场地自行车4 000 m追逐赛不同起动方式摄氧动力模型的分析

目的：研究4 000 m场地自行车运动VO2反应,及前15 s高功率起动对运动成绩的影响。方法：11名男子自行车运动员在功率车上进行递增负荷试验和两种不同起动强度的4 000 m运动。首先进行前60 s平均功率（128±2）%MAP即（501.7±41.9）w强度对照模式运动;5 h后进行模拟模式运动,强度在第8~10 s达到最高值235%MAP（928.3±77.6）w,后逐步下降,15 s时至平均功率（421.9±40.1）w,维持15~60 s。60 s之后两组均进行自由速度模式,强度控制在380~420 w之间。结果：整个测试过程模拟组较对照组平均功率高19 w左右,有统计学差异。模拟组15~60 sVO2高于对照组,模拟组15s~60sVO2高于对照组,而AOD却低于对照组,对整个运动表现有促进作用。结论：4 000 m场地自行车运动前15 s高输出功率可伴随着更快的VO2反应而不是单一归于节省时间理论,并可促进中等距离自行车计时运动员的摄氧动员能力。     

我国高水平女子场地500米计时项目自行车运动员踏蹬状态研究

运用“自行车运动员踏蹬状态测试仪”对我国高水平女子场地原地发500米计时赛项目运动员的踏蹬状态进行了研究,进一步确定了我国高水平女子自行车运动员踏蹬“死点”的区域及合理的踏蹬技术,为自行车运动员的技术训练提出了较为合理的意见与建议。     

Cricket fast bowling detection in a training setting using an inertial measurement unit and machine learning

Fast bowlers are at a high risk of overuse injuries. There are specific bowling frequency ranges known to have negative or protective effects on fast bowlers. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) can classify movements in sports, however, some commercial products can be too expensive for the amateur athlete. As a large number of the world's population has access to an IMU (e.g. smartphones), a system that works on a range of different IMUs may increase the accessibility of automated workload monitoring in sport. Seventeen elite fast bowlers in a training setting were used to train and/or validate five machine learning models by bowling and performing fielding drills. The accuracy of machine learning models trained using data from all three bowling phases (pre-delivery, delivery and post-delivery) were compared to those trained using only the delivery phase at a sampling rate of 250 Hz. Next, models were trained using data down-sampled to 125 Hz, 50 Hz, and 25 Hz to mimic results from lower specification sensors. Models trained using only the delivery phase showed similar accuracy (> 95%) to those trained using all three bowling phases. When delivery-phase data were down-sampled, the accuracy was maintained across all models and sampling frequencies (>96%).     

田径运动技术与平衡

田径运动中的平衡是动态平衡,活体特征使人体平衡与刚体平衡有本质区别。影响平衡的因素有小脑机能水平、肌力、身体重心位置，施力时机和心理因素等。平衡是田径运动员高效完成技术动作的基础，运动员维持平衡的方法很多，因专项而异并随运动状态的变化而变化。     

摆臂技术与短跑成绩的关系

运动员摆臂技术的好坏直接影响着步频步幅以及后蹬力量的大小，同时还影响到身体获得向前的水平速度及身体的协调用力。结合训练实践，运用动力学知识，从摆臂技术与短跑的内在联系入手，阐明了摆臂技术与短跑成绩的关系。     

我国高校高水平田径运动队现状调查与分析

通过对25所高校田径队负责人的调查,在招生、经费、学训矛盾、与专业队关系、教练员、后勤等方面进行了研究。结果显示,我国高校田径队应摆脱招收专业队退役队员的路子,应在后备力量培养、经费投入、教练员聘用等方面加强与专业体育系统的合作,通过灵活的学分制解决学训矛盾,完善高校竞赛体制,在可能的情况下设立专职教练,不应人为地造成大学生运动员在后勤方面的特殊化。     

不同性别、不同运动水平短道速滑运动员的意志品质比较

采用心理测量法,从不同运动水平、不同性别短道速滑运动员意志品质的比较入手,了解其意志品质是否存在差别。结果表明：男子国际健将运动员在目标清晰维度上好于男子国家健将级运动员,但在顽强性维度上,国家健将级运动员好于国际健将级运动员;女子国家健将级运动员在顽强性、果断性、自信心3个维度和总分上均好于女子一级运动员,两者差异具有显著性;此外,比较男、女运动员之间的意志品质,发现男运动员在坚韧性维度上好于女运动员,差异显著,但在其他5个维度及总分上,两者差别不具有显著性意义。     

普通高校田径课改革之设想

针对目前我国普通高校田径课不受欢迎的现象，通过资料查阅、问卷调查和访谈的方法提出：淡化田径课的竞技意识，树立健康体育、终身体育、快乐体育的思想，把以技术学习、体能训练为主的田径课改革为以快乐健身走、快乐健身跑、快乐健身跳和快乐健身投为主要内容的健身娱乐课；用教考分离的考试方法和全面合理的考试内容去检验教和学的效果，使学生在学习中体验快乐，在快乐中增进健康，从而产生对田径快乐健身的需求，在不断的需求中形成自觉锻炼身体的良好习惯。     

游泳运动员前倾蹲踞式出发时间与技术指标的相关性研究

运用统计学方法找出影响前倾式蹲踞式出发时间的主要水上及水下技术指标。选取山东省优秀游泳女运动员10名,运用2台陆上摄像机、1台水下摄像机与1台测力起跳台同步定机拍摄15 m 完整出发技术动作周期,使用 Kwon3D 和 Biowave 进行运动学和动力学数据解析,使用统计学软件 SPSS 对26个指标进行了相关性分析,发现前倾式蹲踞式出发总时间受水下时间的影响;出发台上时间受后腿膝关节角度和蹬离时间的影响;出发腾空时间受起跳角和腾空高度的影响;水下时间受入水深度、水下打腿次数、入水角、水下水平初速度和滑行髋关节角度的影响;腾空时间影响入水距离和入水水平初速度;腾空阶段髋关节角度影响入水水平初速度;前脚水平蹬离最大力量影响入水水平初速度和水下水平初速度;起跳角和前后脚水平蹬离力量影响离台水平速度,离台水平速度影响腾空高度、入水角、入水距离。     

场地自行车运动员在不同场地的骑行功率、阻力、速度和场地条件关系的探讨

研究自行车运动员在不同场地的骑行功率、阻力、速度及领骑尾随状态与场地条件之间的关系。用 5台德国产自行车数据收集分析系统 (SRM自行车仪 )收集 ,处理在南京、深圳、昆明、秦皇岛、香港、科罗拉多 (美国 )、卡里 (哥伦比亚 )等多个场地训练和比赛的生物力学数据后 ,按照不同场地和不同骑行状态计算在每个外在条件下运动员人车系统的阻力 ,并对其进行ANOVA分析。主要结论 :场地海拔和表面材质与骑行阻力有显著性关系。不论在什么场地骑行 ,领骑阻力与尾随阻力之间存在显著性差异 (P<0 .0 1)。在领骑时 ,阻力与速度有显著性关系(P<0 .0 1) ,而在尾随时阻力与速度没有表现出显著性关系。     

高校田径课程失落的多视角透视与改革实践

对田径在高校体育课程改革中的生存情况进行研究。发现田径在高校体育中的地位下降,课程吸引力不足,学生选课率较低;人们对田径教材的认识有偏见,田径课程的核心价值尚未得到体现。从社会学、教育学、心理学、环境与健康学的角度,对田径课程"地位失落"的原因进行分析,对田径课程边缘化导致学生体质下降、运动能力退化、体育精神弱化的"后遗症"做了相关论述。从理论和实践两方面,探讨高校田径摆脱困境的途径。     

田径竞赛新旧规则对比分析

通过对田径新旧规则常用部分的对比分析,目的在于帮助广大体育工作者加深对规则修改部分的理解、掌握;同时提出:教练员、运动员和裁判工作人员应主动适应规则的变化以及基层田径运动会灵活运用规则的建议.     

Modelling and simulation for table tennis referee regulation based on finite state machine

As referee’s decisions are made artificially in traditional table tennis matches, many factors in a match, such as fatigue and subjective tendency, may lead to unjust decision. Based on finite state machine (FSM), this paper presents a model for table tennis referee regulation to substitute manual decisions. In this model, the trajectory of the ball is recorded through a binocular visual system while the complete rules extracted from the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) rules are described based on FSM. The final decision for the competition is made based on expert system theory. Simulation result shows that the proposed model has high accuracy, and can be generalised to other similar games such as badminton, volleyball, etc.     

我国竞技田径项目项群区域性特征整合研究

主要采用快速聚类分析的统计学方法和文献资料法,对7-11届我国全运会各区域田径项目项群的比赛成绩以及男、女子比赛成绩进行定量分析。结果表明:我国田径项目项群发展极不平衡,各区域竞技实力处于动态变化状态,有6个地区在不同项群上具备领先优势,山东实力最强,宁夏、青海、湖北、贵州、西藏为我国竞技田径落后区域,而男、女子项目项群区域特征各异。合理利用资源、巩固优势的同时注重项目合理布局;科学发展青少年田径人口,形成合理的田径运动人才梯队;通过跨区域竞技田径人才流动,缩小区域之间差距,是实现我国田径项目可持续发展的方向。     

Machine and deep learning for sport-specific movement recognition: a systematic review of model development and performance

Objective assessment of an athlete’s performance is of importance in elite sports to facilitate detailed analysis. The implementation of automated detection and recognition of sport-specific movements overcomes the limitations associated with manual performance analysis methods. The object of this study was to systematically review the literature on machine and deep learning for sport-specific movement recognition using inertial measurement unit (IMU) and, or computer vision data inputs. A search of multiple databases was undertaken. Included studies must have investigated a sport-specific movement and analysed via machine or deep learning methods for model development. A total of 52 studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data pre-processing, processing, model development and evaluation methods varied across the studies. Model development for movement recognition were predominantly undertaken using supervised classification approaches. A kernel form of the Support Vector Machine algorithm was used in 53% of IMU and 50% of vision-based studies. Twelve studies used a deep learning method as a form of Convolutional Neural Network algorithm and one study also adopted a Long Short Term Memory architecture in their model. The adaptation of experimental set-up, data pre-processing, and model development methods are best considered in relation to the characteristics of the targeted sports movement(s).     

普通高校田径专项课面临的困境及措施

针对当前普通高校开设田径专项课所面临的困境,从该课程教学的两个主体及各主观因素上加以分析,对田径课教学提出了一些改革措施.     

近十年中国和世界田径运动发展状况的比较研究

通过对第25届、第26届、第27届3届奥运会田径决赛成绩和第7届、第8届、第9届全运会田径决赛成绩的整理、统计，用客观数据说明了世界田径运动在高水平上保持稳定，投掷项目水平在第27届奥运会中得到重视并呈上升趋势。目前我国田径运动整体出现滑坡，与世界水平的差距有被逐渐拉大的趋势，优势项目滑坡明显。我国选手竞争力较低，因此，培养大量优秀的田径后备人才是我们工作的重点。     

Classification of playing position in elite junior Australian football using technical skill indicators

?In team sport, classifying playing position based on a players’ expressed skill sets can provide a guide to talent identification by enabling the recognition of performance attributes relative to playing position. Here, elite junior Australian football players were a priori classified into 1 of 4 common playing positions; forward, midfield, defence, and ruck. Three analysis approaches were used to assess the extent to which 12 in-game skill performance indicators could classify playing position. These were a linear discriminant analysis (LDA), random forest, and a PART decision list. The LDA produced classification accuracy of 56.8%, with class errors ranging from 19.6% (midfielders) to 75.0% (ruck). The random forest model performed at a slightly worse level (51.62%), with class errors ranging from 27.8% (midfielders) to 100% (ruck). The decision list revealed 6 rules capable of classifying playing position at accuracy of 70.1%, with class errors ranging from 14.4% (midfielders) to 100% (ruck). Although the PART decision list produced the greatest relative classification accuracy, the technical skill indicators reported were generally unable to accurately classify players according to their position using the 3 analysis approaches. This player homogeneity may complicate recruitment by constraining talent recruiter’s ability to objectively recognise distinctive positional attributes.     

都灵冬奥中韩两国短道速滑项目比赛成绩的比较与分析

采用录像观察、专家访谈、文献查阅、逻辑分析等方法,比较了中、韩两国在都灵冬奥短道速滑项目上比赛成绩的差异,分析了中国队成绩落后的原因,提出了相应的对策与建议。研究结果表明,加强技术创新,提高后程滑行能力及完善后备人才培养体制,对我国短道速滑项目未来的发展有着十分重要的意义。     

NBA球队门票收入与技术统计关系研究

通过分析NBA球队门票收入与技术统计间的相关关系,获得与门票收入密切相关的技术统计指标,认为增强球队进攻能力将提高球队门票收入。在此基础上,将主成分分析法与神经网络相结合,建立起基于主成分神经网络的门票收入与技术统计的关系模型,在不需要事先确定关系模型的数学表达形式的前提下,客观、准确地映射出门票收入和技术统计之间的函数关系,从而为篮球俱乐部的成功运营提供指导。