不同人工调整月经周期方法对运动能力的影响

目的探讨不同人工调整月经周期方法(提前法和推迟法)对运动员机能及运动能力的影响,制订人工调整月经周期的最佳方案,为合理指导人工调整月经周期方法提供理论依据。方法将女运动员随机分为提前组和推迟组,每组7人。提前组在月经周期第5天开始服药(妈富隆),每天1片,服用14 d;推迟组在月经周期第24天开始服药,每天1片,服用10 d。分别于服药前一周期第(5±1)天、第(22±1)天,服药周期中的最后一天(提前组于服药第14天,推迟组于服药第10天)及服药后下一周期第5天进行血液指标和运动能力测试。结果服药期间血T、血C、T/C及服药后下一周存在时间主效应,血T、T/C降低有统计学差异,血C升高有统计学差异;平均握力、下肢爆发力前后比较无统计学差异;PWC170和V.O2max前后比较无统计学差异,反应时在服药后下一周期第5天与服药前周期同一时间相比有统计学差异。结论提前法和推迟法在调整月经周期中对运动员有氧能力、力量素质、反应时、血T和血C水平的影响无统计学差异,但是妈富隆能降低血T、T/C及升高血C水平,且对降低T/C的影响更加明显。建议运动员可以通过提前法调整月经周期,避开比赛期。     

力竭运动后女子运动员脑电信号与心率变异性的变化研究

目的:探究女子运动员力竭运动后脑电信号(EEG)与心率变异性(HRV)的变化,阐明其与运动性疲劳之间的关系。方法:随机选取19名女大学生运动员为实验对象,用布鲁斯(Bruce)运动方案进行力竭运动,检测其运动前后的EEG和HRV相关指标变化情况。结果:与运动前相比,疲劳后HRV时域指标SDNN、RMSSD、pNN50及频域指标LF和HF均非常显著性下降(P<0.01),但LF/HF比值却出现非常显著性上升(P<0.01);脑电信号方面,运动后疲劳状态下的α波和β波出现下降,δ波和θ波则出现上升趋势,且α波与运动前比在PZ区显著性下降(P<0.05),在FPZ区非常显著性下降(P<0.01),θ波与运动前比在FZ、FPZ区显著性上升(P<0.05),δ波在运动后有上升趋势但无显著差异。结论:力竭运动造成女子运动员心脏自主节律失衡,大脑皮层抑制,因此EEG与HRV变化可作为判别女子运动员力竭疲劳的有效指标。     

月经周期、口服避孕药对运动能力和体成分的影响

采用文献资料法,分析女运动员月经周期对运动能力及口服避孕药对运动能力和体成分的影响,并对相关机理进行探讨。     

女子篮球运动员月经周期中运动能力变化的研究

本研究的目的在于观察18名女篮运动员运动能力与月经周期的关系。研究结果显示,受试者耐力、速度、反应时、准确协调性在其月经周期黄体期显著强于其它时相,爆发力则在各时相内无明显变化,可能与各时相中性激素浓度的变化相关。     

运动对运动员月经周期影响的调查与分析

目的:旨在探讨不同运动项目运动员初潮年龄、月经失调情况,经期运动能力等的特点,为科学训练提供理论依据。对象与方法:采用问卷调查法对98名13-25岁上海市田径、自行车、游泳、排球和乒乓球等项目运动员的月经周期情况和经期运动情况进行调查。结果:运动员初潮年龄在正常范围内;运动员月经失调发病率较高;月经期对运动成绩的影响不大。结论:运动员月经期运动能力因人而异,训练计划应根据个人的不同反应科学制定。     

有氧健身操运动干预对女大学生肺通气机能的影响

目的:探讨有氧健身操运动干预对女大学生肺通气机能的影响,为有氧健身操运动提高肺通气机能提供参考依据.方法:随机抽取山西师范大学大二学生中24名普通女大学生,对其进行12周的有氧健身操运动干预,所有测试者均采用功率Custo-Med 3000型自行车进行逐级递增负荷运动,测试运动干预前后肺通气量(VE)、潮气量(VT)、摄氧量(VO2)、二氧化碳输出量(VCO2)、呼吸商(RQ).结果:有氧健身操运动干预后,递增负荷下女大学生肺通气量(VE)、潮气量(VT)、摄氧量(VO2)、二氧化碳输出量(VCO2)和呼吸商(RQ)各指标都升高,且与干预前比较具有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论:有氧健身操可对女大学生的心肺功能产生良性影响,能够提高女大学生的呼吸系统功能,有效增强呼吸系统摄取氧和运输氧的能力,以及组织有氧代谢利用氧的能力,增大肺活量.     

我省参加“十一运”优秀女子举重运动员的月经周期情况调查分析

目的：旨在探讨女子举重运动员初潮年龄、月经失调情况等特点,为科学训练提供理论依据。对象与方法：采用问卷调查法对山东省参加第十一届全运会的优秀女子举重运动员的月经周期情况进行调查。结果：运动员初潮年龄在正常范围内;运动员月经失调发病率较高。结论：举重运动训练对月经周期有一定影响,运动训练要根据月经周期安排。     

Breast pain affects the performance of elite female athletes

ABSTRACT

Although breast pain is problematic for many active women, no published research has investigated breast pain experienced by elite female athletes. This study aimed to examine the extent that mastalgia and exercise-induced breast pain affected the sporting performance of elite female athletes during training and competition. A custom-designed online survey with questions related to sport participation, as well as the frequency, severity and perceived performance effects of mastalgia and exercise-induced breast pain, was distributed to sporting organisations, coaches, medical staff and teams/clubs throughout Australia. Five hundred and forty female athletes competing nationally or internationally across 49 different sports participated in the survey. Sixty-three percent of respondents reported experiencing breast pain associated with their menstrual cycle and 33% reported that this pain worsened during activity. Forty-four percent of athletes reported experiencing exercise-induced breast pain during training or competition. Both types of breast pain were also reported to negatively affect sporting performance (20% and 32%, respectively). Mastalgia associated with the menstrual cycle and exercise-induced breast pain should be acknowledged as potential problems affecting the sporting performance of elite female athletes. Awareness around the impact of breast pain and the development and implementation of breast pain management strategies are essential for this population.     

有氧运动对青年男性外周血淋巴细胞DNA修复酶的影响

目的:观察3个月有氧运动对青年男性外周血淋巴细胞线粒体与细胞核DNA修复酶的影响,探讨有氧运动提高免疫功能的机制。方法:34名健康青年男性随机分为运动组(n=16)和对照组(n=18),运动组进行每周3次共12周的有氧运动干预,对照组保持日常生活习惯不变。实验前后分别测定淋巴细胞凋亡率、淋巴细胞线粒体和细胞核8-羟鸟嘌呤(8-oxoguanine,8-oxoG)、8-羟鸟嘌呤DNA糖基化酶α(8-oxoguanine DNAglycosylaseα,OGG1α)和OGG1β蛋白表达量。结果:两组基础值均无显著性差异。与实验前比较,实验后运动组淋巴细胞凋亡率显著性降低(5.10±0.89 vs 3.64±1.07,P<0.01),线粒体与细胞核8-oxoG均显著性降低(线粒体:8.75±1.85 vs 5.16±0.86,P<0.01;细胞核:3.93±1.35 vs 2.13±0.51,P<0.01),OGG1α和OGG1β均显著性升高(OGG1α:1.26±0.39 vs 2.31±0.42,P<0.01;OGG1β:0.83±0.17 vs 1.45±0.48,P<0.01),而对照组各指标均无显著性变化(均为P>0.05)。结论:规律有氧运动上调了淋巴细胞线粒体与细胞核DNA修复酶的表达量,降低了DNA氧化损伤,淋巴细胞凋亡率随之降低。     

女运动员月经周期中性激素变化与运动成绩的研究

通过对３６ 名不同项目女运动员,在月经周期中血清雌二醇（Ｅ２） 、促卵泡激素（ＦＳＨ） 、促黄体生成素（ＬＨ） 、孕激素（Ｐ） 的测定,观察女运动员月经周期不同时相性激素变化与不同项目运动成绩的关系。受试者必须在卵泡期和黄体期分别按规定项目测试两次全速力竭运动成绩。赛艇队员测试５００ｍ 及２０００ｍ 成绩,田径队员测定１００ｍ 、２００ｍ 成绩,游泳队员测试每人专项成绩后统一评分。结果显示除赛艇运动员２０００ｍ 测试成绩无显著性差异外,其它各项成绩黄体期均优于卵泡期（Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５ 或Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） ,且黄体期Ｐ的浓度也较高（Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） 。     

Effects of 72-h of exercise abstinence on affect and body dissatisfaction in healthy female regular exercisers

Abstract

In this study, we compared the effects of a 72-h exercise abstinence period and normal exercise on the affect and body dissatisfaction of 58 healthy women (mean age 26.1 years, s = 8.2) who exercised at least four times per week, and explored the relationship between the changes in affect and body dissatisfaction. Participants completed the UWIST-MACL and Body Dissatisfaction Scale to assess affect and body image, and were randomized to an abstinence or control group. Affect and body image for both groups were re-assessed following the 72-h abstinence period. Compared with the control group, the abstinence group had a significant decrease in hedonic tone and energetic arousal, and a significant increase in tense arousal and body dissatisfaction from pre-intervention to post-intervention. There were no significant relationships between the changes in body dissatisfaction and the components of affect. A 72-h exercise abstinence period resulted in increased affect disturbance and body dissatisfaction in regularly active women.     

我国不同梯次女子羽毛球运动员身体形态指标研究

通过对我国118名不同梯次女子羽毛球运动员26项原始身体形态指标的统计筛选,运用因子分析法、单因素分析法、多重比较法等进行研究.通过研究发现:运动员选材的指标主要体现在围度指标,长度指标和宽度指标.运动员身体形态为:体重适中、身体匀称、手臂略长.早期的身体形态指标选材应主要依据长度指标,而围度和宽度指标的发展是影响其是否能向更高水平进步的重要因素,不同梯次羽毛球运动员的后期训练应着重进行耐力和身体力量等方面的训练,尤其要注重握拍手臂的力量训练.     

Effects of 72-h of exercise abstinence on affect and body dissatisfaction in healthy female regular exercisers

In this study, we compared the effects of a 72-h exercise abstinence period and normal exercise on the affect and body dissatisfaction of 58 healthy women (mean age 26.1 years, s = 8.2) who exercised at least four times per week, and explored the relationship between the changes in affect and body dissatisfaction. Participants completed the UWIST-MACL and Body Dissatisfaction Scale to assess affect and body image, and were randomized to an abstinence or control group. Affect and body image for both groups were re-assessed following the 72-h abstinence period. Compared with the control group, the abstinence group had a significant decrease in hedonic tone and energetic arousal, and a significant increase in tense arousal and body dissatisfaction from pre-intervention to post-intervention. There were no significant relationships between the changes in body dissatisfaction and the components of affect. A 72-h exercise abstinence period resulted in increased affect disturbance and body dissatisfaction in regularly active women.     

Effects of exercise intensity and duration on the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

Abstract

Recovery from a bout of exercise is associated with an elevation in metabolism referred to as the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). A number of investigators in the first half of the last century reported prolonged EPOC durations and that the EPOC was a major component of the thermic effect of activity. It was therefore thought that the EPOC was a major contributor to total daily energy expenditure and hence the maintenance of body mass. Investigations conducted over the last two or three decades have improved the experimental protocols used in the pioneering studies and therefore have more accurately characterized the EPOC. Evidence has accumulated to suggest an exponential relationship between exercise intensity and the magnitude of the EPOC for specific exercise durations. Furthermore, work at exercise intensities ≥50 – 60% [Vdot]O_2max stimulate a linear increase in EPOC as exercise duration increases. The existence of these relationships with resistance exercise at this stage remains unclear because of the limited number of studies and problems with quantification of work intensity for this type of exercise. Although the more recent studies do not support the extended EPOC durations reported by some of the pioneering investigators, it is now apparent that a prolonged EPOC (3 – 24 h) may result from an appropriate exercise stimulus (submaximal: ≥50 min at ≥70% [Vdot]O_2max; supramaximal: ≥6 min at ≥105% [Vdot]O_2max). However, even those studies incorporating exercise stimuli resulting in prolonged EPOC durations have identified that the EPOC comprises only 6 – 15% of the net total oxygen cost of the exercise. But this figure may need to be increased when studies utilizing intermittent work bouts are designed to allow the determination of rest interval EPOCs, which should logically contribute to the EPOC determined following the cessation of the last work bout. Notwithstanding the aforementioned, the earlier research optimism regarding an important role for the EPOC in weight loss is generally unfounded. This is further reinforced by acknowledging that the exercise stimuli required to promote a prolonged EPOC are unlikely to be tolerated by non-athletic individuals. The role of exercise in the maintenance of body mass is therefore predominantly mediated via the cumulative effect of the energy expenditure during the actual exercise.     

Effects of exercise intensity and duration on the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

Recovery from a bout of exercise is associated with an elevation in metabolism referred to as the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). A number of investigators in the first half of the last century reported prolonged EPOC durations and that the EPOC was a major component of the thermic effect of activity. It was therefore thought that the EPOC was a major contributor to total daily energy expenditure and hence the maintenance of body mass. Investigations conducted over the last two or three decades have improved the experimental protocols used in the pioneering studies and therefore have more accurately characterized the EPOC. Evidence has accumulated to suggest an exponential relationship between exercise intensity and the magnitude of the EPOC for specific exercise durations. Furthermore, work at exercise intensities >or=50-60% VO2max stimulate a linear increase in EPOC as exercise duration increases. The existence of these relationships with resistance exercise at this stage remains unclear because of the limited number of studies and problems with quantification of work intensity for this type of exercise. Although the more recent studies do not support the extended EPOC durations reported by some of the pioneering investigators, it is now apparent that a prolonged EPOC (3-24 h) may result from an appropriate exercise stimulus (submaximal: >or=50 min at >or=70% VO2max; supramaximal: >or=6 min at >or=105% VO2max). However, even those studies incorporating exercise stimuli resulting in prolonged EPOC durations have identified that the EPOC comprises only 6-15% of the net total oxygen cost of the exercise. But this figure may need to be increased when studies utilizing intermittent work bouts are designed to allow the determination of rest interval EPOCs, which should logically contribute to the EPOC determined following the cessation of the last work bout. Notwithstanding the aforementioned, the earlier research optimism regarding an important role for the EPOC in weight loss is generally unfounded. This is further reinforced by acknowledging that the exercise stimuli required to promote a prolonged EPOC are unlikely to be tolerated by non-athletic individuals. The role of exercise in the maintenance of body mass is therefore predominantly mediated via the cumulative effect of the energy expenditure during the actual exercise.     

高校女篮运动员经期运动能力的变化

通过对高校女篮运动员在月经周期不同时相中专项身体素质，基本技术指标及生理、生化指标进行测试，了解其运动能力与月经周期的关系及运动能力在月经周期各时相中的变化规律及特征。结果显示：运动员速度、专项速度耐力、力量、协调性及最大吸氧量在其月经周期黄体期显强于其它时相，弹跳力则在各时相内无明显变化。     

古巴女排长盛不衰的隐性因素分析

阐述了古巴国家的特殊社会体制与排球环境，分析了其后备队伍的选拔与培养途径。论述了教练员对排球运动的高深认识与科学训练，从而揭示了古巴女排长盛不衰的非竞技因素以及对中国排球运动的借鉴意义。     

Intraseason changes in the body composition of collegiate female gymnasts

Body composition measures were collected pre‐, mid‐ and post‐season on a team of eight national‐calibre collegiate women gymnasts to examine intraseason changes. Also analysed were interseason changes using pre‐ and post‐season data on five of the eight subjects during the current and previous year, according to a 2 x 2 (years x tests) analysis of variance repeated‐measures design. Skinfold, circumference and diameter measures were collected with percentage body fat, lean body mass and body density determined by regression equations developed specifically for collegiate female gymnasts.

Intraseason body weight decreased significantly from pre‐ to mid‐season (x = 55.0 and 53.6 kg respectively); but the difference between mid‐ and post‐season (53.9 kg) values was not significant (P>0.05). The majority of the 1.4 kg weight loss occurred during intense pre‐season conditioning and not during the actual season. Percentage body fat, on the other hand, decreased significantly from pre‐to mid‐season and mid‐ to post‐season (x = 21.4%, 17.4% and 13.45% respectively; P<0.0005). Body density increased significantly from pre‐ to mid‐season and mid‐ to post‐season (x = 1.0476, 1.0584 and 1.0681 respectively; P<0.0005). Of the circumference and skinfold values used in calculating percentage body fat and body density, only the skinfold values displayed significant decreases throughout the season.

Interseason analyses revealed no significant changes in any of the dependent measures between seasons, despite consistent trends. There were no significant years x tests interactions and all intraseason changes for two seasons (n = 5) were the same as those found in more detailed analysis of a single season (n = 8) except in the case of weight loss, which was marginally significant (P < 0.046) in the single‐season and not in the dual‐season analysis (P>0.05).

Body composition of these gymnasts changed in many ways within competitive seasons. The most pronounced changes observed were decreases in subcutaneous fat and increases in body density. This study reinforces the need for administrators, coaches and athletes to be concerned with percentage body fat and skinfold measures rather than weight alone when determining if a person is ‘fat’.     

武术、体操女运动员最大有氧工作能力的预测

为准确预测运动员的最大吸氧量,本文对武术、体操女运动员定量工作时的心率、氧脉搏、肺通气量等生理指标,通过计算机分析处理,选择其中较显著的因素建立了三个最优逐步回归方程。通过验证,其预测结果能准确反映运动员的身体工作能力。