Advances in the application of information technology to sport performance

This paper overviews the diverse information technologies that are used to provide athletes with relevant feedback. Examples taken from various sports are used to illustrate selected applications of technology-based feedback. Several feedback systems are discussed, including vision, audition and proprioception. Each technology described here is based on the assumption that feedback would eventually enhance skill acquisition and sport performance and, as such, its usefulness to athletes and coaches in training is critically evaluated.     

对北京体育大学举重队上挺技术的研究

采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、专家访问法对举重上挺技术进行研究,认为北京体育大学举重运动员上挺技术动作不规范是导致上挺技术失败的主要原因,对上挺技术训练的方法提出建议。     

Exploring PERMA in spectator sport: Applying positive psychology to examine the individual-level benefits of sport consumption

Sport spectating provides numerous benefits for sport organisations and individuals. In this paper we use a positive psychology approach to examine the individual-level benefits of sport consumption in order to investigate the activation of five domains of well-being: positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment (PERMA). Using a two-study panel research design, we collected qualitative data from a sample of Australian Rules Football consumers. In the first study, we explored how the PERMA domains were activated during the season. Study two included a follow-up interview with eight initial respondents in the off-season. We found evidence of four PERMA domains that were activated in the sport spectator context by a variety of consumer experiences. The emergence of these domains in both studies suggests sport marketers would benefit from actions including: creating more social spaces within their stadiums, hosting regular off-season events, and creating social-media based competitions which promote fan engagement and interactions throughout the calendar year.     

Effects of manipulating relative and absolute motion information during observational learning of an aiming task

In the visual perception perspective of observational learning, the manipulation of relative and absolute motion information in visual demonstrations optimally directs learners’ search towards appropriate task solutions. We assessed the effect of emphasizing transformational information and removal of structural information using point-light kinematic displays in approximating the model’s relative motion patterns. Participants viewed computer-simulated point-light demonstrations or normal video demonstrations before and intermittently throughout 100 acquisition trials with knowledge of results on an underarm modified-dart aiming task. On the next day, all participants performed 20 retention trials without demonstrations. The kinematics of spatial and temporal coordination and control variables were examined relative to the model’s action, as well as performance scores. The results indicated that approximation of the model’s spatial and temporal coordination and control patterns was achieved after observation of either type of demonstrations. No differences were found in movement outcomes. In a second experiment, the effects of manipulating absolute motion information by slowmotion demonstrations were examined relative to real-time demonstrations. Real-time demonstrations led to a closer approximation to the model’s spatial and temporal coordination patterns and better outcome scores, contradicting predictions that slow-motion displays convey intact relative motion information. We speculate that the effect of visual demonstration speed on action perception and reproduction is a function of task constraints ‐ that is, novelty or familiarity of relative motion of demonstrated activities.     

The role of sport in community capacity building: An examination of sport for development research and practice

Population health promotion and preventing disease remain important global policy goals. Because of the complex nature of health, and the recognition of the limits of individual-oriented health promotion strategies, recent decades have seen increased interest by public health researchers and practitioners in community-level approaches to health promotion. Increasingly, community-level approaches have been based upon the theoretical concept of community capacity. Community capacity is seen as a critical mechanism for supporting and promoting community-level health and through the sport for development (SFD) model, there is evidence of sport being an important practice for community development. However, little is known about the potential role of sport as a mechanism for building community capacity. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to examine the efficacy of sport to contribute to the process of community capacity building. Using seven established dimensions of community capacity, there is evidence that many SFD practices can effectively facilitate dimensions of community capacity when conducted in intentional, culturally relevant ways. Specifically, sport has demonstrated efficacy in building local skills, knowledge, and resources, increasing social cohesion, facilitating structures and mechanisms for community dialog, leadership development, and encouraging civic participation. More research is needed to understand sport's ability to promote capacity building through collective action, developing value systems that support democracy and inclusion, and encouraging critical reflection. To increase the usefulness of sport to support community health development, SFD principles should be included as part of sport management university curricula. Additionally, practitioners need grounding in community and human development research to support non-sport components of programs. Finally, participatory action research techniques should be used by researchers and practitioners. Sport-based development often generates high interest from residents, funders, and policy makers. By applying principles of community capacity building, sport may be uniquely positioned to enhance sustainable community health development initiatives.     

运动技能转换在田径技术教学中的运用

现在体育专业田径运动技术的教学 ,随着改革的深化减少了课时 ,从而增加了教学的难度 ,在这种情况下 ,把握运动技能转换的规律 ,研究其教学艺术 ,对提高田径技术的教学质量 ,推进教改的发展 ,有着重要的意义。     

我国优秀运动员培养模式演变与选择研究

研究梳理了我国自"新体育"思想以来,竞技体育优秀运动员培养过程中形成的不同模式背景、特点及其适用环境,结合目前我国竞技体育发展现状,探索中国竞技体育优秀运动员培养模式的趋势。从而借用系统科学理论视角,分析未来我国优秀运动员培养模式方向确立和路径选择。     

关于浙江省体育传统项目学校竞技体育后备人才的调查研究

本课题通过对宁波、镇海、上虞、余姚、诸暨、东阳、义乌等城市,就有关体育传统项目学校的训练情况、竞赛情况、管理体制、经费来源渠道和后备人才的输送情况等有关问题进行了座谈访问和问卷调查。通过研究,摸清了我省体育传统项目学校的基本现状,并就存在的问题提出了若干改革措施和建议。     

Underrepresentation of women in sport leadership: A review of research

Despite increased participation opportunities for girls and women in sport, they are underrepresented in leadership positions at all levels of sport. The objective of this review is to provide a multilevel examination of available scholarship that contributes to understanding why there are so few women in leadership positions within sport. From a macro-level perspective, scholarship regarding the institutionalized practices of gender in sport is examined. The meso-level review includes stereotyping of leaders, issues of discrimination, and gendered organizational cultures. Finally research reviewed at the micro-level explores women's expectations in leadership positions, occupational turnover intentions, and the influence of symbolic interactionism on women's career advancement. In addition, the author identifies new research areas and additional recommendations for how best to increase the number of women in leadership positions in sport.     

关于高师体育教育专业开设技能训练课的探讨

体育教学的基本技能是体育教师完成教学任务所必须掌握的基本功。为了配合体育教学基本技能训练课的开设，本文分析了高师体育教育专业学生掌握教学技能的现状，并根据体育教育事业发展的需要，对体育教学基本技能的内涵，训练课的目标、内容、开课形式和训练方法进行了探讨。     

Theory and practice in sport psychology and motor behaviour needs to be constrained by integrative modelling of brain and behaviour

Because of advances in technology, the non-invasive study of the human brain has enhanced the knowledge base within the neurosciences, resulting in an increased impact on the psychological study of human behaviour. We argue that application of this knowledge base should be considered in theoretical modelling within sport psychology and motor behaviour alongside existing ideas. We propose that interventions founded on current theoretical and empirical understanding in both psychology and the neurosciences may ultimately lead to greater benefits for athletes during practice and performance. As vehicles for exploring the arguments of a greater integration of psychology and neurosciences research, imagery and perception–action within the sport psychology and motor behaviour domains will serve as exemplars. Current neuroscience evidence will be discussed in relation to theoretical developments; the implications for sport scientists will be considered.     

Muscle activity and accuracy of performance of the smash stroke in badminton with reference to skill and practice

The aims of this study were to establish the temporal-spatial relationship between muscle activity and the smash stroke of skilled badminton players and to assess performance accuracy using the ellipse of constant distance. We recorded the surface electromyographic (EMG) activity of selected superficial muscles of the stroking arm and shoulder - flexor carpi ulnalis, extensor carpi radialis, triceps brachii (lateral head), biceps brachii and trapezius (upper) - during the badminton smash. In the first part of the study, we examined the characteristics of muscle function and performance accuracy of skilled and unskilled individuals during the badminton smash. Five welltrained badminton players and five students with no experience of badminton were asked to smash a shuttle as hard as they could towards a vertical square target 4 m away, repeating the stroke 30 times.In general, the skilled players showed a more constant time from peak electromyographic amplitude to impact. Immediately after impact, the electromyographic activity of the triceps brachii and flexor carpi radialis of the skilled players decreased; in the unskilled participants, however, it continued until well after impact. The area of the ellipse of constant distance and the off-target distance, which were used as indices of performance accuracy, were smaller for the skilled than for the unskilled participants. In the second part of the study, one skilled and one unskilled participant performed 100 trials a day for 6 days. The time from peak electromyographic amplitude to impact in the extensor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnalis was more variable in the unskilled than in the skilled participant even after 6 days of practice, but the proximal muscles of the unskilled participant had a similar pattern of activity to that of the skilled player. Thus, controlling the distal muscles appears to be important for achieving accurate performance of the smash in badminton.     

心理训练在高校足球专项课中的运用

文章运用文献法、访谈法,对普通高校足球专项课中进行心理训练进行探讨,提出高校足球专项课教学时数有限,应利用心理学原理从足球的意志品质训练、认知训练和专项智力训练等方面,巩固和提高学生足球技、战术水平,提高足球专项课的教学质量,增强学生体质和心理素质,促进学生的全面发展。     

多媒体CAI技术在排球教学中的实验研究

本文通过教学实验就多媒体CAI教学技术在排球教学中的运用做初步的探索,研究表明:多媒体CAI教学方法在体育教学中具有其独特的优越性,能大幅度提高教学效果、教学质量,是体育教学改革今后发展的主要方向。     

公民社会视角下英国青少年体育组织研究

基于青少年成长阶段性特点,青少年体育是提高全民族身体素质和健康水平的起点。以公民社会为理论背景,透视英国青少年体育组织运行模式:个体权利和公共领域的融合发展给予青少年公共体育生活带来了巨大的发展空间。英国青少年体育胜任组织,得到了英国政府和社会的高度重视,促使社会团体蓬勃发展、学校体育逐渐融合、休闲空间不断拓展,使青少年实现参与体育运动的权利。     

现代信息技术在竞技体育中的应用

主要采用文献资料等方法 ,介绍了在当今竞技体育的发展过程中 ,运动成绩的提高对现代信息技术有强烈的依赖关系。论述了信息技术在体育运动中的广泛应用 ,并指出了信息技术是提高一个国家竞技体育水平的重要条件之一。     

Embracing the sportification of society: Defining e-sports through a polymorphic view on sport

In this paper, the author argues that, regardless of whether e-sports qualify as sports, they should be examined in sport management because they are a manifestation of sportification. Sportification means to either: (a) view, organize, or regulate a non-sport activity in such a way that it resembles a sport and allows a fair, pleasurable, and safe environment for individuals to compete and cooperate, and compare their performances to each other, and future and past performances; or (b) add a sport component to an existing activity in order to make it more attractive to its audiences. As the sport industry itself is embracing e-sports as a sport, scholars should embrace e-sports as a manifestation of sportification and examine their negative and positive effect on our industry.     

业余青少年射击运动员培养中的若干问题探讨

运用文献调研、专家访谈、实地考察、比较分析、逻辑分析等研究方法,以射击项目的业余青少年射击运动员的培养情况作为研究对象,对业余青少年射击运动员培养过程中存在的问题以及如何解决这些问题进行了系统研究。认为：在业余青少年射击运动员的选拔过程中缺乏科学选材体系建设、培养基地建设的投入不足与管理不科学、业余青少年射击运动员的全面发展不足等问题亟待解决;在解决业余青少年射击运动员培养问题的思考当中,提出了坚持“举国体制”和“体教结合”的思路,并针对各方面的具体问题进行科学分析提出了相应的对策建议。     

对山西省体育教育训练学专业硕士学位论文选题的分析研究

文章运用文献资料法和数理统计法等研究方法,对2000-2007年山西省体育教育训练学专业研究生的35篇硕士学位论文的选题进行统计分析和研究,总结归纳选题的特点,旨在揭示选题中存在的问题,并提出改进意见,以期对今后山西省体育教育训练学专业学生在硕士学位论文选题方面起到一定的指导和借鉴作用。     

划艇项目备战全运会周期训练体系的设计

从终极成绩预测、对阶段成绩目标的设计、训练负荷与比赛负荷的设计、对运动员恢复问题的设计、对训练管理的设计等5个方面阐述了划艇项目全运会备战的具体要求和注意事项,这5个方面共同构成备战全运会周期训练体系。