基因频率有降低趋势;与国内其他文献研究结果比较,优秀篮球运动员与优秀马拉松运动员、举重、投掷及游泳等项目运动员有相似的基因频率,基因选材具有共性。结论:ACE基因I/D多态性可能与运动能力相关联,可作为优秀篮球运动员选材的参考标准之一。     

我国高水平篮球队运动员构成及其发展特征研究

“运动员的构成”含有丰富内容,如运动员来源构成、年龄构成、文化知识构成、运动年限构成、运动成绩构成等。但从研究我国高水平篮球队伍管理主体发展走向的角度进行分析,与之联系最为紧密,同时也最直接反映我国竞技篮球系统中基础体制改革与变化趋势的,则是运动员来源构成及其变化特点。     

北京奥运会中、欧男子篮球交锋过程若干技战术指标对比分析

采用文献法、录像观察法、逻辑分析法以及数理统计法对北京奥运会中中国男子篮球队与欧洲各国男子篮球队的比赛情况进行分析,找出差距,以求中国男篮在奥运会后能够认真总结,科学训练,学习欧洲篮球强国先进的运动员培养体制及训练方法,使中国男篮在国际大赛中击败更多的欧洲强队,在进入世界男子篮球前八名的基础上更上一个台阶.     

Spike jump biomechanics in male versus female elite volleyball players

ABSTRACT

There are well-known biological differences between women and men, especially in technical-coordinative variations that contribute to sex differences in performance of complex movements like the most important offensive action in volleyball, the spike jump. The aim of this study was to investigate sex-dependent performance and biomechanical characteristics in the volleyball spike jump. Thirty female and male sub-elite volleyball players were analysed while striking a stationary ball with maximal spike jump height. Twelve MX13 Vicon cameras with a cluster marker set, two AMTI force plates, surface EMG, and a Full-Body 3D model in Visual3D were used. Main findings include sex differences (P< .05) in jump height (pη² = .73), approach [speed (pη² = .61), step length], transition strategy [plant angle, neuromuscular activation (pη² = .91), horizontal force maxima and impulses], acceleration distances [centre of mass displacement (pη² = .21), minimal knee and hip angles], use of torso and arms [incline, angular velocity (pη² = .23)]. Correlations support that the results cannot be explained fully by strength and power differences between sexes but represent the product of technical-coordinative variations. Their relevance is acknowledged for both sexes and numerous performance determinants displayed sex differences. The integration of such attributes into sex-specific training seems promising but its effect requires further investigation.     

Effect of different number of players and training regimes on physiological and technical demands of ball-drills in basketball

This study aimed to analyse the effects of two factors (number of players and training regimes) on players’ physiological and technical demands in basketball ball-drills. Twenty-one young basketball players performed four different ball-drills (two levels for each factor). The number of players involved was 2vs2 and 4vs4, while ball-drill regimes were continuous and intermittent. Physiological demand was assessed using the percentage of maximal heart rate (%HR_max), Edwards’ training load and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Furthermore, the following technical actions were collected: dribbles, steals, rebounds, turnovers, passes (total, correct, wrong and % of correct pass) and shots (total, scored, missed and % of made shot). A 2 × 2 (number of players × regime) two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was applied for physiological parameters and technical actions. The 2vs2 condition showed higher %HR_max (P < 0.001), Edwards’ training load (P < 0.001), RPE (P < 0.001), number of dribbles (P < 0.001), rebounds (P < 0.001), passes [total (P = 0.005) and correct (P = 0.005)] and shots [total (P < 0.001) scored (P < 0.001) and missed (P < 0.001)] than 4vs4. Moreover, the continuous regime revealed higher %HR_max (P < 0.001), Edwards’ training load (P < 0.001), RPE (P = 0.006) and dribbles (P < 0.001) than the intermittent regime. This study showed that both number of players and regime are useful variables able to modify basketball ball-drills workload.     

我国高等体育院校培养高水平篮球运动员的桎梏与实践反思

运用文献资料法、问卷调查法、专家访谈法,对我国高等体育院校培养高水平篮球运动员的现实困境及发展思路进行了研究。认为体育院校项目扶持政策急功近利、竞赛制度缺失、培养目标定位存在认知偏差、人才竞争劣势、经费匮乏是制约体育院校培养高水平篮球运动员的根本原因。高等体育院校应以扭转人才培养观念为先导,以整合纵向与横向资源为突破口,以参与高水平篮球赛事为杠杆,以拓展融资渠道为保障,推进高水平篮球运动员的培养工作。