The effect of an intermittent,high-intensity warm-up on supramaximal kayak ergometer performance

It has previously been shown that the metabolic acidaemia induced by a continuous warm-up at the 'lactate threshold' is associated with a reduced accumulated oxygen deficit and decreased supramaximal performance. The aim of this study was to determine if an intermittent, high-intensity warm-up could increase oxygen uptake (VO2) without reducing the accumulated oxygen deficit, and thus improve supramaximal performance. Seven male 500 m kayak paddlers, who had represented their state, volunteered for this study. Each performed a graded exercise test to determine VO2max and threshold parameters. On subsequent days and in a random, counterbalanced order, the participants then performed a continuous or intermittent, high-intensity warm-up followed by a 2 min, all-out kayak ergometer test. The continuous warm-up consisted of 15 min of exercise at approximately 65% VO2max. The intermittent, high-intensity warm-up was similar, except that the last 5 min was replaced with five 10 s sprints at 200% VO2max, separated by 50 s of recovery at approximately 55% VO2max. Significantly greater (P < 0.05) peak power (intermittent vs continuous: 629 +/- 199 vs 601 +/- 204 W) and average power (intermittent vs continuous: 328 +/- 39.0 vs 321 +/- 42.4 W) were recorded after the intermittent warm-up. There was no significant difference between conditions for peak VO2, total VO2 or the accumulated oxygen deficit. The results of this study indicate that 2 min all-out kayak ergometer performance is significantly better after an intermittent rather than a continuous warm-up.     

A method of providing accurate velocity feedback of performance on an instrumented kayak ergometer

On a kayak ergometer, an accurate simulation of the athlete-paddle-kayak system kinematics is essential for analysing the relationship between technique and performance. The purpose of this study was to establish a strong relationship between performances on flatwater and performances on an ergometer by means of propulsive force measurement and drag models. Two trials were performed by 12 kayakers in which they were first timed over 250 m of flatwater kayaking (the reference test) and were then asked to perform a trial of the same duration on the ergometer with the same perceived physical exertion. Three techniques for measuring propulsive force and three drag models generated nine combinations, which were all evaluated for their ability to estimate kayak velocity. For each combination, the distance covered by the athlete on the ergometer was simulated. A kayakers’ ergometer ranking was based on the average velocity in the ergometer trial. Both distance and ranking were compared to the on-water results. The simulation with the best combination of force measurement and drag model gave an accurate estimate of distance (253 ± 10.5 vs. 250 m) and ranking compared to the reference test.     

Effects of active, passive or no warm-up on metabolism and performance during high-intensity exercise

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of type of warm-up on metabolism and performance during high-intensity exercise. Eight males performed 30 s of intense exercise at 120% of their maximal power output followed, 1 min later, by a performance cycle to exhaustion, again at 120% of maximal power output. Exercise was preceded by active, passive or no warm-up (control). Muscle temperature, immediately before exercise, was significantly elevated after active and passive warm-ups compared to the control condition (36.9 +/- 0.18 degrees C, 36.8 +/- 0.18 degrees C and 33.6 +/- 0.25 degrees C respectively; mean +/- sx) (P< 0.05). Total oxygen consumption during the 30 s exercise bout was significantly greater in the active and passive warm-up trials than in the control trial (1017 +/- 22, 943 +/- 53 and 838 +/- 45 ml O2 respectively). Active warm-up resulted in a blunted blood lactate response during high-intensity exercise compared to the passive and control trials (change = 5.53 +/- 0.52, 8.09 +/- 0.57 and 7.90 +/- 0.38 mmol x l(-1) respectively) (P < 0.05). There was no difference in exercise time to exhaustion between the active, passive and control trials (43.9 +/- 4.1, 48.3 +/- 2.7 and 46.9 +/- 6.2 s respectively) (P= 0.69). These results indicate that, although the mechanism by which muscle temperature is elevated influences certain metabolic responses during subsequent high-intensity exercise, cycling performance is not significantly affected.     

最大累积氧亏检测方法及影响因素研究进展

最大累积氧亏(MAOD)是目前认为有效的、无损伤性的无氧能力间接测定方法,其测试过程受诸多因素的影响,文章介绍了MAOD的检测方法并从超极量运动持续时间、ETED的确立等方面对其检测过程中的主要影响因素作一简要回顾。     

The effects of warm-up on intermittent sprint performance in a hot and humid environment

It is unknown whether a passive warm-up or an active warm-up performed at an intensity based on lactate thresholds could improve prolonged intermittent-sprint performance either in thermoneutral or hot environmental conditions. To investigate this issue, 11 male athletes performed three trials that consisted of 80 min of intermittent-sprinting performed on a cycle ergometer, preceded by either an active or a passive warm-up. Active warm-up and intermittent-sprint performance were performed in both hot and thermoneutral environmental conditions, while passive warm-up and intermittent-sprint performance were performed in hot conditions only. First sprint performance was also assessed. Results showed no significant interaction effects between any of the trials for total work (J · kg(-1)), work decrement, and power decrement (P = 0.10, P = 0.42, P = 0.10, respectively). While there were no significant differences between trials for work done for first sprint performance (P = 0.22), peak power was significantly higher after passive warm-up compared with active warm-up performed in either thermoneutral (P = 0.03) or in hot conditions (P = 0.02). Results suggest that the main benefits of warm-up for first sprint performance are derived from temperature-related effects. Active warm-up did not impair prolonged intermittent-sprint performance in the heat compared with thermoneutral conditions.     

Effects of high-intensity intermittent priming on physiology and cycling performance

The pre-event warm-up or “priming” routine for optimising cycling performance is not well-defined or uniform to a specific event. We aimed to determine the effects of varying the intensity of priming on 3 km cycling performance. Ten endurance-trained male cyclists completed four 3 km time-trials (TT) on four separate occasions, each preceded by a different priming strategy including “self-selected” priming and three intermittent priming strategies incorporating 10 min of constant-load cycling followed by 5 × 10 s bouts of varying relative intensity (100% and 150% of peak aerobic power, W_peak, and all-out priming). The self-selected priming trial (379 ± 44 W) resulted in similar mean power during the 3 km TT to intermittent priming at 100% (376 ± 45 W; ?0.7%; unclear) and 150% (374 ± 48 W; ?1.5%, unclear) of W_peak, but significantly greater than all-out priming (357 ± 45 W; ?5.8%, almost certainly harmful). Differences between intermittent and self-selected priming existed with regards to heart rate (6.2% to 11.5%), blood lactate (?22.9% to 125%) and VO₂ kinetics (?22.9% to 8.2%), but these were not related to performance outcomes. In conclusion, prescribed intermittent priming strategies varying in intensity did not substantially improve 3 km TT performance compared to self-selected priming.     

Effects of work-matched supramaximal intermittent vs. submaximal constant-workload warm-up on all-out effort power output at the end of 2 minutes of maximal cycling

We tested the hypothesis that work-matched supramaximal intermittent warm-up improves final-sprint power output to a greater degree than submaximal constant-intensity warm-up during the last 30?s of a 120-s supramaximal exercise simulating the final sprint during sports events lasting approximately 2?min. Ten male middle-distance runners performed a 120-s supramaximal cycling exercise consisting of 90?s of constant-workload cycling at a workload corresponding to 110% maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max) followed by 30?s of maximal-effort cycling. This exercise was preceded by 1) no warm-up (Control), 2) a constant-workload cycling warm-up at a workload of 60%VO_2max for 6?min and 40?s, or 3) a supramaximal intermittent cycling warm-up for 6?min and 40?s consisting of 5 sets of 65?s of cycling at a workload of 46%VO_2max?+?15?s of supramaximal cycling at a workload of 120%VO_2max. By design, total work was matched between the two warm-up conditions. Supramaximal intermittent and submaximal constant-workload warm-ups similarly increased 5-s peak (590?±?191 vs. 604?±?215W, P?=?0.41) and 30-s mean (495?±?137 vs. 503?±?154W, P?=?0.48) power output during the final 30-s maximal-effort cycling as compared to the no warm-up condition (5-s peak: 471?±?165W; 30-s mean: 398?±?117W). VO₂ during the 120-s supramaximal cycling was similarly increased by the two warm-ups as compared to no-warm up (P?≤?0.05). These findings show that work-matched supramaximal intermittent and submaximal constant-workload warm-ups improve final sprint (～30?s) performance to similar extents during the late stage of a 120-s supramaximal exercise bout.     

The influence of intermittent high-intensity shuttle running and fluid ingestion on the performance of a soccer skill

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of intermittent high-intensity shuttle running and fluid ingestion on the performance of a soccer skill. Nine semi-professional soccer players volunteered to participate in the study. Their mean (± _sx ) age, body mass and maximal oxygen uptake were 20.2 ± 0.4 years, 73.2 ± 1.8 kg and 59.1 ± 1.3 ml·kg^-1 ·min^-1 respectively. The players were allocated to two randomly assigned trials: ingesting or abstaining from fluid intake during a 90 min intermittent exercise protocol (Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test:LIST).This test was designed to simulate the minimum physical demands faced by soccer players during a game. Before and immediately after performance of the test,the players completed a soccer skill test and a mental concentration test. Performance of the soccer skill test after the 'no-fluid' trial deteriorated by 5% (P ? 0.05),but was maintained during the fluid trial. Mean heart rate, perceived exertion, serum aldosterone, osmolality, sodium and cortisol responses during the test were higher (P ? 0.05) in the 'no-fluid' trial than in the fluid trial. The results of this study suggest that soccer players should consume fluid throughout a game to help prevent a deterioration in skill performance.     

The influence of intermittent high-intensity shuttle running and fluid ingestion on the performance of a soccer skill

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of intermittent high-intensity shuttle running and fluid ingestion on the performance of a soccer skill. Nine semi-professional soccer players volunteered to participate in the study. Their mean (+/- s(x)) age, body mass and maximal oxygen uptake were 20.2+/-0.4 years, 73.2+/-1.8 kg and 59.1+/-1.3 ml x kg(-1) min(-1) respectively. The players were allocated to two randomly assigned trials: ingesting or abstaining from fluid intake during a 90 min intermittent exercise protocol (Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test: LIST). This test was designed to simulate the minimum physical demands faced by soccer players during a game. Before and immediately after performance of the test, the players completed a soccer skill test and a mental concentration test. Performance of the soccer skill test after the 'no-fluid' trial deteriorated by 5% (P<0.05), but was maintained during the fluid trial. Mean heart rate, perceived exertion, serum aldosterone, osmolality, sodium and cortisol responses during the test were higher (P<0.05) in the 'no-fluid' trial than in the fluid trial. The results of this study suggest that soccer players should consume fluid throughout a game to help prevent a deterioration in skill performance.     

The effects of high-intensity intermittent exercise on saliva IgA, total protein and alpha-amylase

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of an acute bout of high-intensity intermittent exercise on saliva IgA concentration and alpha-amylase activity, since this type of training is commonly incorporated into the training programmes of endurance athletes and games players. Eight well-trained male games players took part in the study. They reported to the laboratory after an overnight fast and performed a 60-min cycle exercise task consisting of twenty 1-min periods at 100% VO2max, each separated by 2 min recovery at 30% VO2max. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected over a 5-min period into pre-weighed tubes and analysed for total protein, saliva IgA and alpha-amylase. The saliva flow rate ranged from 0.08 to 1.40 ml x min(-1) at rest and was not significantly affected by the exercise. The performance of the intermittent exercise bout did not affect the saliva IgA concentration, but caused a five-fold increase in alpha-amylase activity (P<0.01 compared with pre-exercise) and a three-fold increase in total protein concentration (P<0.01). These returned to pre-exercise values within 2.5 h post-exercise. It has been suggested that IgA concentration should be expressed as the ratio to total protein concentration, to correct for any concentrating effect due to evaporative loss of saliva water when breathing through the mouth (as in strenuous exercise). The present study clearly demonstrates that this is not appropriate, since there is an increase in salivary protein secretion rate immediately after exercise (571+/-77 microg x min(-1) compared with 218+/-71 microg x min(-1) pre-exercise; P<0.05). The increased saliva alpha-amylase activity after exercise may improve the protective effect of saliva, since this enzyme is known to inhibit bacterial attachment to oral surfaces. The saliva alpha-amylase secretion rate was lower immediately pre-exercise than at any other instant, which may have been due to anticipatory psychological stress, although the subjects were all familiar with interval exercise. This emphasizes the need for true resting non-stressed control conditions in future studies of the effects of exercise on saliva constituents.     

The influence of a 6.5% carbohydrate-electrolyte solution on performance of prolonged intermittent high-intensity running at 30 degrees C

Nine male student games players consumed either flavoured water (0.1 g carbohydrate, Na+ 6 mmol x l(-1)), a solution containing 6.5% carbohydrate-electrolytes (6.5 g carbohydrate, Na+ 21 mmol x l(-1)) or a taste placebo (Na+ 2 mmol x l(-1)) during an intermittent shuttle test performed on three separate occasions at an ambient temperature of 30 degrees C (dry bulb). The test involved five 15-min sets of repeated cycles of walking and variable speed running, each separated by a 4-min rest (part A of the test), followed by 60 s run/60 s rest until exhaustion (part B of the test). The participants drank 6.5 ml x kg(-1) of fluid as a bolus just before exercise and thereafter 4.5 ml x kg(-1) during every exercise set and rest period (19 min). There was a trial order effect. The total distance completed by the participants was greater in trial 3 (8441 +/- 873 m) than in trial 1 (6839 +/- 512, P < 0.05). This represented a 19% improvement in exercise capacity. However, the trials were performed in a random counterbalanced order and the participants completed 8634 +/- 653 m, 7786 +/- 741 m and 7099 +/- 647 m in the flavoured water (FW), placebo (P) and carbohydrate-electrolyte (CE) trials, respectively (P = 0.08). Sprint performance was not different between the trials but was impaired over time (FW vs P vs CE: set 1, 2.41 +/- 0.02 vs 2.39 +/- 0.03 vs 2.39 +/- 0.03 s; end set, 2.46 +/- 0.03 vs 2.47 +/- 0.03 vs 2.47 +/- 0.02 s; main effect time, P < 0.01). The rate of rise in rectal temperature was greater in the carbohydrate-electrolyte trial (rise in rectal temperature/duration of trial, degrees C x h(-1); FW vs CE, P < 0.05; P vs CE, N.S.). Blood glucose concentrations were higher in the carbohydrate-electrolyte than in the other two trials (FW vs P vs CE:rest, 4.4 +/- 0.1 vs 4.3 +/- 0.1 vs 4.2 +/- 0.1 mmol x l(-1); end of exercise, 5.4 +/- 0.3 vs 6.4 +/- 0.6 vs 7.2 +/- 0.5 mmol x l(-1); main effect trial, P < 0.05; main effect time, P < 0.01). Plasma free fatty acid concentrations at the end of exercise were lower in the carbohydrate-electrolyte trial than in the other two trials (FW vs P vs CE: 0.57 +/- 0.08 vs 0.53 +/- 0.11 vs 0.29 +/- 0.04 mmol x l(-1); interaction, P < 0.01). The correlation between the rate of rise in rectal temperature (degrees C x h(-1)) and the distance completed was -0.91, -0.92 and -0.96 in the flavoured water, placebo and carbohydrate-electrolyte conditions, respectively (P < 0.01). Heart rate, blood pressure, plasma ammonia, blood lactate, plasma volume and rate of perceived exertion were not different between the three fluid trials. Although drinking the carbohydrate-electrolyte solution induced greater metabolic changes than the flavoured water and placebo solutions, it is unlikely that in these unacclimated males carbohydrate availability was a limiting factor in the performance of intermittent running in hot environmental conditions.     

The sports performance application of vibration exercise for warm-up,flexibility and sprint speed

Abstract

Since the turn of the 21st century, there has been a resurgence of vibration technology to enhance sport science especially for power and force development. However, vibration exercise has been trialled in other areas that are central to athlete performance such as warm-up, flexibility and sprint speed. Therefore, the aim of this review was to attempt to gain a better understanding of how acute and short-term vibration exercise may impact on warm-up, flexibility and sprint speed. The importance of warming up for sporting performance has been well documented and vibration exercise has the capability to be included or used as a standalone warm-up modality to increase intramuscular temperature at a faster rate compared to other conventional warm-up modalities. However, vibration exercise does not provide any additional neurogenic benefits compared to conventional dynamic and passive warm-up interventions. Vibration exercise appears to be a safe modality that does not produce any adverse affects causing injury or harm and could be used during interval and substitution breaks, as it would incur a low metabolic cost and be time-efficient compared to conventional warm-up modalities. Acute or short-term vibration exercise can enhance flexibility and range of motion without having a detrimental effect on muscle power, however it is less clear which mechanisms may be responsible for this enhancement. It appears that vibration exercise is not capable of improving sprint speed performance; this could be due to the complex and dynamic nature of sprinting where the purported increase in muscle power from vibration exercise is probably lost on repeated actions of high force generation. Vibration exercise is a safe modality that produces no adverse side effects for injury or harm. It has the time-efficient capability of providing coaches, trainers, and exercise specialists with an alternative modality that can be implemented for warm-up and flexibility either in isolation or in conjunction with other conventional training methods.     

The effect of low-volume high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic health and psychological responses in overweight/obese middle-aged men

ABSTRACT

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been proposed as a time-efficient exercise protocol to improve metabolic health, but direct comparisons with higher-volume moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) under unsupervised settings are limited. This study compared low-volume HIIT and higher-volume MICT interventions on cardiometabolic and psychological responses in overweight/obese middle-aged men. Twenty-four participants (age: 48.1±5.2yr; BMI: 25.8±2.3kg·m^?2) were randomly assigned to undertake either HIIT (10 X 1-min bouts of running at 80–90% HR_max separated by 1-min active recovery) or MICT (50-min continuous jogging/brisk walking at 65–70% HR_max) for 3 sessions/week for 8 weeks (2-week supervised + 6-week unsupervised training). Both groups showed similar cardiovascular fitness (VO_2max) improvement (HIIT: 32.5±5.6 to 36.0±6.2; MICT: 34.3±6.0 to 38.2±5.1mL kg^?1 min^?1, p < 0.05) and %fat loss (HIIT: 24.5±3.4 to 23.2±3.5%; MICT: 23.0±4.3 to 21.5±4.1%, p< 0.05) over the 8-week intervention. Compared to baseline, MICT significantly decreased weight and waist circumference. No significant group differences were observed for blood pressure and cardiometabolic blood markers such as lipid profiles, fasting glucose and glycated haemoglobin. Both groups showed similar enjoyment levels and high unsupervised adherence rates (>90%). Our findings suggest that low-volume HIIT can elicit a similar improvement of cardiovascular fitness as traditional higher-volume MICT in overweight/obese middle-aged men.     

高水平自行车耐力运动员高强度间歇训练方案优化研究述评

就高水平耐力自行车运动员高强度间歇训练方案最优化的研究加以总结和展望.高水平自行车耐力运动员高强度间歇训练方案优化的研究主要涉及训练强度、持续时间、组数,间歇恢复形式(主动或被动)、间歇恢复时间,踏车节奏和成绩模型.这些变量需要根据训练时期、训练状态、个体身体反应来进行实践.     

The effect of acute caffeine ingestion on upper and lower body anaerobic exercise performance

Abstract

The current study examined the effect of acute caffeine ingestion on mean and peak power production, fatigue index and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during upper body and lower body Wingate anaerobic test (WANT) performance. Using a double-blind design, 22 males undertook one upper body and one lower body WANT, 60?min following ingestion of caffeine (5?mg*kg^?1) and one upper body and one lower body WANT following ingestion of placebo (5?mg*kg^?1 Dextrose). Peak power was significantly higher (P?=?.001) following caffeine ingestion in both upper and lower body WANT. Peak power and mean power was also significantly higher during lower body, compared to upper body WANTs irrespective of substance ingested. However, caffeine ingestion did not enhance mean power neither in upper nor lower-body WANT. There were no significant differences in mean fatigue index as a consequence of substance ingested or mode of exercise (all P?>?0.05). For RPE there was also a significant substance ingested X mode interaction (P?=?.001) where there were no differences in RPE between caffeine and placebo conditions in lower body WANTs but significantly lower RPE during upper body WANT in the presence of caffeine compared to placebo (P?=?.014). This is the first study to compare the effects of caffeine ingestion on upper and lower body 30-second WANT performance and suggests that caffeine ingestion in the dose of 5?mg*kg^?1 ingested 60?min prior to exercise significantly enhances peak power when data from upper and lower body WANTs are combined.     

The effects of a high-intensity free-weight back-squat exercise protocol on postural stability in resistance-trained males

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a high-intensity free-weight back-squat exercise on postural stability characteristics in resistance-trained males. Eighteen college-aged (mean ± SD: age = 22.9 ± 2.9 years; height = 175.8 ± 6.4 cm; mass = 86.3 ± 9.3 kg), resistance-trained males performed postural stability testing before and after completing five sets of eight repetitions of back-squat exercises at 80% of one-repetition maximum. A commercial balance testing device was used to assess sway index at pre- and at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 min post-exercise. Each balance assessment consisted of four, 20-s static stance conditions: eyes-open firm surface, eyes-closed firm surface, eyes-open soft surface and eyes-closed soft surface. Sway index was greater (P = 0.001–0.020) at Post 0 than at all other time points. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed between any other time phases. Sway index was greater (P < 0.001) for eyes-closed soft surface than all other conditions. These findings revealed sway index for all conditions significantly increased following completion of the back-squat; however, sway index recovered within 5 min of exercise. Higher sway index values as a result of neuromuscular fatigue induced by a back-squat exercise may have performance and injury risk consequences to subsequent activities that rely on postural stability. However, these findings suggest balance impairments may recover in ~5 min following high-intensity lower body resistance exercise.     

空气负氧离子对老年人健身锻炼效果的影响

采用文献资料、逻辑分析及归纳等方法,对老年人尤其高龄老年人特殊的身心特征、健身运动的特点及负氧离子对人体健康的作用进行了分析。通过探讨空气负氧离子对人体健身锻炼的有益效果,旨在为老年人尤其高龄老年人健身锻炼环境的选择提供理论指导。研究认为,老年人体质下降明显,尤其心肺功能的明显下降往往致使他们在健身锻炼过程中时常感到心有余而力不足,进而影响健身锻炼的效果,而负氧离子又称空气维生素,高浓度负氧离子的吸入可以弥补人体氧供应的缺失和不足,有益于提高健身锻炼的效率。     

间歇低氧运动对肥胖大鼠食欲的影响及其机制分析

探讨间歇低氧运动对营养性肥胖SD大鼠摄食的影响并分析其可能机制,为间歇低氧减肥提供理论依据。为此,通过对雄性SD大鼠饲喂高脂饲料建立营养性肥胖模型,然后进行为期4周的间歇低氧运动(运动速度为20 m/min,?(O2)前2周为15.4%,后2周为14.5%)。间歇低氧运动组进行4周间歇低氧运动刺激。结果发现:与常氧安静组相比,常氧运动组和间歇低氧运动组肥胖SD大鼠下丘脑瘦素和瘦素受体含量增加(常氧运动组P<0.05,间歇低氧运动组P<0.01),大鼠的每日摄食量减少。与常氧运动组相比,间歇低氧运动组肥胖SD大鼠下丘脑瘦素和瘦素受体含量增加(瘦素P<0.05,瘦素受体P<0.01)。结果说明:1)间歇低氧运动抑制了肥胖大鼠的食欲,减少了摄食量,减缓了大鼠体重的增加,并且间歇低氧效果比单纯运动效果好;2)间歇低氧运动抑制大鼠食欲可能与大鼠下丘脑瘦素和瘦素受体含量增加,进而抑制神经肽Y有关。     

Comparison of vibration rolling,nonvibration rolling,and static stretching as a warm-up exercise on flexibility,joint proprioception,muscle strength,and balance in young adults

Warm-up is an essential component for optimizing performance before an exercise session. This study investigated that the immediate effects of vibration rolling (VR), nonvibration rolling (NVR), and static stretching as a part of a warm-up regimen on the flexibility, knee joint proprioception, muscle strength, and dynamic balance of the lower extremity in young adults. Compared with the preintervention, VR induced the range of motion of knee flexion and extension significantly increased by 2.5% and 6%, respectively, and isokinetic peak torque and dynamic balance for muscle strength and dynamic balance increased by 33%–35% and 1.5%, respectively. In the three conditions, most outcomes between VR and NVR were comparable; however, the participants had a significantly higher knee joint reposition error after NVR than after VR, indicating that NVR would have a hampering knee joint proprioception effect. In particular, compared with static stretching, VR significantly increased the quadriceps muscle strength by 2-fold and dynamic balance by 1.8-fold. These findings suggest that athletic professionals may take VR into account for designing more efficient and effective preperformance routine to improve exercise performances. VR has high potential to translate into an on-field practical application.