基于新型数学模型的国际足联2018年俄罗斯世界杯运动员跑动特征研究

采取数据级数推断与广义混合线性模型的统计方法,对2018年俄罗斯世界杯正赛阶段381名非门将位置足球运动员在829次打满全场的比赛中的跑动特征进行量化分析。结果显示：（1）在本届世界杯中,所有外场球员场均跑动距离（9 872±956） m,其中,高强度跑动（速度＞20 km/h）距离约占7.2%,场均高强度跑动次数（31±11）次;（2）中场球员的场均跑动距离最多（10 608±759） m,其次是前锋球员（9 622±900） m,最少的是后卫球员（9 484±807） m,其中,前锋球员完成最多的冲刺跑动[速度＞25 km/h,（259±113） m]和慢跑[速度＜7 km/h,（3 827±324） m],中场球员完成最多的是低速跑[速度7~15 km/h,（4 705±685） m]和中速跑[速度15~20 km/h,（1 596±333） m];（3）本届世界杯中,所有球员上、下半场的跑动距离[（4 940±507） m 与（4 933±516） m]、最大跑动速度[（27.5±2.7） km/h与（27.5±2.5） km/h]、高强度跑动次数[（15.5±6.2）次与（15.1±6.0）次] 都只体现出极其可能的微小无意义变化（ES=-0.04、-0.06、-0.03,可能性皆大于99.5%）,而下半场的慢跑距离（1 917±186） m相对于上半场的慢跑距离（1 771±176） m,则出现了极其可能的中等程度的升高（ES=0.82,可能性大于99.5%）。     

对18届世界杯足球赛失球情况分析

运用录像观察统计法、文献资料法、数理统计法和逻辑分析法,对18届世界杯足球赛64场比赛中的147个失球特征进行分类统计分析,旨在了解世界杯失球的真正原因奠定基础,并为提高比赛的防守质量与效率和科学训练提供一定的参考依据。     

Changes in player characteristics and match activities in Bledisloe Cup rugby union from 1972 to 2004

Abstract

To illustrate changes in elite rugby union match activities, we analysed coded videotape recordings of the first match in each Bledisloe Cup series played between Australia and New Zealand from 1972 to 2004. We also analysed the stature and body mass of players. Effects associated with professionalism, weather conditions, and time (expressed as change per decade) were estimated with a simple generalized linear model and standardized for interpretation of magnitude. The sample size permitted confident conclusions about effects that were of at least moderate magnitude (standardized mean difference >0.6). Increases in passes, tackles, rucks, tries, and ball-in-play time were associated with the advent of professionalism, whereas there were reductions in the numbers of lineouts, mauls, kicks in play, and in mean participation time per player. Noteworthy time trends were an increase in the number of rucks and a decrease in the number of scrums. Good weather conditions were associated with increases in tries and points scored and with reductions in the number of kicks in play and participation time per player. With the advent of professionalism, players have become heavier and backs have become taller. Overall, there have been major changes in international rugby match activities and player size over the past three decades. We believe law changes and developments in match analysis, equipment technology, and player training have contributed to the changes associated with the introduction of professionalism.     

Influences of player nationality,playing position,and height on relative age effects at women's under-17 FIFA World Cup

Abstract

Previous research has shown that young male soccer players who are born early in a cohort are overrepresented on elite soccer teams. Selection advantages such as this have been termed ‘relative age effects’ (RAEs). Few studies have examined RAEs in elite women's youth soccer. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the occurrence of RAEs in the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) U-17 Women's World Cup competition and their link to playing positions. In the entire cohort of 672 players, we found significant RAEs in the geographical zones of Europe and North and Central America, no RAEs in the zones of Asia, Oceania, and South America, and significant inverse RAEs in the zone of Africa. Additionally, significant RAEs were found for goalkeepers and defenders from Europe and North and Central America. Inverse RAEs occurred for African goalkeepers, defenders, and strikers. Goalkeepers of all zones were significantly taller than players of all other playing positions. The results of this study show that remarkable RAEs do exist at elite women's youth soccer. Similar to men's soccer, there is a bias toward the inclusion of relatively older players, and a link between RAEs and playing positions.     

对第19届世界杯足球赛决赛阶段进球时段的分析

采用电视实况转播及录像观察、统计和比较分析的方法,对2010年世界杯足球赛的进球得分时段及特征进行分析、研究,结果表明：足球比赛进球具有时间段规律,这种规律表现为：一是比赛上半时段进球较少,其中前15min是进球得分的最少时期;二是进球得分主要出现在比赛的下半时段而76min－90min是进球得分的高峰时期。     

第17届世界杯足球赛决赛阶段定位球进球分析

对第17届世界杯足球赛决赛阶段64场比赛的定位球进球进行观察与统计，指出定位球战术在比赛中仍占据重要地位，开场和邻近结束的时间是定位球进球的黄金时段，任意球是定位球进球的主要手段，头顶球在定位球进攻中起重要作用。     

Determinants of possession of the ball in soccer

Abstract

In research on the importance of the possession of the ball in soccer, little attention has been paid to its determinants. Using data from 170 matches of the 2003 – 2004 Spanish Soccer League, we explain why differences in the possession of the ball among teams are so great. In particular, four variables are examined: evolving match status (i.e. whether the team is winning, losing or drawing), venue (i.e. playing at home or away), and the identities of the team and the opponent in each match. Results of linear regression analysis show that these four variables are statistically significant and together explain most of the variance in possession. In short, home teams have more possession than away teams, teams have more possession when they are losing matches than when winning or drawing, and the identity of the opponent matters – the worse the opponent, the greater the possession of the ball. Combinations of these variables could be used to develop a model that predicts possession in soccer.     

2014年巴西世界杯亚洲球队失球分析

对2014年巴西世界杯亚洲球队失球情况进行分析,找出其失球的主要原因,旨在为中国队更好地了解对手提供参考。     

对第17届世界杯足球赛球队控球状况的研究

采用文献资料法、观察统计法、数理统计法、专家访谈法，对第17届世界杯足球赛球队控球中进攻的传球次数及效果、发动至结束场区、进攻中断的原因、创造进球的最后进攻手段、中国队与世界及亚洲优秀队伍对比情况等问题进行研究。结果表明，本届杯赛整体上传球次数越少，进球越多；传接球是导致进攻中断的主要原因；边路传中和中路传切配合是创造进球得分的主要进攻手段；中国队在控球能力上较世界及亚洲优秀球队有较大差距。     

Relationships among field-test measures and physical match performance in elite-standard soccer referees

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the extent to which measures derived from the new FIFA referees’ fitness tests can be used to monitor a referee's match-related physical capacity. Match-analysis data were collected (Prozone®, Leeds, UK) from 17 soccer referees for 5.0 (s = 1.7) FA Premier League matches per referee during the first 4 months of the 2007–08 season. Physical match performance categories included total distance covered, high-intensity running distance (speed >5.5 m · s^?1), and sprinting distance (>7.0 m · s^?1). The two tests were a 6 × 40-m sprint test and a 150-m interval test. Heart rate demand was correlated with total match distance covered (r = ?0.70, P = 0.002) and high-intensity running (r = ?0.57, P = 0.018) in the interval test. The fastest 40-m sprint was related to total distance covered (r = ?0.69, P = 0.002), high-intensity running (r = ?0.76, P < 0.001), and sprinting distance (r = ?0.75, P = 0.001), while mean time for the 40-m sprints was related to total distance covered (r = ?0.70, P = 0.002), high-intensity running (r = ?0.77, P < 0.001), and sprinting distance (r = ?0.77, P < 0.001). The referees who recorded the best interval-test heart rate demand and fastest 40-m time produced the best physical match performances. However, only the sprint test and in particular the fastest 40-m time had appropriate construct validity for the physical assessment of soccer referees.     

中国-巴西足球对抗赛资本运营效益及风险控制分析

2003年在广州举行中国-巴西足球对抗赛是国际足球A级赛事,较为成功地进行了资本运营.中巴足球对抗赛实行完全的市场模式运作,实现较高水平的资本运营,主办方与商家达成互利双赢,大大拉动了社会体育消费.但在赛事的商务开发、商业赞助策略、无形资产的开发以及资金风险控制方面存在不足.为此,对赞助市场的开发、资本运营,特别是开发大赛风险投资保险提出对策.     

Match-derived relative pitch area changes the physical and team tactical performance of elite soccer players in small-sided soccer games

Small-sided games (SSGs) are used in training sessions to prepare for full-sized matches. For the same number of players, smaller pitch sizes result in decreased physical performance and shorter interpersonal distances. A relative pitch area derived from the full-sized match results in larger pitch sizes and this may increase the fit between SSGs and full-sized matches. This study aimed to investigate SSGs with a traditional small pitch and a match-derived relative pitch area in youth elite soccer players. Four age categories (under-13, under-15, under-17 and under-19) played 4 vs. 4 plus goalkeepers on a small (40x30m, 120m² relative pitch area) and large pitch (68x47m, 320m² relative pitch area). The number of games per age category ranged 15–30. Positional data (LPM-system) were collected to determine physical (total distance covered, high intensity distance and number of sprints) and team tactical (inter-team distance, LPW-ratio, surface area, stretch indices, goalkeeper-defender distance) performance measures and tactical variability. On a large pitch, physical performance significantly increased, inter-team and intra-team distances were significantly larger and tactical variability of intra-team distance measures significantly increased. The match-derived relative pitch area is an important training manipulation and leads to changes in physical and tactical performance 4 vs. 4 plus goalkeepers.     

第3届沙滩足球世界杯进球特征的研究

通过对第3届沙滩足球世界杯中的32场比赛261个进球情况统计分析,结果表明：沙滩足球的进球方式多样;传统的足球进球方式中的传球配合为主要方式;定位球破门的作用明显;个人突破的进球方式更加常见;像很少出现守门员手抛球助攻的这种方式在沙滩足球中也发挥着一定的作用;在中圈区域和比赛结束前的时间段里进球几率较高;核心队员是比赛主要的得分手。     

对2008年欧洲杯足球赛决赛阶段进球时段的分析

采用录像观察和比较分析等方法。对2008牟欧洲杯足球赛的进球得分时段及特征进行分析研究,结果表明：足球比赛进球具有时间段规律,即比赛上半时段进球较少,上半时段的前15min是进球得分的最少时期;进球得分主要出现在比赛的下半时段,而76min-90min是进球得分的高峰时期。     

Attacking and defensive styles of play in soccer: analysis of Spanish and English elite teams

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to define and categorise different styles of play in elite soccer and associated performance indicators by using factor analysis. Furthermore, the observed teams were categorised using all factor scores. Data were collected from 97 matches from the Spanish La Liga and the English Premier League from the seasons 2006–2007 and 2010–2011 using the Amisco® system. A total of 19 performance indicators, 14 describing aspects of attacking play and five describing aspects of defensive play, were included in the factor analysis. Six factors, representing 12 different styles of play (eight attacking and four defensive), had eigenvalues greater than 1 and explained 87.54% of the total variance. Direct and possession styles of play, defined by factor 1, were the most apparent styles. Factor analysis used the performance indicators to cluster each team’s style of play. Findings showed that a team’s style of play was defined by specific performance indicators and, consequently, teams can be classified to create a playing style profile. For practical implications, playing styles profiling can be used to compare different teams and prepare for opponents in competition. Moreover, teams could use specific training drills directed to improve their styles of play.     

Analysis of direct free kicks in the women's football World Cup 2007

Abstract

The location and outcome of all free kicks taken directly at goal in the 2007 women's football World Cup were assessed to identify areas with the most goal-scoring potential and assist with tactical decisions and training design. Video of all free kicks taken directly at goal in the 32 games was captured and the location of the ball on the pitch was calculated from pitch markings and image pixel coordinates using a customized curve-fitting method. The outcome of each free kick was determined and for those that resulted in a goal or were saved, information on ball flight time and the placement of the ball relative to the goal was reported. All seven free kicks that resulted in a goal were taken from a central area within 7 m of the penalty circle, placed at the edge of the goal within approximately 1 m of the goalpost, and had an average flight time of 1.09 s, which was significantly faster than for those that were saved. All free kicks directed towards the bottom and centre of the goal resulted in straightforward saves for the goalkeeper. It is recommended that teams should consider a direct shot from free kicks awarded within 7 m of the penalty circle. For free kicks from wide areas and areas further from the goal, players should be aware of their individual ability and only take a shot when they perceive the probability of scoring a goal to be high. Otherwise, alternative attacking strategies should be considered to avoid an easy turnover of possession.     

The use of player physical and technical skill match activity profiles to predict position in the Australian Football League draft

This study investigated the extent to which position in the Australian Football League (AFL) national draft is associated with individual game performance metrics. Physical/technical skill performance metrics were collated from all participants in the 2014 national under 18 (U18) championships (18 games) drafted into the AFL (n = 65; 17.8 ± 0.5 y); 232 observations. Players were subdivided into draft position (ranked 1–65) and then draft round (1–4). Here, earlier draft selection (i.e., closer to 1) reflects a more desirable player. Microtechnology and a commercial provider facilitated the quantification of individual game performance metrics (n = 16). Linear mixed models were fitted to data, modelling the extent to which draft position was associated with these metrics. Draft position in the first/second round was negatively associated with “contested possessions” and “contested marks”, respectively. Physical performance metrics were positively associated with draft position in these rounds. Correlations weakened for the third/fourth rounds. Contested possessions/marks were associated with an earlier draft selection. Physical performance metrics were associated with a later draft selection. Recruiters change the type of U18 player they draft as the selection pool reduces. juniors with contested skill appear prioritised.     

2006足球世界杯决赛周意大利队与亚洲参赛队技战术对比分析

运用录像观察、数理统计对第18届世界杯冠军意大利队与亚洲参赛队在决赛阶段19场比赛的基本情况、阵形、球队及运动员功击力、防守能力等方面进行了统计、比较,分析意大利队的优势及亚洲球队普遍存在的问题及不足。结果认为,亚洲球队应确立宏观的足球发展战略目标和长期的发展规划;加强对青少年的培养,鼓励更多的运动员出国锻炼;加强运动员的选材和足球强队间的交流。     

The peak velocity derived from the Carminatti Test is related to physical match performance in young soccer players

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the peak velocity derived from the Carminatti Test (T-CAR) (PV_T-CAR) and physical match performance in young soccer players. Thirty-three youth soccer players were recruited from 2 non-professional clubs. Friendly matches and small-sided game were performed. Physical match demands were assessed using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. On a separate occasion, the players were submitted to the T-CAR. Players were categorised into 3 groups based on their T-CAR performance: Low (PV_T-CAR ≤ P33), Intermediate (P33 > PV_T-CAR < P66) and High (PV_T-CAR ≥ P66). The PV_T-CAR (15.5 ± 0.7 km·h^?1) was significantly related to high-intensity activities (HIA; r = 0.78, P < 0.001), high-intensity running (HIR; r = 0.66, P < 0.001), sprinting (r = 0.62, P < 0.001) and total distance (TD) covered (r = 0.47, P < 0.01) during friendly matches. The PV_T-CAR was strongly correlated with the amount of HIA (r = 0.81, P < 0.001), HIR (r = 0.85, P < 0.001) and TD covered (r = 0.81, P < 0.001) during small-sided game. No significant correlation was observed between the PV_T-CAR and distance of sprinting (r = 0.49, P = 0.067) during small-side game. Furthermore, players in the High group covered significantly more TD (10%) and did more HIA (42%), sprinting (31%) and HIR (25%) during friendly matches compared to the players classified as having Low performance on the T-CAR. These differences still remained after adjusting for chronological age (CA), maturity and body size. In conclusion, the current study gives empirical support to the ecological and construct validity of this novel field test (T-CAR) as an indicator of match-related physical performance in young soccer players during pubertal years.     

第18届世界杯足球赛16强铲球技术分析

对第18届世界杯足球赛16强的16场比赛的铲球技术进行统计分析,探讨高水平球队铲球技术运用的规律。结果显示,随着比赛的进行,铲球次数递减,提高体能储备,才能保证在全场的强对抗中有充沛的体能进行抢截,保证铲球动作的合理性和准确性。后卫、前卫球员讲究铲球的准确性和有效性,前锋球员追求抢点铲射的意识和铲球技巧。提高正面铲球的成功率,方能减少铲球犯规而给对方制造机会。