第四、五届女足世界杯运动员犯规的对比分析

采用文献资料法、录像观察法、对比分析法、数理分析法等研究方法,对第四、五届女足世界杯赛运动员犯规特征进行对比。结果表明：第五届女足世界杯运动员的犯规、越位比上届少,红、黄牌比上届多。绊摔是运动员犯规的主要类型,破坏明显进攻机会是女足犯规战术的主要手段,因铲人犯规被黄牌警告的最多。犯规的最高峰期从76—90min向0—15min时段转变,黄牌、越位的高峰期仍在下半场的最后15min。犯规、红黄牌中场比例在增加,前场和后场的比例在减少。     

Assessment of causal effects of physical activity on neurodegenerative diseases: A Mendelian randomization study

BackgroundPhysical activity has been hypothesized to play a protective role in neurodegenerative diseases. However, effect estimates previously derived from observational studies were prone to confounding or reverse causation.MethodsWe performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore the causal association of accelerometer-measured physical activity with 3 common neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer''s disease (AD), Parkinson''s disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We selected genetic instrumental variants reaching genome-wide significance (p < 5 × 10⁻⁸) from 2 largest meta-analyses of about 91,100 UK Biobank participants. Summary statistics for AD, PD, and ALS were retrieved from the up-to-date studies in European ancestry led by the international consortia. The random-effect, inverse-variance weighted MR was employed as the primary method, while MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO), weighted median, and MR-Egger were implemented as sensitivity tests. All statistical analyses were performed using the R programming language (Version 3.6.1; R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).ResultsPrimary MR analysis and replication analysis utilized 5 and 8 instrumental variables, which explained 0.2% and 0.4% variance in physical activity, respectively. In each set, one variant at 17q21 was significantly associated with PD, and MR sensitivity analyses indicated them it as an outlier and source of heterogeneity and pleiotropy. Primary results with the removal of outlier variants suggested odds ratios (ORs) of neurodegenerative diseases per unit increase in objectively measured physical activity were 1.52 for AD (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.88–2.63, p = 0.13) and 3.35 for PD (95%CI: 1.32–8.48, p = 0.01), while inconsistent results were shown in the replication set for AD (OR = 1.06, 95%CI: 1.01–1.12, p = 0.02) and PD (OR = 0.99, 95%CI: 0.88–0.12, p = 0.97). Similarly, the beneficial effect of physical activity on ALS (OR = 0.51, 95%CI: 0.29–0.91, p = 0.02) was not confirmed in the replication analysis (OR = 0.96, 95%CI: 0.91–1.02, p = 0.22).ConclusionGenetically predicted physical activity was not robustly associated with risk of neurodegenerative disorders. Triangulating evidence across other studies is necessary in order to elucidate whether enhancing physical activity is an effective approach in preventing the onset of AD, PD, or ALS.     

安徽80后大学生体育价值观及影响因素的调查

大学体育在教育整体转轨的张力中表现出独特性，为了解有关80后大学生的体育意识、参加体育活动的内容及形式，所表现出来的新特征，采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、逻辑分析法、数理统计法等研究方法，对安徽省1000名80后在校大学生的体育观念与影响体育活动的因素进行了调查与分析。研究表明：80后大学生对体育运动持有的专一性倾向，是基于他们对运动背后的文化性背景、竞争性生活的浓厚的感情基础和价值认同；部分80后大学生在体育意识上对体育作用于健康的认识存有盲点；80后大学生对体育课的满意度。恰恰是建立在重传统轻创造的学习意识中、习惯于重管理轻教育的教学组织形式中，这在一定程度上制约了他们创造能力及其潜质的发展。     

Predictors of multiple injuries in individual distance runners: A retrospective study of 75,401 entrants in 4 annual races–SAFER XX

BackgroundThere are limited data on factors that predict an increased risk of multiple injuries among distance runners. The objective of this study was to determine risk factors that are predictive of individual runners with a high annual multiple injury risk (MIR).MethodsA retrospective, cross-sectional study at 4 annual (2012–2015) Two Oceans 21.1 km and 56.0 km races in South Africa with 75,401 consenting race entrants. Running-related injury data were collected retrospectively through an online pre-race medical screening questionnaire. The average number of injuries for each runner every year was calculated by taking a runner''s race entry history and injury history into account and categorizing entrants into 4 MIR categories (high, intermediate, low, and very low (reference)). Multiple logistic regression modeling (odds ratios) was used to determine whether the following factors were predictive of a high MIR (average > 1 injury/year): demographics, training and racing, chronic-disease history (composite chronic disease score (CCDS)), and history of allergies.ResultsOf all entrants, 9.2% reported at least 1 injury, and 0.4% of entrants were in the high MIR category; the incidence rate was 2.5 injuries per 10 runner-years (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 2.4–2.7). Significant factors predictive of runners in the high MIR category were: running for > 20 years: OR = 2.0 (95%CI: 1.3–3.1; p = 0.0010); a higher CCDS: OR = 2.2 (95%CI: 2.0–2.4; p < 0.0001); and a history of allergies: OR = 2.8 (95%CI: 2.0–3.8; p < 0.0001).ConclusionRunners who have been running recreationally for > 20 years and those with multiple chronic diseases or a history of allergies were at higher risk of multiple running-related injuries. This high-risk group can be targeted for further study and possible injury-prevention interventions.