Muscle properties and coordination during voluntary movement

The aims of this review were to provide some insight into the theoretical problems and questions associated with muscle coordination and control of movement, to consider some of the experimental findings on force-sharing among synergistic muscles, and to discuss some of the practical implications of force-sharing and movement control for optimal performance in sports. Theoretically, the distribution problem is introduced and the problems and difficulties of this approach in making quantitative predictions of force-sharing among muscles is discussed. Experimentally, the force-sharing research in the cat ankle extensor muscles is critically evaluated, and a complete force-sharing picture is given for the soleus and (medial) gastrocnemius for tasks covering a large range of speeds and intensities. In the application section, optimal performance criteria in jumping and cycling are considered. Furthermore, the plasticity of skeletal muscle properties is illustrated using examples from high-performance sports. The review ends with a summary of the topics discussed and suggestions for future research.     

对肌肉生物力学研究中有关问题的探讨

采用文献资料综述的研究方法，依据目前大量的肌肉生物力学研究成果，对研究内容、研究方法及体育运动中人体肌肉表现出的机能和生物力学特征等方面，进行较全面的探讨。内容主要涉及离体肌肉、在体肌肉、体育运动中下肢肌肉活动等，并提出有关问题进行讨论。     

Electromyography and the study of sports movements: A review

Within electromyography (EMG), a particular speciality has been developed wherein the aim is to use EMG for the study of muscular function and co‐ordination. This area of research is usually called kinesiological EMG. The general aims of kinesiological EMG are to analyse the function and co‐ordination of muscles in different movements and postures, in healthy subjects as well as in the disabled, in skilled actions as well as during training, in humans as well as in animals, under laboratory conditions as well as during daily or vocational activities. This is often done by a combination of electromyographical and kinesiological or biomechanical measurement techniques.

Because there are over 400 skeletal muscles in the human body and both irregular and complex involvement of the muscles may occur in neuromuscular diseases and in voluntary occupational or sports movements, it is impossible to sample all of the muscles of the entire body during the performance of complex motor skills. In addition, the measurement of kinesiological EMG in sport and specific field circumstances, such as the track and/or soccer field, the alpine ski slope, the swimming pool and the ice rink, demands a specific technological and methodological approach, adaptable to both the field and the sport circumstances.

Sport movement techniques and skills, training approaches and methods, ergonomic verification of the human‐machine interaction have, amongst others, a highly specialized muscular activity in common. The knowledge of such muscular action in all its aspects, its evaluation and its feedback should allow for the optimization of movement, of sports materials, of training possibilities and, in the end, of sports performance.

Drawing conclusions from a review of the EMG research of 32 sports, covering over 100 different complex skills, including methodological approaches, is an impossible task. We have attempted to set standards concerning the EMG methodology at the beginning of this review. Electromyography and sports is a vast area and a complete review is impossible, as information will be found scattered in many different journals, including those on the sports sciences, ergonomics, biomechanics, applied physiology, in different congress proceedings, and so on. Consequently, many important aspects and possibly important publications may have been omitted from this review.     

超等长练习及其在体育教学和训练中的应用

超等长练习是一种发展肌肉力量、完善动作质量、提高运动成绩、增强体能的有效练习方法。为了更好的为从事体育教学和训练的老师、教练员以及体育专业的学生在实践中科学、有效地运用超等长练习,运用文献资料法和逻辑分析法,对该练习方法的生理学机制、在教学和训练中的特殊性以及在教学和训练中的应用和应该注意的问题进行分析和探讨。     

浅谈运动团体中的群体凝聚力

群体凝聚力是反映运动团体群体心理特征的一个重要指标。它是运动团体存在和发展的基本要求,其高低直接影响团体的运动成绩。国外对群体凝聚力的研究起步较早,研究理论已经较为完备,我国在这方面研究成果较少,也存在一些问题,特别是运动团体群体凝聚力的研究领域,其研究成果更为稀缺。本文在搜集大量国内外文献资料的基础之上,通过对群体凝聚力的概念述说,影响因素的阐述,提出了一些增强运动团体群体凝聚力的方法与途径。     

后群肌训练对少年女子羽毛球运动员移动速度的影响研究

本文以沈阳市体校20名少年女子羽毛球运动员为研究对象,采用文献资料法、访谈法、实验法、数理统计法,研究后群肌训练对其移动速度的影响。研究结果显示,本实验采用的7个后群肌训练的训练动作,对3种移动速度的测试均有正面干预作用,其中实验组10球四角跑与对照组相比有显著提高,5球杀上网有极显著提高。从研究结果看,建议将后群肌训练纳入常规的少年女子羽毛球体能训练中,能够有效地提高少年女子羽毛球运动员的移动速度。     

运动与骨骼肌细胞凋亡

运动能力的下降与骨骼肌中的细胞凋亡有着密切的联系,细胞凋亡异常也与多种肌细胞疾病的发生机制有关。因此,研究运动训练与细胞凋亡的关系及运动导致骨骼肌细胞凋亡的机制意义重大。综述研究认为,运动可以诱导骨骼肌细胞凋亡,细胞凋亡发生的比率和程度与运动形式、运动强度和运动持续时间密切有关。这些问题的研究对于预防和处理运动导致的骨骼肌损伤以及如何开展行之有效的体育锻炼提供了理论指导。     

Use of deterministic models in sports and exercise biomechanics research

A deterministic model is a modeling paradigm that determines the relationships between a movement outcome measure and the biomechanical factors that produce such a measure. This review provides an overview of the use of deterministic models in biomechanics research, a historical summary of this research, and an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of using deterministic models. The deterministic model approach has been utilized in technique analysis over the last three decades, especially in swimming, athletics field events, and gymnastics. In addition to their applications in sports and exercise biomechanics, deterministic models have been applied successfully in research on selected motor skills. The advantage of the deterministic model approach is that it helps to avoid selecting performance or injury variables arbitrarily and to provide the necessary theoretical basis for examining the relative importance of various factors that influence the outcome of a movement task. Several disadvantages of deterministic models, such as the use of subjective measures for the performance outcome, were discussed. It is recommended that exercise and sports biomechanics scholars should consider using deterministic models to help identify meaningful dependent variables in their studies.     

投掷运动员与爆发力

采用文献资料等研究方法，利用运动生理学、肌肉力学的基本原理，从肌肉的不同类型及不同工作形式出发，对爆发力基本训练方法进行研究分析，提出了个人的见解及训练方法的有关设想，以期望发现和挖掘运动员的爆发力潜能，从而达到提高运动成绩的目的。     

Use of deterministic models in sports and exercise biomechanics research

A deterministic model is a modeling paradigm that determines the relationships between a movement outcome measure and the biomechanical factors that produce such a measure. This review provides an overview of the use of deterministic models in biomechanics research, a historical summary of this research, and an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of using deterministic models. The deterministic model approach has been utilized in technique analysis over the last three decades, especially in swimming, athletics field events, and gymnastics. In addition to their applications in sports and exercise biomechanics, deterministic models have been applied successfully in research on selected motor skills. The advantage of the deterministic model approach is that it helps to avoid selecting performance or injury variables arbitrarily and to provide the necessary theoretical basis for examining the relative importance of various factors that influence the outcome of a movement task. Several disadvantages of deterministic models, such as the use of subjective measures for the performance outcome, were discussed. It is recommended that exercise and sports biomechanics scholars should consider using deterministic models to help identify meaningful dependent variables in their studies.     

论体育运动对肌肉文化的重塑

依照多学科哲学分析的思路,从整体论的视角对肌肉文化进行了分析与探讨。首先,对肌肉所遭受的“不良对待”进行了回顾;其次,对肌肉与人类的紧密关系进行了探讨;最后,对肌肉文化与体育运动的互动进行了归纳。研究发现,肌肉虽然对人类贡献卓越,但人类往往会批判、嘲弄、忽视和指责肌肉,体育运动为肌肉文化的重塑提供了机会,体育运动让肌肉文化变得鲜活,让人类感知和记忆起肌肉之于人类的重要作用。     

视觉运动追踪及其在体育运动中的应用与启示

运动员的视觉运动追踪能力是众多运动项目获得优异比赛成绩的关键因素,也是近些年运动心理学研究的重要问题。运用文献综述法对国内外关于视觉运动追踪的基本理论、研究范式及其在体育运动中的应用进行剖析,总结以往研究所取得的成果和存在的不足,探讨视觉运动追踪研究对体育运动成绩的影响与启示,为后续相关研究提供一定的思路与方法借鉴,为运动员心理选材及心理技能训练方法与策略提供理论参考和实证依据。     

Is movement variability important for sports biomechanists?

This paper overviews the importance for sports biomechanics of movement variability, which has been studied for some time by cognitive and ecological motor skills specialists but, until quite recently, had somewhat been overlooked by sports biomechanists. The paper considers biomechanics research reporting inter- and intra-individual movement variability in javelin and discus throwing, basketball shooting, and locomotion. The overview does not claim to be comprehensive and we exclude such issues as the theoretical background to movement and coordination variability and their measurement. We overview evidence, both theoretical and empirical, of inter-individual movement variability in seeking to achieve the same task goal, in contrast to the concept of “optimal” movement patterns. Furthermore, even elite athletes cannot reproduce identical movement patterns after many years of training, contradicting the ideas of motor invariance and “representative” trials. We contend that movement variability, far from being solely due to neuromuscular system or measurement “noise” – as sports biomechanists may have previously supposed – is, or could be, functional. Such functionality could allow environmental adaptations, reduce injury risk, and facilitate changes in coordination patterns. We conclude by recommending that sports biomechanists should focus more of their research on movement variability and on important related topics, such as control and coordination of movement, and implications for practice and skill learning.     

Is movement variability important for sports biomechanists?

This paper overviews the importance for sports biomechanics of movement variability, which has been studied for some time by cognitive and ecological motor skills specialists but, until quite recently, had somewhat been overlooked by sports biomechanists. The paper considers biomechanics research reporting inter- and intra-individual movement variability in javelin and discus throwing, basketball shooting, and locomotion. The overview does not claim to be comprehensive and we exclude such issues as the theoretical background to movement and coordination variability and their measurement. We overview evidence, both theoretical and empirical, of inter-individual movement variability in seeking to achieve the same task goal, in contrast to the concept of "optimal" movement patterns. Furthermore, even elite athletes cannot reproduce identical movement patterns after many years of training, contradicting the ideas of motor invariance and "representative" trials. We contend that movement variability, far from being solely due to neuromuscular system or measurement "noise"--as sports biomechanists may have previously supposed--is, or could be, functional. Such functionality could allow environmental adaptations, reduce injury risk, and facilitate changes in coordination patterns. We conclude by recommending that sports biomechanists should focus more of their research on movement variability and on important related topics, such as control and coordination of movement, and implications for practice and skill learning.     

南拳难度动作连接技术的生物力学分析

采用运动生物力学研究方法,分析和讨论了武术套路南拳难度动作连接难度。结果表明：提膝独立动作的失误率最高、连接难度的动动连接及动静连接技术存在差异和不同的力学特征。建议：应该注意腿部肌肉主动收缩完成着地支撑,而不是被动地着地缓冲;在难度动作完成中,动作之间具有相互帮助、相互促进和相互干扰的作用,应加强组合部分的动作训练,通过改进技术动作以减小干扰,提高动作质量;借鉴田径等其他项目的跳跃训练,提高武术运动员的跳跃能力;在南拳连接难度动作中的动动连接,第二跳的支撑腿以复合杠杆的形式完成动作,要加强支撑腿大、小腿后肌群的力量才能够满足动作力学特征的要求。     

Paralympic sport: an emerging area for research and consultancy in sports biomechanics

The Paralympic Games are the pinnacle of sport for many athletes with a disability. The overall purpose of this paper is to highlight the role that the field of sports biomechanics specifically (and sports science in general) may play in improving performance in various summer Paralympic sports through research and consultancy. To achieve this broad aim, this review provides some history and background on the Summer Paralympic Games, discusses the eligibility and classification rules, describes the potential for the constraints-led approach of dynamical systems theory to inform practice and research in this area, and reviews selected studies examining the biomechanics of the primary forms of Paralympic locomotion. Some recommendations on how sports biomechanics can help facilitate improvements in Paralympic athletic performance through applied research and consultancy are provided, along with commentary on what may be some of the most important issues addressing Paralympic sport.     

浅析平衡能力对三级跳远专项能力的提高

本文采用文献资料、数据分析等方法对三级跳远的平衡能力重要性进行分析研究。结论:越是技术好成绩优异的运动员,身体躯干越稳定,使水平速度能更好的保持到最后,为创造好成绩奠定基础;要想更好的将身体素质转化到专项技术,需要空中很好的专项技术动作平衡能力,这种维持身体姿势,做出高难度专项动作的能力是三级跳远运动员必备的基本能力;三级跳远运动员躯干的前倾角度和侧倾角度对于运动员的成绩有重要影响。建议:有针对性的将训练手段往专项技术转换,能更准确有效的提高运动员专项能力的提高,进而促进专项成绩的提高;根据运动生物力学规律和运动解剖学,重点增强专项技术用力频繁的主要肌肉群,尤其是增加躯干核心肌肉群的练习;适当的静力性练习可以很好的发展运动员某个区域的绝对力量和力量耐力,但是要掌握好量和强度。     

Paralympic sport: an emerging area for research and consultancy in sports biomechanics

The Paralympic Games are the pinnacle of sport for many athletes with a disability. The overall purpose of this paper is to highlight the role that the field of sports biomechanics specifically (and sports science in general) may play in improving performance in various summer Paralympic sports through research and consultancy. To achieve this broad aim, this review provides some history and background on the Summer Paralympic Games, discusses the eligibility and classification rules, describes the potential for the constraints-led approach of dynamical systems theory to inform practice and research in this area, and reviews selected studies examining the biomechanics of the primary forms of Paralympic locomotion. Some recommendations on how sports biomechanics can help facilitate improvements in Paralympic athletic performance through applied research and consultancy are provided, along with commentary on what may be some of the most important issues addressing Paralympic sport.     

核心力量训练在羽毛球训练中重要作用的研究与探讨

竞技体育项目中,核心力量的增强能够帮助运动员有效提升竞技能力,这一观念已被海内外众多体育领域的专家学者所认可。核心力量作为一个研究的热点,在运动训练、体育竞赛、运动损伤、运动康复等诸多领域的作用也随着日益深入的研究显现得更加清晰。核心力量训练对竞技成绩的提升有着深层次的推动,任何竞技运动项目中对身体核心肌群的训练都是训练成绩的重要保障。因此针对不同的竞技项目,结合专项特点进行核心力量训练就显得异常关键。本文运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法、专家访谈法对羽毛球项目中核心力量训练的意义以及核心力量训练的方法与手段进行研究和探讨,旨在为羽毛球教练员、运动员和从事羽毛球项目研究的体育工作者提供借鉴和参考。