最大摄氧量速度研究进展（综述）

通过文献综述法,分析了最大摄氧量速度(vVO2max)及其相关指标最大运动时间(Tmax)和达到最大摄氧量后运动时间(tlim)的概念、意义和在有氧耐力训练中的应用情况,提示这些指标可有效地指导有氧耐力训练及评估运动员耐力水平。     

游泳运动员的最大摄氧量及其一些测试方法的研究进展

采用文献综述的方法介绍了游泳运动员最大摄氧量及其一些常见的测试方法,包括实验室和训练场地直接测试方法以及最大摄氧量的间接测定方法等。最后通过分析比较不同测试方法的优缺点,指出等动训练仪上进行模拟全身游泳的最大摄氧量测试和将来使用便携式气体代谢分析仪在水中进行正常游泳测试既符合游泳项目的专项特点,又涉及大的肌肉群,可能是简单实用并且准确的方法。     

补服乳清蛋白对人体最大吸氧量的影响

目的:研究补服不同量的乳清蛋白对人体最大吸氧量的变化,探讨补服乳清蛋白对人体有氧运动能力的影响。方法:采用单盲实验法,体育系12名健康男性大学生作为被试,每次(共3次)补服不同的补剂,然后在无氧功率自行车上进行3个连续三分钟的递增负荷运动,作自身对照。结果:补服7g和14g乳清蛋白与安慰剂相比最大吸氧量水平都有不同程度的变化,补服7g乳清蛋白与安慰剂相比差异性显著,p<0.05,补服14g乳清蛋白与安慰剂相比差异性非常显著p<0.01。结论:(1)补服不同量的乳清蛋白都不同程度影响人体的最大吸氧量水平;(2)说明乳清蛋白的补服对人体有氧运动能力有一定影响。     

Leg muscle recruitment in highly trained cyclists

In this study, we examined patterns of leg muscle recruitment and co-activation, and the relationship between muscle recruitment and cadence, in highly trained cyclists. Electromyographic (EMG) activity of the tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, peroneus longus, gastrocnemius lateralis and soleus was recorded using intramuscular electrodes, at individual preferred cadence, 57.5, 77.5 and 92.5 rev . min(-1). The influence of electrode type and location on recorded EMG was also investigated using surface and dual intramuscular recordings. Muscle recruitment patterns varied from those previously reported, but there was little variation in muscle recruitment between these highly trained cyclists. The tibialis posterior, peroneus longus and soleus were recruited in a single, short burst of activity during the downstroke. The tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius lateralis were recruited in a biphasic and alternating manner. Contrary to existing hypotheses, our results indicate little co-activation between the tibialis posterior and peroneus longus. Peak EMG amplitude increased linearly with cadence and did not decrease at individual preferred cadence. There was little variation in patterns of muscle recruitment or co-activation with changes in cadence. Intramuscular electrode location had little influence on recorded EMG. There were significant differences between surface and intramuscular recordings from the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius lateralis, which may explain differences between our findings and those of previous studies.     

Matching of Male and Female Subjects Using VO2 max

Abstract

We compared cardiorespiratory responses to exercise on an underwater treadmill (UTM) and land treadmill (LTM) and derived an equation to estimate oxygen consumption (VO₂) during UTM exercise. Fifty-five men and women completed one LTM and five UTM exercise sessions on separate days. The UTM sessions consisted of chest-deep immersion, with 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% water-jet resistance. All session treadmill velocities increased every 3 min from 53.6 to 187.8 m·min^-1. Cardiorespiratory responses were similar between LTM and UTM when jet resistance for UTM was ≥ 50%. Using multiple regression analysis, weight-relative VO₂ could be estimated as: VO₂ (mLO₂·kg^-1·min^-1) = 0.19248 · height (cm) + 0.17422 · jet resistance (% max) + 0.14092 · velocity (m·min^-1) - 0.12794 · weight (kg) - 27.82849, R²= .82. Our data indicate that similar LTM and UTM cardiorespiratory responses are achievable, and we provide a reasonable estimate of UTM VO₂.     

Estimating VO2max Using a Personalized Step Test

The purpose of this study was to develop a step test with a personalized step rate and step height to predict cardiorespiratory fitness in 80 college-aged males and females using the self-reported perceived functional ability scale and data collected during the step test. Multiple linear regression analysis yielded a model (R = 0.90, SEE = 3.43 mL·kg^?1·min^?1) that included gender, body mass, perceived functional ability, step rate, and recovery heart rate. Based on the standardized β-weights, gender explained the largest proportion of variance in VO₂max values followed by perceived functional ability. The cross validation predicted residual sum of squares statistics show minimal shrinkage (R_PRESS = 0.88, SEE_PRESS = 3.57 mL·kg^?1·min^?1) in the accuracy of the regression model. This study provides a model to predict VO₂max from non-exercise data and data collected during an individualized multistage step test that is accurate, time-efficient, and easy to administer.     

最大摄氧量、乳酸阈、通气阈和心率在监测运动员训练效果中的应用

通过测试4周强化有氧训练(LT强度)前后广东省女子自行车运动员的VO2max、LT、VT、HR、VE等指标变化,以观察有氧耐力的变化.结果显示:1)VO2max、VT均无明显变化(P>0.05);2)训练前后VO2max、LT、VT与心率均显著相关(P<0.05).3)VT、LT时与心率显著相关(-0.592,P<0.05),回归方程为:Y(LT时心率)=218.120-0.343 X(VT心率).结论:1)为期4周的有氧耐力强化训练(LT强度)并不能够明显提高女子自行车运动员VO2max、VT的水平;2)采用心率控制训练强度是科学合理的;3)实验室测试VT心率在实际训练中需要校正后再用.     

最大摄氧量增值与心率差值的相关性研究

在高校运动训练实践中,通过对部分运动员心率的长期追踪测试和 VO2max的 strand列线图的实验法分析,发现VO2max增值与心率差值在一定范围内存在负相关关系,并找出二者的相关规律,为今后合理控制运动强度,有效提高训练效果,至少应在 VO2max增长阈值以上,提供运动生理学的依据。     

对青少年自行车运动员22周训练前、后最大耗氧量与成绩变化关系的研究

目的:为探寻场地自行车运动员有氧能力与成绩的关系,更好为我国竞技自行车运动服务.方法:对24名优秀青少年自行车运动员最大耗氧量与成绩关系进行22周的跟踪研究.结果:22周训练后,最大耗氧量和运动成绩均呈现增长趋势,男、女运动员绝对最大耗氧量增值和场地骑行成绩有显著的相关性(男子:r=0.884、女子:r=0.939),男、女运动员相对最大耗氧量(ml/min/kg0.32)均呈现显著增长趋势,增值和成绩增值同样具有显著的相关性(男子:r=0.795、女子:r=0.902);同样,男、女运动员相对最大耗氧量(ml/min/kg0.79)增值和运动成绩同样均具有显著相关性(男子:r=0.665、女子:r=0.861).结论:相对最大耗氧量(ml/min/kg0.32)和绝对最大耗氧量反映青少年场地自行车运动员阶段训练效果更加敏感,青少年场地自行车运动员最大耗氧量表达方式有其典型的专项特点.     

耐力训练对不同性别儿童最大吸氧量的影响

此研究对象由24名11~12岁青春期前的儿童组成,其目的是为了探讨一个为期10W的有氧训练计划对青春期前儿童有氧能力的影响,尤其是对不同性别儿童的最大吸氧量(VO2max)的影响。训练组经过10W的有氧训练后,VO2max得到了明显的增加,这种增加在女童中更为明显。VO2max增加的比例和初始VO2max(ml.min-1.kg-1)水平之间存在显著相关。研究结果显示,青春期前的儿童经过一段时间的有氧训练后,VO2max能得到增加,如果考虑到初始有氧能力水平,那么男女孩VO2max的增加将不存在显著差异。     

最大耗氧量速度运动时的生理负荷分析及意义

目的:研究最大耗氧量速度(vVO2max)运动时运动员的生理反应,为中长跑训练处方的制订提供实验依据。方法:对12名中长跑运动员进行一次最大耗氧量(VO2max)递增负荷跑台测试和一次vVO2max力竭性跑台测试,测试受试者的VO2max、vVO2max、Tmax和tlim。结果:vVO2max持续运动中达到的VO2max和递增负荷测试达到的VO2max没有显著差异(P>0.05),且呈高度相关(R=0.857,P<0.01);vVO2max持续运动中,前60%Tmax时间内75%受试者摄氧量达到98%VO2max以上,部分受试者达到甚至超过VO2max。结论:vVO2max是一个有效诱导VO2max产生的强度,vVO2max、Tmax可以作为中长跑训练的参考指标。     

女子赛艇运动员VO2max与专项力量在月经周期的变化研究

研究目的在于观察月经周期规则的女子赛艇运动员VO2max与专项力量在月经周期的变化并探讨其发生机制。结果显示，女子赛艇运动员的最大摄氧量和专项力量与月经周期有关系，黄体期运动能力要明显强于卵泡早期，这与月经周期的性激素水平的变化有关系。     

Laboratory predictors of uphill cycling performance in trained cyclists

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to assess the relationship between an uphill time-trial (TT) performance and both aerobic and anaerobic parameters obtained from laboratory tests. Fifteen cyclists performed a Wingate anaerobic test, a graded exercise test (GXT) and a field-based 20-min TT with 2.7% mean gradient. After a 5-week non-supervised training period, 10 of them performed a second TT for analysis of pacing reproducibility. Stepwise multiple regressions demonstrated that 91% of TT mean power output variation (W kg^?1) could be explained by peak oxygen uptake (ml kg^?1.min^?1) and the respiratory compensation point (W kg^?1), with standardised beta coefficients of 0.64 and 0.39, respectively. The agreement between mean power output and power at respiratory compensation point showed a bias ± random error of 16.2 ± 51.8 W or 5.7 ± 19.7%. One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed a significant effect of the time interval (123.1 ± 8.7; 97.8 ± 1.2 and 94.0 ± 7.2% of mean power output, for epochs 0–2, 2–18 and 18–20 min, respectively; P < 0.001), characterising a positive pacing profile. This study indicates that an uphill, 20-min TT-type performance is correlated to aerobic physiological GXT variables and that cyclists adopt reproducible pacing strategies when they are tested 5 weeks apart (coefficients of variation of 6.3; 1 and 4%, for 0–2, 2–18 and 18–20 min, respectively).     

最大吸氧量中枢限定因素研究的进展

心脏泵血能力是ＶＯ２ｍａｘ限定因素的观点早已提出，６０～７０年代此观点受到了肌肉适应性研究结果的挑战。肌肉血管床和线粒体数量随训练可有所增加，这些适应被认为是ＶＯ２ｍａｘ提高的前提条件。此后，由于令人信服的研究结果的展示，偏移的观点又回转到心肺机能是氧投递的限定因素上来。     

Effects of inspiratory muscle training on time-trial performance in trained cyclists

We evaluated the effects of specific inspiratory muscle training on simulated time-trial performance in trained cyclists. Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled design, 16 male cyclists (VO 2max = 64 - 2 ml·kg -1 ·min -1 ; mean - sx ¥ ) were assigned at random to either an experimental (pressure-threshold inspiratory muscle training) or sham-training control (placebo) group. Pulmonary function, maximum dynamic inspiratory muscle function and the physiological and perceptual responses to maximal incremental cycling were assessed. Simulated time-trial performance (20 and 40 km) was quantified as the time to complete pre-set amounts of work. Pulmonary function was unchanged after the intervention, but dynamic inspiratory muscle function improved in the inspiratory muscle training group ( P h 0.05). After the intervention, the inspiratory muscle training group experienced a reduction in the perception of respiratory and peripheral effort (Borg CR10: 16 - 4% and 18 - 4% respectively; compared with placebo, P h 0.01) and completed the simulated 20 and 40 km time-trials faster than the placebo group [66 - 30 and 115 - 38 s (3.8 - 1.7% and 4.6 - 1.9%) faster respectively; P = 0.025 and 0.009]. These results support evidence that specific inspiratory muscle training attenuates the perceptual response to maximal incremental exercise. Furthermore, they provide evidence of performance enhancements in competitive cyclists after inspiratory muscle training.     

Effects of inspiratory muscle training on time-trial performance in trained cyclists

We evaluated the effects of specific inspiratory muscle training on simulated time-trial performance in trained cyclists. Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled design, 16 male cyclists (VO2max = 64 +/- 2 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1); mean +/- s(x)) were assigned at random to either an experimental (pressure-threshold inspiratory muscle training) or sham-training control (placebo) group. Pulmonary function, maximum dynamic inspiratory muscle function and the physiological and perceptual responses to maximal incremental cycling were assessed. Simulated time-trial performance (20 and 40 km) was quantified as the time to complete pre-set amounts of work. Pulmonary function was unchanged after the intervention, but dynamic inspiratory muscle function improved in the inspiratory muscle training group (P < or = 0.05). After the intervention, the inspiratory muscle training group experienced a reduction in the perception of respiratory and peripheral effort (Borg CR10: 16 +/- 4% and 18 +/- 4% respectively; compared with placebo, P < or = 0.01) and completed the simulated 20 and 40 km time-trials faster than the placebo group [66 +/- 30 and 115 +/- 38 s (3.8 +/- 1.7% and 4.6 +/- 1.9%) faster respectively; P = 0.025 and 0.009]. These results support evidence that specific inspiratory muscle training attenuates the perceptual response to maximal incremental exercise. Furthermore, they provide evidence of performance enhancements in competitive cyclists after inspiratory muscle training.     

Non-Exercise Estimation of VO2max Using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire

Non-exercise equations developed from self-reported physical activity can estimate maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) as well as sub-maximal exercise testing. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire is the most widely used and validated self-report measure of physical activity. This study aimed to develop and test a VO₂max estimation equation derived from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form. College-aged males and females (n = 80) completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form and performed a maximal exercise test. The estimation equation was created with multivariate regression in a gender-balanced subsample of participants, equally representing five levels of fitness (n = 50) and validated in the remaining participants (n = 30). The resulting equation explained 43% of the variance in measured VO₂max (standard error of estimate = 5.45 ml·kg^–1·min^–1). Estimated VO₂max for 87% of individuals fell within acceptable limits of error observed with sub-maximal exercise testing (20% error). The International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form can be used to successfully estimate VO₂max as well as sub-maximal exercise tests. Development of other population-specific estimation equations is warranted.     

Effect of Optimized and Standard Cycle Ergometry on VO2max in Trained Cyclists and Runners

Abstract

This study contrasted prepractice modeling with either the perceptual component (perceptual modeling) or the motor component (movement pattern) of a coincident-timing task to determine whether experiencing the modalities singly or in combination enhanced timing performance on initiation of active practice. The motor component was a 60-cm right-to-left arm movement coincident with the illumination of lights on a Bassin timer runway to displace a barrier as the final runway light was illuminated. Four groups were compared (n = 12 per group). A perceptual modeling group passively viewed stimulus runway lights prior to attempting the task. A motoric modeling group viewed a videotape prior to practice of a model performing the motor component of the skill with zero timing error. A perceptual modeling plus motoric modeling group experienced both modeling modalities prior to performance. Finally, a no modeling group simply initiated practice on the task without modeling. Results indicated that the groups experiencing perceptual modeling initiated practice with significantly less average timing error and variability. Thus, perceptual modeling appeared to be at least as important as motoric modeling as a source of prepractice information to make available to a learner to optimize coincident-timing skill acquisition.     

Submaximal Treadmill Exercise Test to Predict VO2max in Fit Adults

This study was designed to develop a single-stage submaximal treadmill jogging (TMJ) test to predict VO₂max in fit adults. Participants (N?=?400; men?=?250 and women?=?150), ages 18 to 40 years, successfully completed a maximal graded exercise test (GXT) at 1 of 3 laboratories to determine VO₂max. The TMJ test was completed during the first 2 stages of the GXT. Following 3 min of walking (Stage 1), participants achieved a steady-state heart rate (HR) while exercising at a comfortable self-selected submaximal jogging speed at level grade (Stage 2). Gender, age, body mass, steady-state HR, and jogging speed (mph) were included as independent variables in the following multiple linear regression model to predict VO₂max (R?=?0.91, standard error of estimate [SEE]?=?2.52 mL?·?kg^?1?·?min^?1): VO₂max (mL?·?kg^?1?·?min^?1)?=?58.687?+?(7.520 × Gender; 0?=?woman and 1?=?man)?+?(4.334 × mph) ? (0.211 × kg) ? (0.148 × HR) ? (0.107 × Age). Based on the predicted residual sum of squares (PRESS) statistics (R_PRESS?=?0.91, SEE _PRESS?=?2.54 mL?·?kg^?1?·?min^?1) and small total error (TE; 2.50 mL?·?kg^?1?·?min^?1; 5.3% of VO₂max) and constant error (CE; ?0.008 mL?·?kg^?1?·?min^?1) terms, this new prediction equation displays minimal shrinkage. It should also demonstrate similar accuracy when it is applied to other samples that include participants of comparable age, body mass, and aerobic fitness level. This simple TMJ test and its corresponding regression model provides a relatively safe, convenient, and accurate way to predict VO₂max in fit adults, ages 18 to 40 years.