体育锻炼心理学研究综述

体育锻炼心理学是一个新兴的研究领域,本文通过对此领域中主要研究文献的回顾和分析,具体讨论了体育锻炼心理学的内涵,影响体育锻炼行为的心理因素,体育锻炼的心理健康效益,体育锻炼产生心理健康效益的可能机制以及未来的发展趋势等问题。     

试析奥运会金牌榜与综合国力关系

对研究奥运会金牌榜(或奖牌榜)排序与综合国力的关系，选取世界上综合国力强的国家为研究对象，通过奥运会奖牌；累计与综合国力的对比分析可知，奥运会金牌榜在一定程度上可反映综合国力的强弱。金牌榜排序与综合国力要素诸要素的排序中，与国防力的排序最为接近。     

The Preference for and Tolerance of the Intensity of Exercise Questionnaire: A psychometric evaluation among college women

Abstract

Individuals differ in the intensity of exercise that they prefer and the intensity that they can tolerate. We examined the psychometric properties of the Preference for and Tolerance of the Intensity of Exercise Questionnaire (PRETIE-Q; Ekkekakis, Hall, & Petruzzello, 2005: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 27, 350 – 374). A sample of 601 college women (mean age 20 years) completed the PRETIE-Q and the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire. Both the Preference and the Tolerance scale were internally consistent (alpha coefficients of 0.89 and 0.86, respectively), with all items making positive contributions. A confirmatory factor analysis showed that model fit was reasonable. Both Preference and Tolerance were related to the frequency of participation in strenuous exercise and the total leisure-time exercise score. The PRETIE-Q appears to be an internally consistent and structurally valid measure, with a broad range of possible applications in exercise science.     

Where are all the female participants in Sports and Exercise Medicine research?

Abstract

The aim of this study is to estimate the ratio of male and female participants in Sports and Exercise Medicine research. Original research articles published in three major Sports and Exercise Medicine journals (Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, British Journal of Sports Medicine and American Journal of Sports Medicine) over a three-year period were examined. Each article was screened to determine the following: total number of participants, the number of female participants and the number of male participants. The percentage of females and males per article in each of the journals was also calculated. Cross tabulations and Chi-square analysis were used to compare the gender representation of participants within each of the journals. Data were extracted from 1382 articles involving a total of 6,076,580 participants. A total of 2,366,968 (39%) participants were female and 3,709,612 (61%) were male. The average percentage of female participants per article across the journals ranged from 35% to 37%. Females were significantly under-represented across all of the journals (χ² = 23,566, df = 2, p < 0.00001). In conclusion, Sports and Exercise Medicine practitioners should be cognisant of sexual dimorphism and gender disparity in the current literature.     

中国夏季奥运会金牌榜走向和项目分布特点研究

运用文献资料调研、数理统计、归纳等方法,对中国第23—29届夏季奥运会金牌榜的走向以及金牌项目的分布特点进行了研究分析。结果表明,中国夏季奥运会金牌榜项目的构成呈"倒金字塔型",整体特征是:传统优势项目继续领航金牌榜,潜优势项目突破,弱势项目依然呈低迷状态。整体上金牌榜的走向呈递增趋势。夏季奥运不同项群的金牌项目的区域分布的"核心阵营"主要集中在广东、湖南、湖北、浙江、江苏、北京、辽宁、上海、山东9个地区,金牌榜的总贡献率达到了69.33%。金牌项目的区域分布存在非常显著性差异(P(0.01),东中西三大地带上表现出明显的三级梯度特征,即自西向东金牌贡献率的排序依次为西部(7.84%)(中部(24.69%)(东部(67.47%)。同时,获得夏季奥运金牌项目的男女运动员比重开始逐渐中和,"阴盛阳衰"的局面逐渐扭转。     

But what do the numbers really tell us? Arbitrary metrics and effect size reporting in sport psychology research

Many of the measurements used in sport psychology research are arbitrary metrics, and researchers often cannot make the jump from scores on paper-and-pencil tests to what those scores actually mean in terms of real-world behaviors. Effect sizes for behavioral data are often interpretable, but the meaning of a small, medium, or large effect for an arbitrary metric is elusive. We reviewed all the issues in the 2005 volumes of the Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, The Sport Psychologist, and the Journal of Applied Sport Psychology to determine whether the arbitrary metrics used in sport psychology research were interpreted, or calibrated, against real-world variables. Of the 54 studies that used quantitative methods, 25 reported only paper-and-pencil arbitrary metrics with no connections to behavior or other real-world variables. Also, 44 of the 54 studies reported effect sizes, but only 7 studies, using both arbitrary and behavioral metrics, had calculated effect indicators and interpreted them in terms of real-world meaning.     

对我国男子摔跤训练工作若干问题的探讨

运用文献资料法和经验总结法,对我国男子摔跤训练工作若干问题进行了研究。研究认为,为了提高我国男子摔跤队的训练水平,达到夺得奥运会金牌目标,必须加强国家队的制度建设,保障训练工作顺利实施;全面客观分析找出差距,找准突破口和对策;深入研究摔跤制胜规律,改革创新训练思想;突出关键专项素质训练,重视恢复有效预防损伤。     

1993 年国际运动心理学发展动态评述

以《国际运动心理学杂志》、《运动心理学家》和《运动与锻炼心理学杂志》三个权威性刊物１９９３年发表的论文为依据，评述了当前国际运动心理学的发展动态，探讨了对中国运动心理学发展的启示，指出：国际运动心理学研究主题的特点是对方法学问题和动机问题的高度重视以及对个性研究的冷落；研究方法的特点是实验与问卷访谈并重，在实验中，以现场实验为主；中国运动心理学应特别注意研究中的理论导向问题。     

The revoking and returning of Jim Thorpe’s Olympics awards: 70 years of Native-American sports protest?

Abstract

James Francis Thorpe became the first Native American to win a gold medal for the United States… and the first person in history to be disqualified for professionalism. Considered one of the most versatile athletes of modern sports, he won Olympic gold medals in the 1912 pentathlon and decathlon. He lost his Olympic titles after an investigation by the Amateur Athletic Union showed that he had played semiprofessional baseball in 1909 and 1910, before competing in the Olympics. In 1983, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) restored his Olympic medals. The seven decades that it took for the restoration of Thorpe’s medals were marked by a protean form of protest, drawing on the image of Thorpe as victor, victim, stereotype and symbol. Despite the rehabilitation of Thorpe, he remains in the eyes of Native Americans a powerful symbol of the humiliation of Native American peoples.     

The Preference for and Tolerance of the Intensity of Exercise Questionnaire: a psychometric evaluation among college women

Individuals differ in the intensity of exercise that they prefer and the intensity that they can tolerate. We examined the psychometric properties of the Preference for and Tolerance of the Intensity of Exercise Questionnaire (PRETIE-Q; Ekkekakis, Hall, & Petruzzello, 2005: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 27, 350 - 374). A sample of 601 college women (mean age 20 years) completed the PRETIE-Q and the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire. Both the Preference and the Tolerance scale were internally consistent (alpha coefficients of 0.89 and 0.86, respectively), with all items making positive contributions. A confirmatory factor analysis showed that model fit was reasonable. Both Preference and Tolerance were related to the frequency of participation in strenuous exercise and the total leisure-time exercise score. The PRETIE-Q appears to be an internally consistent and structurally valid measure, with a broad range of possible applications in exercise science.     

The Composition and Geography of Bulgarian Olympic Medals, 1952–2016

Abstract

Bulgaria was one of the leading sport nations of the second half of the twentieth century; however, the Bulgarian national anthem has not been played at Olympic Games since 2008. In the current article, historical records on planning are compared to the results of athletes to determine the factors behind the remarkable rise and decline of Bulgarian sport during the last six decades. Historical geographical information systems (GISs) are used to analyze the spatial distribution of Olympic medals in each of the successfully developed sports. The data reveal that often the central Bulgarian planners failed to achieve the goals set in the ambitious programme of the totalitarian communist state. In spite of the efforts for diversification, Bulgaria’s success came from only seven sports mainly: less than any other of the leading sport nations during the 1970s and the 1980s. At the same time, the victories of Bulgarian athletes had little impact on the sport activity of the common Bulgarian.     

从十运会看我国田径项目地域发展态势

采用文献资料法、数理统计法,对十运会田径比赛1￣8名成绩、奖牌和项目地域分布情况进行统计,客观地分析了各代表团男、女各单项优势项目地域分布特征,结果表明:我国田径项目地域发展不平衡;短跨项目取得全面突破;长距离耐力项目处于世界高水平行列。     

将竞技体育纳入综合国力要素初探

鉴于竞技体育的不断发展及其国际影响力的增加，奥运会奖牌榜在一定程度上可反映国家综合国力的强弱，通过对竞技体育特点的分析，竞技体育完全符合综合国力构成要素的四个条件，其成为构成综合国力要素的时机逐渐成熟，建议将竞技体育纳入综合国力要素。     

Competitive balance trends in elite table tennis: the Olympic Games and World Championships 1988-2016

ABSTRACT

Competitive balance is important because it enhances outcome uncertainty and therefore it promotes spectator interest, and encourages government investment in a sport. This article analyses the distribution of gold medals, medals, medal points and top eight points amongst nations in table tennis from 1988 to 2016 at the Olympic Games and the World Championships respectively. A normalised version of the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index and a coefficient of variation are calculated for each nation’s share of these performance indicators. The key findings are that China dominates both events, with successful female players being more dominant than their male counterparts. The competitive balance for gold medals has declined, whilst there is a trend towards improved competitive balance for top eight points for women, suggesting that more teams are featuring in the top eight (but not necessarily the top three) placings. This research has implications for the development of table tennis competitions. Compared to other racket sports, the issue of competitive imbalance in table tennis is particularly thorny, which threatens the long-term development of this sport. Accordingly, some measures are recommended for the International Olympic Committee and the International Table Tennis Federation to propel a more balanced development of international table tennis.     

国家软实力视野下体育价值的重塑

改革开放以来,我国综合实力不断增强。就体育而言,从19 8 4年洛衫矶奥运会夺取第一枚金牌到2008年北京奥运会获得金牌总数第一,中国竞技体育的崛起也已举世瞩目。中国的崛起不仅仅以发展速度来衡量,也包括意识形态、价值观念、社会制度等＂软实力＂。体育同样需要为了民族大众的体质健康水平来超越思想认识,提高其精与神,这是体育文化素养和内涵中＂软实力＂的具体表现。     

伦敦奥运会中国队奖牌数和排名预测

为了预测伦敦奥运会中国队奖牌数及其排名,从历届奥运会奖牌数据中,选取对奥运会趋势预测有代表性的数据,用计量经济、时间序列分析等方法,在理论意义、统计检验、计量检验通过的条件下,对奥运会体育强国奖牌数进行趋势预测。结果显示:预测伦敦奥运会中国队将取得46金16银37铜,合计99块奖牌,金牌数保持第1,奖牌数至少是第2名,并对中国队参赛提出一些建议,并说明预测方法应用的条件。     

对我国“奥运争光计划”的多维审视

运用文献资料和比较研究等方法,对我国两期“奥运争光计划”的出台动因、目标措施、历史功绩和存在问题进行了分析和解读。“奥运争光计划”的历史功绩主要表现在保持了我国竞技体育在奥运会上的成绩持续增长、促进了我国竞技体育项目的发展、为将社会公益金注入竞技体育发展提供了较充分的理由、增强了国民的民族认同感4个方面。“奥运争光计划”在颁布和实施过程中也助长了“奥运战略”向“金牌战略”的蜕变,催生了竞技体育发展中狭隘的“金牌主义”,阻碍了竞技体育自身“造血”机制的形成。从发挥竞技体育本身应有的社会价值来说,“奥运争光计划”在实施中还需要新思路,即坚定不移地走社会化发展之路,让俱乐部为国家队工作。     

实力展望与备战启示:基于2020年东京奥运周期中日竞技实力分析

运用文献资料、比较分析、逻辑分析等方法,对2020年东京奥运周期中日两国参加世界大赛奥运项目竞赛成绩进行统计,分析东京奥运周期内两国竞技实力,展望东京奥运会两国金牌数目并提出我国备战启示。结果显示:东京奥运周期内中国和日本金、奖牌数量相比里约奥运会均有所增长,两国竞技实力差距先快速缩小后逐渐扩大;中国金牌、奖牌项目分布面较日本更广,中日两国除了重点夺金、夺牌项目以外,其他项目争夺点都较少且实力不稳定;东京奥运会中国可能获得34±5枚金牌,日本可能获得25±5枚金牌;我国备战东京奥运会要坚持改革创新备战、系统保障备战、科技助力备战、聚焦全球备战,促进备战工作由单一化向多元化发展,由个体服务向综合保障发展,由科技服务向科创动力发展,由国内备战向全球备战发展。     

北京奥运会的仪式学解读

北京奥运会是一种历史记忆,还是一种具有永恒现代性指意的仪式,其呈现出来的宏大的叙事性压倒了中国人对奥运会赛事内涵的记忆,从而形成了中国历史进程的文化纪念碑。北京奥运会是中国的国家秩序变更后催生出来的仪式化产物,它还是一种对中国固有仪式的升华形态。中国体育代表团在2008年的北京奥运会中取得了51枚金牌是由于举国体制的制度支撑,北京奥运会就此得以升华为一种中国内产式国家仪式。奥运会还是一种身体展示度极强的仪式活动,具有很强的表演性,北京奥运会也成为中国人寻找与西方社会和解的突围点。北京奥运会缔造出来的强大的超仪式的视听镜像提升了中国人的民族自信力,在更高的意义上重塑了国民形象。