From evidence to policy: reflections on emerging themes in health-enhancing physical activity

Based on a detailed reading of the six preceding papers, in conjunction with a reflection on the socio-political forces shaping lifestyles in the UK at the turn of the millennium, we come to four interrelated conclusions. First, sport and exercise science needs to move beyond evidence-based practice to evidence-based policy. Second, sport and exercise science needs to make health-enhancing physical activity a political issue at both national and local level. Third, transport, not health policy, may be the key to promoting health-enhancing physical activity. And, fourth, young people deserve our special attention. In reaching these four interrelated conclusions, we attempt both to shape evidence based policy and future research agendas in exercise science. To achieve an international perspective, we also present a short case note from Australia.     

运动与自由基

本文采用文献综述法,阐述了自由基的类型、功能、自由基产生的机制以及抗氧化系统的种类等基本理论,特别随着自由基理论在竞技体育运动领域的运用,在运动过程中,不同形式的运动对体内自由基代谢及抗氧化酶活性的影响,成为运动医学关注的热点。通过4种不同形式的运动(急性运动、耐力运动、力竭运动和无氧运动)对自由基代谢及抗氧化酶活性的研究现状进行分析得出结论,并提出目前自由基研究中存在的不足。     

Exploring the covariates of sport participation for health: an analysis of males and females in England

Increasing sport participation has been identified as a key vehicle for achieving World Health Organisation guidelines for health-enhancing physical activity (HEPA). A policy challenge is to promote this changed behaviour. Making use of the Active People Survey, a zero-inflated ordered probit model is used to identify the covariates of sport participation for males and females with respect to the related decisions to either participate in sport or not, and to participate at either lower or higher than desired intensity. To inform current policy emphases, the Active Places Survey is also used to examine the causal impact of facility provision on these behaviours. Results indicate that females are more likely to adopt less intensive activity even with time available. Families could place most constraints on females, but also reduce the intensity of male participation. Education has a greater association with higher intensity female activity. The largest effects are identified for sport club membership and facility satisfaction. Both of these affect male intensity of activity most. The main policy challenges facing sport in contributing to HEPA are shown to involve retaining male intensity of participation when ageing and encouraging greater female intensity of participation, with more appropriate matching of facilities.     

河北省大学生参加课外体育活动态度的调查研究

课外体育活动作为体育教学的延伸是高校体育的重要组成部分,对于进一步增强学生体质、提高学生健康水平、培养大学生终身体育意识和习惯具有重要作用,体育锻炼的态度是体育锻炼的内驱力,它与学生的体育需求密切相关。文章主要采用文献资料研究法及问卷调查法等研究方法,对河北省大学生参与课外体育活动的态度进行研究分析,并有针对性地提出了相应的建议。     

论体力活动与学校体育

深入探讨了体力活动的定义、理论意义，体力活动在学校体育中的理论地位以及体力活动的相关知识和技能对学生体育实践的意义，以引起学校体育工作对这一概念的重视。     

太极拳与跑步健身机理之差异看传统体育之发展

太极拳与跑步是传统体育和现代体育的代表性运动,但两者对人体健康的影响机理有着本质的上的差异。政府和教育部门应该在政策和舆论导向上给传统体育的发展研究以足够的支持,使我国的传统文化发扬光大。     

体育锻炼中的社会分层:现象、机制与思考

从结构的视角出发对体育锻炼中分层现象进行了分析,并利用CHNS2006数据实证了体育锻炼的分层机制。通过分析得出如下结论:1)总体而言,我国居民体育锻炼行为中存在着显著的社会分层现象;2)体育锻炼分层形成既有个体因素的影响也有社会结构因素的影响;3)体育锻炼行为存在着显著的性别差异、城乡差异,在年龄和婚姻状态上也存在差异;4)年龄与体育锻炼之间呈现U型关系,已婚群体的体育锻炼显著地比未婚群体降低,说明了中国中青年的体育锻炼的时间和机会受到了"家庭生活"和"职业生涯"的双重挤压;5)通过对城乡模型的比较,发现农村与城市存在不同的分层机制。并指出农村群众体育的矛盾不仅有体育资源严重短缺,还存在体育资源被少数阶层所垄断以及由此产生的体育锻炼的不公平问题。社会分层将是现在乃至未来认识和分析体育社会不平等结构的重要视角,其中的许多问题值得进一步深入分析和探讨。     

运动心理学研究进展

概述竞技运动心理、大众锻炼心理和体育教育心理3个领域的研究进展,并提出今后的研究展望.在竞技运动领域,运动心理学家最关注3个领域:运动员认知特征和人格特征、运动员心理状态的检测和评价、运动员心理调节能力的提高.锻炼与心理健康的关系是大众锻炼心理领域关注的重点.体育教育心理研究突出表现在重视对学生体育学习心理的研究,应用性研究增多,对重要的基础理论探索更加深入.但在学生体育学习心理特点和体育教学心理建设功能领域低层次重复性研究较多.运动心理学研究将主要围绕运动员心理训练、各种生理指标在监测与评价运动员心理状态或心理机能时的信度与效度、运动员的运动认知和身体锻炼与心理健康关系4个方面展开.     

Laboratory production of health and performance: an ethnographic investigation of an exercise physiology laboratory

Abstract

Critical scholars of sport and physical culture have devoted significant attention to developing critiques of epistemological hierarchies and the discursive power of biomedical knowledge in sport, exercise and physical activity. However, such work has largely failed to engage in an empirically grounded fashion with the processes of knowledge production. Furthermore, relative to its importance in the creation of knowledge, the laboratory is conspicuous in its absence from both critical discussions and as a site for empirical research. By way of response, this study draws on data collected from over 1000 h of participant observation and 53 semi-structured interviews to explore how underlying political and social values are articulated through relationships between knowledge creation, transfer and claims-making, and specific social frames in exercise physiology, a cornerstone of sports science. Rather than rehearse methodological challenges and critiques, the analysis presented demonstrates, contrary to critical analyses of scientific research that charge biomedical sciences with producing de-contextualised knowledge, laboratory-based sports science is thoroughly contextualised, albeit in specific and nuanced ways. Specifically, exercise physiology knowledge production is characterised by dehumanization and rehumanization processes. The relationship between these processes is not unilinear or sequential, but reciprocal and recursive. Nonetheless, dehumanization is the basis upon which exercise physiology knowledge is made applicable. Rehumanization is how it becomes desirable.     

Optimising physical activity engagement during youth sport: a self-determination theory approach

Research suggests participation in youth sport does not guarantee physical activity (PA) guidelines are met. Studies indicate few children achieve recommended levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during their youth sport involvement, and habitual levels of MVPA are below the recommended 60 min per day. Informed by self-determination theory, this study examined whether the coach-created social environment and related player motivation predict variability in objectively measured MVPA within the youth sport setting. Seventy three male youth sport footballers (Mean age = 11.66 ± 1.62) completed a multisection questionnaire assessing their perceptions of the social environment created in youth sport (autonomy supportive and controlling) and motivation towards their football participation (autonomous and controlled). Intensity of PA during youth sport was measured using accelerometers (GT3X, ActiGraph). Results supported a model in which perceptions of autonomy support significantly and positively predicted autonomous motivation towards football, which in turn significantly and positively predicted youth sport MVPA (% time). A significant indirect effect was observed for perceptions of autonomy support on youth sport %MVPA via autonomous motivation. Results have implications for optimising MVPA engagement during youth sport and increasing daily MVPA towards recommended and health-enhancing levels on youth sport days.     

江苏省职业青年体育锻炼行为现状研究

文章运用文献资料研究方法,对职业青年体育锻炼行为研究现状进行了分析。已见研究成果主要集中在职业青年体育锻炼人数与比例、锻炼目的、锻炼意识、锻炼场所、锻炼的变化特点、锻炼时间段、锻炼时间、锻炼周频率与强度、锻炼项目、锻炼组织形式及影响职业青年体育锻炼因素等方面。文章对目前职业青年体育锻炼行为研究的局限性和继续研究的必要性进行了分析,为对职业青年体育锻炼行为的进一步研究奠定基础。     

Changing the environment to promote health-enhancing physical activity

Supportive environments have been used to change and influence health behaviours like smoking. While psychological and ecological theories and models demonstrate the possible influences of the environment on health-enhancing physical activity (HEPA), little is known about the effectiveness of the environmental interventions. This paper presents the results of a systematic review of studies that used environmental interventions to increase health-enhancing physical activity. Two groups of studies were found, studies that changed the physical environment by creating new HEPA facilities, policies and supporting mechanisms, and studies that used the elements of the environment as an active or sedentary 'point of choice', via educational materials to promote stair use. Environmental change studies showed a small increase on HEPA behaviour, but the relative impact of environment changes was not evaluated. A number of before and after studies have observed a weak effect of a simple environmental change to stimulate stair climbing while travelling or shopping. Current national policy has embraced the environment as an option for promoting health-enhancing physical activity, especially active travel, in spite of the lack of effectiveness data. It is recommended that existing or planned public health environment and HEPA initiatives should use appropriate evaluation methods to assess their efficacy and effectiveness. Further developmental research into the nature of the relationship of the environment to particular HEPA behaviours is strongly recommended before developing new environmental interventions.     

Changing the environment to promote health-enhancing physical activity

Supportive environments have been used to change and influence health behaviours like smoking. While psychological and ecological theories and models demonstrate the possible influences of the environment on health-enhancing physical activity (HEPA), little is known about the effectiveness of the environmental interventions. This paper presents the results of a systematic review of studies that used environmental interventions to increase health-enhancing physical activity. Two groups of studies were found, studies that changed the physical environment by creating new HEPA facilities, policies and supporting mechanisms, and studies that used the elements of the environment as an active or sedentary ‘point of choice’, via educational materials to promote stair use. Environmental change studies showed a small increase on HEPA behaviour, but the relative impact of environment changes was not evaluated. A number of before and after studies have observed a weak effect of a simple environmental change to stimulate stair climbing while travelling or shopping. Current national policy has embraced the environment as an option for promoting health-enhancing physical activity, especially active travel, in spite of the lack of effectiveness data. It is recommended that existing or planned public health environment and HEPA initiatives should use appropriate evaluation methods to assess their efficacy and effectiveness. Further developmental research into the nature of the relationship of the environment to particular HEPA behaviours is strongly recommended before developing new environmental interventions.     

上海市干部体育态度与体育行为调查研究

主要采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、数理统计法等,对上海市部分行政干部体育态度与行为方面的情况,及其参加体育活动的一些影响因素进行了调查分析。结果发现,绝大多数干部对体育健身持有肯定的态度,并且有着参加体育健身的愿望,但事实上只有极少部分经常参加体育活动,影响他们参加体育活动的因素主要包括主观和客观两个方面。     

《ACSM运动测试与运动处方指南》的过去、现在与未来

《ACSM运动测试与运动处方指南》(简称《ACSM指南》)经过近半个世纪、11版的更新一跃成为全球运动健康界的“圣经”之一。通过对《ACSM指南》过去(第一至第五版)和现在(第六至第十一版)从版面、作者团队、内容的变化和相应的历史大事记的回顾对《ACSM指南》的发展进行系统介绍，并在此基础上揭示《ACSM指南》一路走来的4个成功秘诀。通过对运动健康未来发展的变化和需求，预测指南未来可能面临的“四化”和急需改进的2个方面，并对《ACSM指南》未来的发展进行展望。《ACSM指南》的不断完善，一定会给中国的体育专业人员和大众锻炼人群带来更及时的科学健身指导意见，为中国体育科研工作者在科学运动指导上积累经验、形成共识作出贡献，为建立具有中国特色的《运动指南》助力。     

中国体育文化建设三题

从广义文化学视角审视中国体育文化建设问题。认为:后发外生型的中国体育在本国从未获得体育本体价值的普遍社会认同,不好运动而偏爱心智娱乐的文化传统,社会支持不力,体育圈规则的某些不良习惯是阻碍中国体育文化建设的主要因素。中国竞技体育的价值应转换为增强国家的综合实力、竞争力、软实力、文化力、外交力等;中国社会体育的价值应在满足基本人权、平等权利,提升身体素质、健康素质、生活质量中得以体现;中国学校体育的价值基本内容应包括健身能力、锻炼习惯、身体素质、体育知识、顽强意志、合作意识、竞争精神等。确立体育对于个体生存空间、生命质量、生活方式的独特价值,倡导体育在社会层面上对社群稳定、社区和谐、社会活力的积极意义,意识到体育对于国民利益、国家实力、国际形象的表征价值。     

影响高等师范院校女生体育锻炼因素的研究

影响大学一年级女生体育锻炼的因素包括教育、兴趣、情感、意识、行为及社会因素等，这些因素对女生体育锻炼兴趣的激发、健身行为的强化、健身效果的提高、身心健康目标的实现具有直接的影响。     

Psychosocial wellbeing in active older adults: A systematic review of qualitative literature

Physical activity and wellbeing in older adults is a global priority in combating negative economic consequences associated with population aging. Quantitative research using a medicalized model clearly associates physical activity with physiological health benefits. However, it is argued that a review of qualitative literature exploring individual experiences of active older adults can provide important insights into physical activity, aging, and wellbeing – specifically, how discourses of ageing and self-identity may interact with physical activity levels. A literature search on electronic databases PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, and ProQuest was used to identify qualitative studies of older adults who exercise or engage in competitive sport. Findings reveal that both groups tend to resist dominant negative stereotypes of ageing and view physical activity as central to self- identity. Yet approaches to ageing varied with the competitive sport group adopting a more negative view of the ageing process. Whilst results suggest that different levels of physical activity may impact on the psychosocial wellbeing of older adults, inconsistent definitions of exercise and competitive sport make it impossible to group these differences according to specific physical activity levels. More precise definitions of physical activity constructs in future research may provide a better understanding of these differences.     

考练结合:基于中考体育与阳光体育运动的实证研究

采用文献资料、访谈、问卷调查和数理统计等研究方法,通过对厦门市思明区四所学校2010级的1520名初中毕业生进行为期一年的实验研究,结果表明:每天锻炼一小时计划的实施,能够有效提高学生的各项身体素质,并提出了相应的建议。     

试论“竞技体育”的本质属性——从游戏论的观点出发

研究目的是从游戏论的角度来把握竞技运动概念的本质属性。考察的结论如下:(1)把竞技运动概念只解释成为高水平的选手竞技运动就不可能正确地把握竞技运动这一概念的外延。(2)只有将着眼点从竞技运动外部的各种目的转向其本体,才能准确地揭示竞技运动这一概念的内涵。(3)竞技运动是一种具有规则性、竞争性或者挑战性、娱乐性、不确定性的身体活动。(4)因竞技运动中的某些现象已失去了文化性,所以不能将竞技运动笼统地称为文化。