论武术学科理论体系框架的构建

武术学科理论体系,是由武术和相关学科相互渗透而形成的若干相互联系、相互制约的知识层面所组成的系统化的理论体系。其研究对象包括武术和从事武术锻炼的人;其研究方法是注重整体思维、注重和谐、注重技击特点和辩证的现代科学综合研究方法。该体系分为武术的中国哲学和社会科学基础;武术的生物学和其它学科基础两大分支。     

The influence of red on perceptions of relative dominance and threat in a competitive context

Recent research has revealed that a person or team wearing red is more likely to win a physical contest than a person or team wearing another color. In the present research, we examined whether red influences perceptions of relative dominance and threat in an imagined same-sex competitive context, and did so attending to the distinction between wearing red oneself and viewing red on an opponent. Results revealed a bidirectional effect: wearing red enhanced perceptions of one's relative dominance and threat, and viewing an opponent in red enhanced perceptions of the opponent's relative dominance and threat. These effects were observed across sex, and participants seemed unaware of the influence of red on their responses. Our findings lead to practical suggestions regarding the use of colored attire in sport contexts, and add to an emerging, provocative literature indicating that red has a subtle but important influence on psychological functioning.     

A biomechanical approach to evaluate overload and specificity characteristics within physical preparation exercises

ABSTRACT

An essential component of any physical preparation programme is the selection of training exercises to facilitate desired performance outcomes, with practitioners balancing the principles of sports training to inform exercise selection. This study aimed to advance biomechanical understanding of the principles of overload and specificity within exercise selection, utilising novel joint kinetic and intra-limb joint coordination analyses. Three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data were obtained from six male sprinters (100 m PB, 10.64–11.00) performing block starts (competitive motor task) and seven training exercises that encompassed traditionally viewed general and more specific exercises. Results highlighted the challenging nature of exercise selection, with all exercises demonstrating capacity to overload relevant joint kinetic features of the block start. In addition, all exercises were able to promote the emergence of proximal and in-phase extension joint coordination patterns linked with block start execution, although traditionally viewed non-specific exercises elicited greater overall coordination similarity. The current research helps advance biomechanical understanding of overload and specificity within exercise selection, by demonstrating how exercise selection should not solely be based on perceived replication of a competitive motor task. Instead, practitioners must consider how the musculoskeletal determinants of performance are overloaded, in addition to promoting task specific coordination patterns.     

三种强度运动对脑电地形图影响的比较研究

采用实验研究方法，对体育系男学生(20名)在安静状态、小于通气阈强度、通气阈强度、大于通气阈强度负荷后即刻1min的脑电变化进行测试。结论：通气阈强度运动在一定程度上对大脑皮质产生影响，增进了大脑细胞新陈代谢强度，可改善大脑皮质神经元代谢能力，使其产生复杂的生理效应和训练效应，对脑皮层神经细胞工作能力的改善和提高很显著；大于通气阈强度运动后易使中枢神经细胞产生疲劳。     

How much,how often,how well? Adherence to a neuromuscular training warm-up injury prevention program in youth basketball

ABSTRACT

Adherence is a key implementation outcome that determines the effectiveness of an intervention. This study, an observational design involving coaches and players from 33 high school basketball teams, evaluated the dimensions of adherence to a basketball-specific neuromuscular training (NMT) warm-up program in youth basketball. Coach adherence (daily report of team adherence) was collected prospectively. Adherence measures: cumulative utilization (proportion of total sessions possible), utilization fidelity (average # of exercises completed per NMT session), utilization frequency (average # of NMT sessions completed per week) were calculated and further evaluated for optimal adherence (≥80%, ≥10.4 exercises/session and ≥2 sessions/week, respectively) per coach. Additionally, exercise fidelity (proportion of players performing individual exercises correctly) was assessed. Coach (n = 31; 27–59 years) median cumulative utilization was 80%, utilization fidelity was 12 (of a possible 13 exercises per session) and utilization frequency was 2.3 sessions per week. Optimal adherence ranged from 52% to 71% across measures of adherence. Player exercise fidelity was 48%. Time constraint (47%) was the most frequently reported adherence barrier. While coach adherence to the NMT warm-up program was reasonably high across measures of adherence, a considerable proportion of coaches did not attain optimal adherence levels and player exercise fidelity was low.     

基于小世界网络分析的小球类专项学生运动员脑网络可塑性变化研究

目的:基于小世界分析方法,探测小球类专项学生运动员大脑的结构网络及功能网络的可塑性变化。方法:收集小球类专项学生运动员和与之匹配的普通被试作为对照组,采集静息态,3DT1及DTI磁共振数据。首先根据DTI纤维追踪结果构建结构网络,根据功能连接构建功能网络。进一步计算不同稀疏度下的结构及功能网络的网络属性。结果:通过计算其网络属性发现,小球类专项学生运动员与普通被试的结构及功能网络都具有小世界特性。小球类专项学生运动员组的结构网络及功能网络的聚类系数和局部效率比对照组高,在部分稀疏度下存在明显差异。其中,结构和功能网络的全局聚类系数显著相关。结论:小球类专项学生运动员大脑的结构网络及功能网络的聚类系数和局部效率比普通被试高,且结构和功能网络的全局聚类系数显著协变,说明小球类专项学生运动员的脑连接比普通被试多,脑区之间通信更加迅速有效,信息容错能力更强,且小球类专项学生运动员的脑结构、功能网络具有一致的可塑性变化。     

Caffeine and resistance exercise: the effects of two caffeine doses and the influence of individual perception of caffeine

Abstract

Although caffeine is a widely used ergogenic resource, some information regarding its effects on resistance exercises is still lacking. The objective of the present study was to verify the acute effect of the ingestion of two different doses of caffeine on performance during a session of resistance exercises and to analyze the perception of the subjects in relation to the intake of caffeine. Following a double-blind, randomised, cross-over, controlled, and non-placebo design, 14 trained and healthy men (24.7?±?6.8 years; 79.8?±?9.8?kg; 177.3?±?8.5?cm) performed a training session in chest-press, shoulder-press, and biceps curl exercises (3 sets until exhaustion; 70% 1RM; 3 min rest interval; 2?s for each concentric and eccentric phase) on three non-consecutive days after ingestion of 3?mg.kg^?1 caffeine (CAF3), 6?mg.kg^?1 caffeine (CAF6), or no substance (CON). Subjects were informed that one of the caffeine doses would be placebo. The total number of repetitions performed in CON (93.6?±?22.4) was significantly lower than in CAF3 (108.0?±?19.9, P?=?0.02) and in CAF6 (109.3?±?19.8, P?=?0.03) and there were no differences between caffeine doses. Eight subjects noticed that caffeine was in CAF3 and six in CAF6 and there were no differences in the number of repetitions between sessions in which the subjects perceived and did not perceive caffeine. In conclusion, caffeine doses of 3 or 6?mg.kg^?1 similarly increased performance in resistance upper limb exercises, independent of the subject's perception of substance ingestion.     

Pediatric Obesity and Perceived Exertion: Difference Between Weight-Bearing and Non-Weight-Bearing Exercises Performed at Different Intensities

Excess body weight composes an important limitation to exercise in obese youth. The aim of this study was to compare the perceived exertion of obese adolescents between weight-bearing (WB; running) and non-weight-Bearing (NWB; cycling) exercises performed at moderate (55%VO_2max) and high (75%VO_2max) intensities. Twenty-four obese adolescents were recruited. After assessment of their body composition and physical capacities, they had to complete four isoenergetic exercise sessions: (1) a cycling session performed at 55% of their maximal capacities (NWB-55%); (2) a cycling session set at 75% (NWB-75%); (3) a running session at 55% (WB-55%); and (4) a running session at 75% (WB-75%). Perceived exertion was assessed using a visual scale at regular interval. While no significant difference between WB and NWB modalities was observed, the adolescents expressed a significantly lower rate of perceived exertion (RPE) during exercises at 55%VO_2max (P < 0.0001). An intensity × modality interaction revealed that RPE was lower at 75% VO_2max during NWB exercises (P < 0.05). While obese adolescents expressed lower RPE during exercise at moderate intensity whatever its modality, low level of perceived exertion has been observed during high-intensity exercises and especially during NWB. High-intensity exercise appears well tolerated in adolescents when their body weight is supported.     

Improving the TAMI for use with athletes

Abstract

Athletes have been shown to have greater movement imagery abilities than non-athletes. However, since these differences were observed using questionnaires where participants subjectively judged the vividness of performing imagined movements, it is possible that responses could be biased by other factors such as social desirability. One possible solution is to use an objective test, such as the Test of Ability in Movement Imagery (TAMI; Madan, C. R., & Singhal, A. (2013). Introducing TAMI: An objective test of ability in movement imagery. Journal of Motor Behavior, 45, 153–166.). Unfortunately, young adults perform relatively well on the TAMI, leaving little room for statistical sensitivity in observing higher scores. Here we propose an alternate scoring method for the TAMI that resolves this limitation by weighing items according to their difficulty. We apply this scoring method to existing data and show that this improves the TAMI’s selectivity to measuring ability in movement imagery, rather than related imagery processes. Thus, we have successfully improved the TAMI to be more suited for use with athletic populations.     

智障学生全脑型体育教学的实验研究

运用全脑型体育教学方法，对2所辅助学校学生进行了为期2年的实验研究，发现金脑型体育教学对发展智障学生的协调能力、提高肢体力量潜能、促进左右手反应速度、改善注意力和运动控制能力等方面具有显著作用。     

Changes in transverse relaxation time of quadriceps femoris muscles after active recovery exercises with different intensities

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in the metabolic state of quadriceps femoris muscles using transverse relaxation time (T2), measured by muscle functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, after inactive or active recovery exercises with different intensities following high-intensity knee-extension exercise. Eight healthy men performed recovery sessions with four different conditions for 20 min after high-intensity knee-extension exercise on separate days. During the recovery session, the participants conducted a light cycle exercise for 20 min using a cycle (50%, 70% and 100% of the lactate threshold (LT), respectively: active recovery), and inactive recovery. The MR images of quadriceps femoris muscles were taken before the trial and after the recovery session every 30 min for 120 min. The percentage changes in T2 for the rectus femoris and vastus medialis muscles after the recovery session in 50%LT and 70%LT were significantly lower than those in either inactive recovery or 100%LT. There were no significant differences in those for vastus lateralis and vastus intermedius muscles among the four trials. The percentage changes in T2 of rectus femoris and vastus medialis muscles after the recovery session in 50%LT and 70%LT decreased to the values before the trial faster than those in either inactive recovery or 100%LT. Those of vastus lateralis and vastus intermedius muscles after the recovery session in 50%LT and 70%LT decreased to the values before the trial faster than those in 100%LT. Although the changes in T2 after active recovery exercises were not uniform in exercised muscles, the results of this study suggest that active recovery exercise with the intensities below LT are more effective to recover the metabolic state of quadriceps femoris muscles after intense exercise than with either intensity at LT or inactive recovery.     

大学女生贫血现象与有氧运动的康复研究

女大学生入学时贫血发生率较高,严重地影响其身体健康及机体对运动的承受能力。笔者通过抽样调查与研究表明,贫血女生中大部分属功能性贫血,通过以有氧运动为主的体育锻炼,且运动方式得当,即可改善其身体机能。     

大众艺术健身操的创编及科学性的实验与研究

采用文献资料法、问卷调查法和实验法 ,对 30 0余名参加四套大众艺术健身操的练习者进行全面的调查、测试和实验。结果表明 :它符合中国人的体质和审美情趣 ,适合不同人群的需求 ,能达到全面增强体质 ,重点减脂、雕塑形体的目的 ,得到广大健身者的认同。     

城市妇女参加体育锻炼的社会支持的心理动因

依据社会支持理论，分析了妇女参加体育锻炼时所寻求社会支持源的结构和功能状况。结果表明：妇女参加体育锻炼寻求的社会支持的结构和功能存在差异，她们主要从家庭、朋友同事和邻里中获得归属感和情感的支持，而从政策、社区中获得的条件和信息支持较少。妇女的个性特征、文化水平及体育锻炼的经验对其社会支持系统产生一定的影响。     

2002年中、日、韩、澳国际女篮对抗赛技战术特点分析

以参加2002年国际女篮对抗赛的4支队伍作为研究对象，采用资料统计、观摩训练课、现场观察、数据统计与归纳推理等研究方法。对中国、日本、韩国、澳大利亚4支国家队进行研究和对比分析。提出观点和建议，从而为提高和改进训练水平提供依据。     

“六段运动”对提高人体心肺功能和有氧能力效果的观察

对１４名中年女性受试者坚持两个月（每天１５ｍｉｎ）六段运动锻炼前后心肺机能和有氧能力进行了测试。结果显示，经两个月锻炼后，受试者肺活量及其指数较锻炼前增大，ＰＷＣ１３０和氧脉搏提高，表明六段运动锻炼对受试者整体心血管机能能力和呼吸机能有着良好的影响     

医务工作者体育锻炼特征的社会学分析

以湖南、广东两省各级各类医院的医务工作者为研究对象,研究其体育锻炼的特征,结果显示:医务工作者体育锻炼情况与其对体育认知度、文化层次、知识结构、收入水平等明显背离,体育人口比例仅为12.5%;他们在主观上更多的将不能坚持体育锻炼归因于精神压力大、累、工作忙等因素;客观上不规律的作息,场地、器材的短缺使他们的体育锻炼难以形成动力定型;他们更多的将食补、睡眠作为消除疲劳、促进健康的主要手段.     

南京市残疾人群众性体育开展现状及影响因素的调查分析

运用问卷对南京市238名普通残疾人和98名管理干部进行调查,目的是了解残疾人群众体育开展现状及影响因素.结果表明:残疾人体育人口远低于健全人体育人口比例;参加体育锻炼的组织形式以个人或家庭为主;锻炼方式主要是步行、在社区健身路径或健身点锻炼、在家做简单运动等;体育锻炼的场所主要集中于家中、社区健身路径或健身点、马路空地和公园、公共绿地或广场.影响残疾人参加体育锻炼的因素较多,残疾人和管理者对于残疾人参加体育锻炼影响因素的认识不完全相同.     

辅酶NADH对运动疲劳小鼠心肌细胞损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨辅酶还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NADH)对运动疲劳所致小鼠心肌细胞损伤的保护作用及机制.方法:选取32只雄性昆明小鼠,随机分成4组:对照组、运动疲劳组、NADH正常对照处理组和运动疲劳NADH预处理组.采用反复力竭递增负荷跑台运动建立小鼠运动疲劳模型;分组处理后测定心肌组织超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量;Rodamine123荧光染色后流式细胞仪检测细胞内线粒体膜电位的变化;Annexin Ⅴ/PI双染流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率和坏死率.结果:NADH预处理组心肌组织超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量较运动损伤组明显改善,细胞内线粒体膜电位增高,细胞凋亡率和坏死率降低.结论:NADH可减少运动疲劳所致氧化应激引起的心肌细胞损伤,可通过提高细胞线粒体功能起到保护的作用.