Nutrition for travel

The training and competitive programmes of elite athletes incorporate travel schedules, often long journeys, across multiple time zones. In such cases, travel causes both transient fatigue and a malaise known as "jet-lag" that persists for some days. Jet-lag is due to the disturbance of the body's circadian rhythms: diurnal and performance rhythms are displaced, depending on the direction of travel and the number of time zones crossed in flight. Attention to diet and hydration is relevant during the flight and following disembarkation until adjustment to the new meridian is complete. The consequences of jet-lag on rhythms in digestion may be compounded if food preparation and hygiene are inadequate in training camps or competitive venues overseas. The irony of travel is that it often places athletes at a greater risk of failing to meet their specific nutrition goals or succumbing to illness, at a time when the demands or outcomes of performance are of greatest importance. In addition, gastrointestinal infections related to travelling are frequent among athletes. Fastidious planning and organization among the support staff is recommended before the journey to prevent any such problems arising. Equally, athletes often need special education initiatives to assist them to cope with the challenges of a new and unusual food supply, or altered access to food.     

时差对运动员竞赛状态和机能状况影响的研究

目的:研究时差对运动员竞赛状态和机能状况的影响。方法:观察运动员样本(共16人)在进入时差环境模型前后竞赛状态和机能状况的变化并进行比较。结果:时差反应能够使运动员机能状况发生改变,竞赛状态明显下降。结论:提示运动员在跨时区参加比赛前可调整竞赛状态及机能状况,以尽快适应新的时间环境,减轻时差对运动成绩的影响。     

生物节律与运动表现

人体内几乎所有的生理生化过程都遵循着生物节律。对于人类而言,视交叉上核根据日出日落调节睡眠-觉醒周期和其他日常生物节律。除其他因素外,这种昼夜变化已被证明对与运动表现有关的关键生理过程具有调节作用。最佳运动状态一般出现在傍晚,与核心体温的最佳状态相一致。核心体温的升高已被证明可以提高能量代谢,改善肌肉适应性,促进肌动蛋白-肌球蛋白的交叉桥接。研究还表明,如果在运动员表现最好的时间段安排训练,可以提升运动员的训练适应性。在研究生物节律对运动表现的影响时,除了考虑昼夜变化外,个人对运动时间(白天或夜间)的偏好也是一个重要因素。经常参加国际比赛的运动员会经历生物节律的改变,这对他们的身体健康和运动表现不利。因此,那些更容易受到时差影响的运动员可以考虑使用适当的应对策略来更快地调整生物节律,确保最佳竞技状态。     

运动能力与生物钟及分子生物学研究进展

体内的生物节律是由机体的内源性生物钟驱动的，该生物钟可以自激振荡，同时又接受环境周期变化的信号，调控自激振荡，使机体的生命活动与外周环境的变化有节奏地、协调地进行。运动中准确把握和利用生物节律，可前瞻性地安排和调整训练计划，使人体的生理功能和运动能力能在特定的时间内得到最好的表现。     

运动与褪黑素抗抑郁的作用、机制以及联合策略研究进展

褪黑素(melatonin,MT)在同步昼夜节律方面具有关键作用,且抑郁症的主要特征就是昼夜节律紊乱导致的睡眠障碍和褪黑素分泌紊乱。针对昼夜节律系统开发出的褪黑素类似物(如阿戈美拉汀、雷美替胺、他司美琼等)在治疗抑郁症方面有积极作用,特别是阿戈美拉汀,这是一种具有抗抑郁和抗焦虑作用的褪黑素受体激动剂及5-HT2C受体拮抗剂。研究综述了昼夜节律紊乱与抑郁症之间的关联,以及褪黑素在运动调控生物节律与改善抑郁行为方面的作用及机制,并提出了运动联合MT的抗抑郁策略。提出运动的抗抑郁作用,一方面通过MT的分泌调节使生物节律同步和MT促进海马神经发生和生物钟基因表达同步,另一方面通过MT调节脑源性神经营养因子节律和水平及改善炎症和氧化应激。     

Impact of short- compared to long-haul international travel on the sleep and wellbeing of national wheelchair basketball athletes

Currently, very little is known about the impact of short- or long-haul air travel on the sleep and wellbeing of wheelchair basketball athletes. Eleven national wheelchair basketball athletes wore actigraphy monitors prior, during, and after air travel to the United Kingdom. Upon arrival, participants rated their subjective jet-lag, fatigue, and vigor. Individuals traveled to the United Kingdom from different locations in Australia, the United States, and Europe and were categorised according to travel length [LONG (up to 30.2 h) or SHORT (up to 6.5 h)]. Linear mixed models determined effects of travel length on sleep and subjective ratings of jet-lag, fatigue, and vigor. During competition, subjective fatigue and jet-lag were substantially higher (ES = 0.73; ±0.77) and (ES = 0.57; ±0.60), subjective vigor was lower (ES = 1.94; ±0.72), and get-up time was earlier (ES = 0.57; ±0.60) for LONG when compared to SHORT. Travelling greater distances by airplane had a larger effect on subjective ratings of jet-lag, fatigue and vigor, rather than sleep. Irrespective of travel group, sleep and subjective responses were compromised, reflecting the travel requirements, competition-mediated influences, and/or due to a change in environment.     

生物节律与运动的关系研究

人体生物节律与运动训练存在着一定的内在联系,合理利用人体生物节律规律对运动训练的质量和运动成绩的提高都很有益处的。文章阐述了生物节律的研究进展以及生物节律与运动的重要关系,提出了重视运动与生物节律关系的重要性。     

Circadian variation and soccer performance: implications for training and match-play during Ramadan

Ramadan results in a number of behavioural alterations in individuals when compared to their normal habits outside of this holy month. These changes in behaviour could impact upon the effectiveness of the activity of an elite athlete who has high daily activity levels and energy expenditures. Understanding the true impact of Ramadan on human physiology will also require an awareness of the key aspects of circadian rhythms. This article will present theoretical background content on circadian rhythms along with data on the potential influence of circadian variation on soccer performance. It will also attempt to provide an insight into the problems of partial sleep deprivation and travel for the elite player. The contents will suggest that there is a basis for the within-day variation in physiological and psychological function to impact soccer performance if games are played early in the day or very late at night. As competitive fixtures are uncommon at these times these influences may be more relevant to the timing and organisation of training sessions. It is also likely that a lack of sleep and excessive travel will provide conditions that are not conducive to optimal performance. This would indicate that teams should think carefully about their preparation strategies for important tournaments and games.     

健美操的动作节奏与音乐节奏的内在效应

通过对健美操动作节奏与音乐节奏的理论探讨，从体育美学、音乐美学的审美角度，分析了其内在效应，认为节奏是健美操与音乐内在联系的纽带，音乐的节奏严格控制着动作的节奏，健美操的动作节奏与音乐节奏的内在效应主要有：节奏与律动的同步效应，情感与运动的共鸣效应，风格与结构的统一效应。     

The Effects of Visual and Auditory Models on the Learning of a Rhythmical Synchronization Dance Skill

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of visual and auditory concurrent models on the acquisition of a rhythmical synchronization task. Subjects attempted to synchronize a series of dance steps to the beat of two auditory rhythms. Subjects performed five trial blocks in one of four practice conditions: (a) audio-visual (auditory rhythms combined with a visual model), (b) audio-auditory (auditory rhythms combined with an auditory model), (c) auditory only (auditory rhythms with no model), and (d) visual only (no auditory rhythms but exposure to a visual model). Rhythmical timing and synchronization accuracy served as the dependent variables. Results revealed no practice condition learning differences for rhythmical timing. For synchronization accuracy, the audio-auditory group produced significantly lower error scores at acquisition, but no differences were found at retention. Apparently, the availability of models created an information dependency that resulted in a decrease of performance and, consequently, no group differences in retention.     

昼夜节律和代谢健康

昼夜节律计时系统或昼夜节律生物钟在许多生物过程中起着至关重要的作用,如睡眠-觉醒周期、激素分泌、心血管健康、糖稳态和体温调节。由于代谢紊乱发病率的快速提升,了解昼夜节律系统如何影响代谢稳态已成为过去几十年来众多研究的焦点。长期的昼夜节律紊乱会导致能量失衡,从而导致相关疾病的发生。本文综述了昼夜节律对代谢过程和能量平衡的双向影响,提供了相关研究证据和用于进行相关实验的方法,同时提供了基于证据的建议。研究发现,生物钟不仅可以影响代谢途径,也可以被饮食和运动等非光刺激调节。在适当的时机进行饮食和运动干预可能会提高疾病预防和治疗的成功率。鉴于生物钟-代谢相互作用的复杂性,需要更多的研究来阐明这些过程是如何相互作用的,以便制定更有效的治疗策略,进而抑制与生物钟紊乱相关的代谢性疾病的上升速度。     

运动对大鼠谷氨酸神经递质的量及其节律的影响

本研究运用时间生物学的研究方法,就力竭性运动对大鼠脑干、间脑和端脑3个脑层次中兴奋性氨基酸类神经递质谷氨酸(Glu)的量变及近似昼夜节律的影响进行了研究。结果发现(1)3个脑层次中Glu的含量表现出具有统计学意义的近似昼夜节律(P<0.01)。(2)择时运动对3个脑层次中Glu的含量及近似昼夜节律性产生明显的影响,其量变表现出“运动性双向量变”现象;其节律性改变表现为峰相位群体超前,中值和振幅改变。(3)为探讨“运动性双向量变”现象的生理学机制,我们提出“神经递质贮备”假说,认为“运动性双向量变”与运动前“神经递质贮备”状态有关。     

择时运动对大鼠兴奋性氨基酸类神经递质的影响

运用时间生物学的研究方法,就力竭性运动对大鼠脑干、间脑、和端脑三个脑层次中兴奋性氨基酸类神经递质谷氨酸(Glu)的量变及近似昼夜节律的影响进行了研究。结果发现：(1)三个脑层次中au的含量表现出具有统计学意义的近似昼夜节律(P<0．叭);(2)择时运动对三个脑层次中Glu的含量及近似昼夜节律性产生明显的影响,其量变表现出“运动性双向量变”现象,其节律性改变表现为峰相位群体超前,中值和振幅改变;(3)为探讨“运动性双向量变”现象的生理学机制,我们提出“神经递质贮备”假说,认为“运动性双向量变”与运动前“神经递质贮备”状态有关。     

羽毛球比赛中节奏的研究

羽毛球比赛中节奏是灵魂,是所有技术好坏的综合体现。通过录像观察法、专家访谈法等对羽毛球比赛中的节奏进行分析,总结出羽毛球比赛中的节奏及调控比赛中节奏的方法。     

青少年跳远运动员助跑速度和起跳技术研究

通过对部分优秀青少年男子跳远运动员的助跑技术和起跳技术进行研究分析,认为改进助跑最后10m的节奏是重点;上臂与摆动腿的摆动技术是起跳技术的重中之重,同时大力加强身体相关的专项力量练,是青少年跳远运动员提高成绩的有效方法。     

论国际奥委会的法律地位

国际奥林匹克委员会是领导奥林匹克运动和决定有关奥林匹克运动问题的最高管理机构,一般认为它是一个国际性的、非政府的、非赢利的组织。但随着时代的变化,其已经发展成为一个准政府间的国际组织。《奥林匹克宪章》已经具有习惯国际法性质,国际奥委会能独立参与国际关系,承担国际权利和义务,具有独立的国际法主体资格。     

论国际奥委会的法律地位

国际奥林匹克委员会是领导奥林匹克运动和决定有关奥林匹克运动问题的最高管理机构,一般认为它是一个国际性的、非政府的、非赢利的组织。但随着时代的变化,其已经发展成为一个准政府间的国际组织。《奥林匹克宪章》已经具有习惯国际法性质,国际奥委会能独立参与国际关系,承担国际权利和义务,具有独立的国际法主体资格。     

Time of day and short-duration high-intensity exercise influences on coagulation and fibrinolysis

Exercise has been demonstrated to have considerable effects upon haemostasis, with activation dependent upon the duration and intensity of the exercise bout. In addition, markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis have been shown to possess circadian rhythms, peaking within the morning (0600–1200?h). Therefore, the time of day in which exercise is performed may influence the activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. This study aimed to examine coagulation and fibrinolytic responses to short-duration high-intensity exercise when completed at different times of the day. Fifteen male cyclists (VO_2max: 60.3?±?8.1?ml?kg^?1?min^?1) completed a 4-km cycling time trial (TT) on five separate occasions at 0830, 1130, 1430, 1730 and 2030. Venous blood samples were obtained pre- and immediately post-exercise, and analysed for tissue factor (TF), tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), thrombin–anti-thrombin complexes (TAT) and D-Dimer. Exercise significantly increased plasma concentrations of TF (p?p?p?p?p?=?.004) and TFPI (p?=?.031), with 0830 greater than 1730 (p .001), while 1730 was less than 2030?h (p?=?.008), respectively. There was no significant effect of time of day for TAT (p?=?.364) and D-Dimer (p?=?.228). Power output, TT time and heart rate were not significantly different between TTs (p?>?.05); however, percentage VO_2max was greater at 1730 when compared to 2030 (p?=?.04). Due to a time-of-day effect present within TF, peaking at 0830, caution should be applied when prescribing short-duration high-intensity exercise bout within the morning in populations predisposed to hypercoagulability.     

"表象训练法"在高校武术套路教学中应用的研究

目前,高校武术套路教学中单一的一招一式的教学方法已不能适应当前高校武术套路教学发展的需要,为改进教学方法,本研究对北京工商大学武术专项班的学生进行了表象训练教学方法的试验,结果表明:表象训练教学法对套路]练中节奏的突出和掌握、精神意识等方面都产生了积极的影响。同时可缩短教学时间,有助于更迅速地掌握套路,提高和巩固动作的熟练程度,对动作技术的形成起到一定作用。     

试论舞龙运动中的节奏

舞龙运动中的节奏是舞龙美得以充分展现的重要因素之一。舞龙运动中的节奏主要包括动静节奏、快慢节奏和含展节奏。在舞龙运动中，不同动作类型具有不同的演练节奏，不同的舞龙队也表现出不同的节奏。此外，艺术素养也会影响舞龙节奏的表达。