Experimental and theoretical research in archery

The aim of this study was to introduce certain methods and research techniques and to present the results of experiments on parameters of archery equipment to optimize the interaction of the archer-bow-arrow system's elements. In order to achieve the research requirements, the following were devised: 1. A mathematical model of an arrow's movement during its interaction with a bow. 2. A mechanical model of an archer-bow-arrow system, which constitutes a device for mechanical loosing of an arrow from the bow strings (DMLA). 3. Three series of high-speed filming. The mathematical model and computer simulation were used to describe the arrow's movement for various initial conditions and various parameters of the equipment, based on which a nomogram was constructed of the optimum arrow parameters for bows of various draw forces. The device for the mechanical loosing of arrows from a bow was used to study the influence of selected parameters of the archer-bow-arrow system on the accuracy of shots. The film analysis was used to verify the mathematical and mechanical models constructed.     

Bow tuning in the vertical plane

Competition results in sport archery depend to a great extent upon the optimal combination of bow-arrow-archer system parameters. A significant part of bow tuning is vertical adjustment, the aim of which is to give an arrow zero angle of attack. It is conducted in a long and complicated manner and error correction takes a lot of time and effort. The goal of the research was to create an analytical method to determine an optimal combination of bow parameters, which ensures zero angle of attack for an arrow launched from a string. Mechanical and mathematical models of bow and arrow geometry in the vertical plane in braced and drawn situations were investigated. An asymmetrical scheme, rigid beams, concentrated elastic elements and elastic string were the main features of the model. Numerical results of a computer simulation are presented in tabular and graphical form, which makes it easy for sportsmen and coaches to use.     

锡伯族弓箭文化产业化发展研究

本文以新疆锡伯族传统弓箭文化的产业化为主要对象,通过阅读相关的书籍资料,得出锡伯族弓箭文化的发展历史及濒危现状,调查研究理清发展脉络,对存在的问题进行分析,并提出非物质文化遗产项目的顺利运作和政府推动民间组织的"三角模式"互动机制是弓箭文化产业化的重要发展对策。研究结果显示,弓箭文化产业化公司的成立在市场中占据很大的优势地位,建立弓箭文化产业化公司同时也在传承和保护锡伯族濒危的弓箭文化,对于国家级非物质遗产保护项目也有着重要的作用。     

Fine body movements and the cardiac cycle in archery

This study examined the relationships between postural sway, aiming time, the cardiac cycle time and the placement of the first finger movement within the electrocardiac cycle, with the quality of the arrow shot. A small group of elite male and female archers who shot either the recurve or the compound bow, freestyle or bare bow was used in this study. A total of 240 arrows were shot, classified as being of good, average or bad quality and analysed in detail. The analyses were undertaken over two occasions up to 100 days apart. The area of postural sway, as measured by the movement of the centre of pressure coordinates, varied significantly (P less than 0.05-0.001) both within and between trials for all archers and for all quality of arrows shot. There was a tendency for the area of postural sway to increase as the quality of the arrow shot decreased. This increase in postural sway exceeded, for arrows of bad quality, that exhibited as normal postural sway when standing relaxed and addressing the target with the hands at the side. Aiming time was variable within the quality of arrow shot, although it was consistent for each archer. In some cases the aiming time increased as the quality of the arrow decreased, whereas in the case of bare bow archery the aiming time tended to decrease as the quality of the arrow deteriorated. The cardiac cycle time increased significantly (P less than 0.05-0.01) as the archers approached the loose of the good quality arrows but there was no significant increase in cardiac cycle time when arrows of average or bad quality were shot. The most consistent parameter related to the quality of the shot was the placement of the first finger movement within the ST phase or the mid-cycle phase of the electrocardiogram for arrows of good quality (P less than 0.0001).     

On-target trajectories and the final pull in archery

Abstract

At the end of the aiming phase, an archer pulls the arrow back a little bit before he releases the shot. This pulling back of the arrow is called the “final pull”. Simultaneous with the final pull, the archer has to hold the bow calm. The aim of this paper was to examine the motion of the bow and the final pull in highly skilled archers. From a technological point of view, we wished to develop a system to measure the draw-length in the final pull that could be used during archers’ normal training. Seven archers (two males, five females), all of whom were participants at the Junior World Championships and German National Championships, performed 66 shots indoors at a target 30 m away. Each archer shot the same bow as used in competition. On-target trajectories of the aim point movement were measured. Also, the alterations of the draw-length in the final pull were determined. The results suggest that irregularities in the final pull have a negative influence on archers’ scores. Intra-individually, a smaller range of motion of the bow in the last second before the shot appears to have a positive influence on archers’ scores.     

Postural stability,clicker reaction time and bow draw force predict performance in elite recurve archery

Recurve archery is an Olympic sport that requires extreme precision, upper body strength and endurance. The purpose of this research was to quantify how postural stability variables both pre- and post-arrow release, draw force, flight time, arrow length and clicker reaction time, collectively, impacted on the performance or scoring outcomes in elite recurve archery athletes. Thirty-nine elite-level recurve archers (23 male and 16 female; mean age?=?24.7?±?7.3 years) from four different countries volunteered to participate in this study prior to competing at a World Cup event. An AMTI force platform (1000Hz) was used to obtain centre of pressure (COP) measurements 1s prior to arrow release and 0.5s post-arrow release. High-speed footage (200Hz) allowed for calculation of arrow flight time and score. Results identified clicker reaction time, draw force and maximum sway speed as the variables that best predicted shot performance. Specifically, reduced clicker reaction time, greater bow draw force and reduced postural sway speed post-arrow release were predictors of higher scoring shots. It is suggested that future research should focus on investigating shoulder muscle tremors at full draw in relation to clicker reaction time, and the effect of upper body strength interventions (specifically targeting the musculature around the shoulder girdle) on performance in recurve archers.     

基于目标向量函数模型的射箭训练监控案例研究

研究目的:定量研究特定运动员某阶段射箭训练中各影响因素对中靶情况的作用,为改进训练提供依据。方法:用自行设计的射箭运动训练多参数实时同步检测系统对训练中的瞬时心率曲线、弓片应变、撒放时间、动作视频、靶视频、箭初速等参数进行实时同步检测,在非线性时变目标向量函数模型的一阶简化基础上,估算各影响因素的扰动量。结论:对两名运动员实测分析表明,撒放时间、心率等因素对不同运动员中靶的影响不同,为运动员个性化训练提供了参考方向。     

Compound archery bow asymmetry in the vertical plane

The aim of the research was to create a mechanical and mathematical model of a compound bow and analyse its work without any prior hypothesis about the symmetry of limb deflection. The method of the research was based on the methods of theoretical mechanics, applied and computer mathematics. A pair and shift mechanism with cams and levels was used as a basis of the mechanical and mathematical model of a compound bow. The difference between results of modelling and measurement was near 7?%, while the error due to digital image deformation was evaluated to be near 1?% which was considered as acceptable. The calculated results indicated noticeable differences from simulations using the constraint of symmetrical limb deformation. Comparison of symmetrical and asymmetrical simulations with experimental data revealed that the asymmetrical simulation gave a closer match to the measured values for cam angles; the simulated and measured cam angle asymmetry was much greater than any measurement errors. Realisation of a process of solving the problem using computer mathematical system MathCAD makes it possible for specialists of physical education and sports (coaches and sport archers), who do not have a mathematical background, to use the mechanical and mathematical model that was proposed in the research for a study and training process.     

The round-wheel compound bow model revisited: a new extension

An extended offset-eccentric model of an archery twin-round-wheel compound bow is derived. Varying some parameters of the model, the respective effects on the calculated force–draw curve are considered. Two static quality coefficients for the compound bow are introduced. It was found that the twin-round-wheel compound bow can be designed to be more energetic with the help of the model. For a bow with some modifications 18.5% increment of energy was calculated. Also a theoretical limit for the force–draw curve of the compound bow is concluded.     

Electromyographic analysis of bow string release in highly skilled archers

A predominant archery coaching tenet holds that the most effective means of releasing the bow string is by relaxation of the finger flexor muscles without activation of finger extensors. To evaluate the validity of this view, EMG patterns of the flexor digitorum superficialis and extensor digitorum muscles of the draw arm were examined using surface EMG electrodes in 15 highly skilled archers as each performed six shots. Each archer displayed consistent EMG patterns from shot-to-shot and two distinct flexor-extensor patterns were exhibited by the sample. The first, characterized by eight of the archers, supported the relaxation principle. For these archers, both flexor and extensor digitorum activity decreased markedly immediately prior to or at arrow release. The second pattern, characteristic of the remaining seven archers, contradicted the coaching tenet. While the flexor digitorum pattern was essentially the same as that described for the first pattern, the extensor digitorum displayed a marked increase in activity just prior to release, indicating that string release was facilitated by an active extension of the fingers. It was concluded that highly skilled archers do not predominantly reflect a release consistent with the coaching canon and that factors other than the string release mechanism discriminate the performances of skilled archers.     

Postural consistency in skilled archers

The consistency of an archer's postural set at the moment of loose (arrow release) is commonly perceived to be an important determinant of success. The coach seeks, among other things, to provide the archer with information about postural consistency, details of which he acquires by eye or occasionally by video-recordings. The gains that might be achieved from more precise information are examined here. Nine skilled archers, classified into either skilled or elite groups according to their officially computed handicap, were continuously monitored and measured with a three-dimensional co-ordinate analyser (Charnwood Dynamics Coda-3 Scanner) while shooting two ends (series) of three arrows each. Considerable variability was observed in the precision with which the positions of head, elbow and bow at the moment of loose were replicated by archers of similar levels of skill. These results are interpreted to suggest that precise postural consistency may not be the primary feature distinguishing between the performance of archers at the higher skill levels.     

1998年以来我国射箭运动研究进展

为了了解我国射箭运动领域的研究现状,总结射箭运动研究的方向,厘清射箭领域的研究热点与演进路径,基于CiteSpace视角,采用定量与定性相结合的方法,对1998年以来发表在CSSCI数据库所收录的射箭运动文献进行了知识图谱的可视化分析。结果表明：我国射箭运动研究的发文量呈上升趋势;目前仅仅形成了简单的作者合作网络图谱,只有少部分作者之间有合作关系;研究大都以高校为依托,还没有形成基本的机构合作网络;研究热点主要集中在体育史、体育文化、射箭与竞技体育、射礼、弓箭系统等方面;传统射艺的传承与保护是当下研究的前沿。     

Sampling period determination for heart rate logging under an exercise regimen

Using a mathematical procedure, we determine appropriate sampling rates for logging heart rate, at a variety of exercise intensities. The mathematical procedure involves correlating exercise and heart rate data to determine a dynamical mathematical model, from which the frequency response of the relationship between exercise intensity and heart rate can be determined. The sampling rate is then straightforwardly deduced by making appropriate measurements on the frequency response curve. We show how careful consideration needs to be given to the choice of dynamical model structure and the work regimen, so that consistent and convincing conclusions can be drawn. We demonstrate that the dynamics of the work-rate/heart-rate system are dependent on the nominal work/heart rate, but a 5-s sampling period, as used in many commercial heart rate monitors, appears to be adequate, especially when some averaging is performed before logging.     

Sampling period determination for heart rate logging under an exercise regimen

Abstract

Using a mathematical procedure, we determine appropriate sampling rates for logging heart rate, at a variety of exercise intensities. The mathematical procedure involves correlating exercise and heart rate data to determine a dynamical mathematical model, from which the frequency response of the relationship between exercise intensity and heart rate can be determined. The sampling rate is then straightforwardly deduced by making appropriate measurements on the frequency response curve. We show how careful consideration needs to be given to the choice of dynamical model structure and the work regimen, so that consistent and convincing conclusions can be drawn. We demonstrate that the dynamics of the work-rate/heart-rate system are dependent on the nominal work/heart rate, but a 5-s sampling period, as used in many commercial heart rate monitors, appears to be adequate, especially when some averaging is performed before logging.     

13-15岁青少年女子竞技健美操运动员核心力量训练

通过文献资料法、专家访谈法、实验法和数理统计法探讨了13-15岁青少年女子竞技健美操运动员核心力量训练的方法和手段.研究结果显示:通过静力性半蹲、负重全蹲、负重半蹲、仰卧挺髋、单臂俯撑、控腹、俯卧撑和平板卧推核心力量训练对评价核心力量素质的五项指标都有显著性差异,具有统计学意义,说明此实验手段对研究对象的核心力量素质的...     

试析弓箭文化的特征

弓箭作为我国传统的体育项目,是各民族弓箭文化的交汇融合的产物,充分反映了我国各民族的文化特征。从春秋战国开始,历经两晋、南北朝、宋、元等几个重要的发展变化时期,形成独具东方特色的一种文化现象。弓箭文化发展的特征主要是弓箭文化的战争化、礼法化、教育化、机械化、标准化、理论化。对弓箭文化的深入研究不但有助于我们了解我国弓箭文化的发展,而且也有助于我国体育事业的更进一步的提高。     

对汉代弓射技艺的研究——从汉画像石资料看汉代弓箭练习的各种动作

据汉代文献记载,汉代盛行射艺,但是由于历史文献多是对人物记述,故对射艺的具体细节未做详细描述,因而汉代弓射的动作及技术细节是一个千古之谜。通过汉画像石文物资料考察法和古文献资料研究法,揭示了汉代弓射分为徒步射和骑射两种。徒步弓射动作方式有立射、蹲射及跪射、折腰射、弓步射、转身背射、坐射、步行射和跑步射9种,骑射有静止的骑射和行进中的骑射两种方式。徒步和骑射的方向主要有向下、向前、向后等。射的目标有静止和移动两类。另外,弓射内容在汉画像石的狩猎图中多有发现,证明狩猎是弓射练习的重要手段。     

射箭技术评价指标的综合研究

方法:运用Qualisisy红外光点测试系统、Footscan足底压力测试系统、Noraxon肌电遥测系统等对国家队射箭队运动员进行测试,对运动员的射箭动作技术进行分析。结论:1)姿态角、肌肉用力激活程度、举弓阶段主要用力肌肉激活顺序、举弓、开弓时间等的一致性可作为射箭技术评价指标;2)各动作阶段所用时间的长短不能作为技术评价指标,但开举弓时间比与中国国家队射箭成绩正相关;3)基础平衡的足底压力中心指标可作为身体素质、选材及成绩预测的参考依据;4)射箭运动员实射时身体在前、后方向上的稳定性较差,主要与腹背肌力量的不均衡及没有专业运动鞋有关;5)运动学及肌电学都表明,中国射箭训练对举弓、开弓阶段的重视不够,背部肌肉用力特征不明显,撒放技术合理性不高。建议:1)快节奏只是个别运动员的特点,不能因为团体比赛时限缩短而过多强调快节奏。2)采用振动法或不稳定支撑面的力量训练方法进行力量训练。因为这两种训练方法不仅可增加肌肉力量,而且可使神经肌肉的协调性、本体感受器得到训练,从而增强对射箭动作的感觉能力;3)为射箭运动员定制或选择有防滑块鞋底、前后上翘程度符合运动员脚型特点的射箭专用鞋。