The relationship between developmental experiences and mental toughness in adolescent cricketers

The present study investigated the contribution of positive and negative youth sport experiences (i.e., processes or experiences that occur in a particular activity or setting) to self-reported mental toughness among youth-aged cricketers. A sample of 308 male cricketers aged between 13 and 18 years self-reported mental toughness using the Cricket Mental Toughness Inventory (CMTI; Gucciardi & Gordon, 2009), with 187 of these cricketers also documenting their exposure to a variety of positive and negative developmental experiences. Confirmatory factor and internal reliability analyses supported the hypothesized mental toughness measurement model. Structural equation modeling analyses indicated that a variety of developmental experiences were related to various mental toughness components, with initiative experiences evidencing the strongest overall relationship with mental toughness followed by negative peer influences. The number of years playing experience and hours per week training evidenced largely insignificant relationships with the exception of desire to achieve and attentional control components of mental toughness, as well as its global factor. Collectively, these findings lend support for the validity of the CMTI as a valid measure among adolescent cricketers, and highlight the importance of initiative and interpersonal experiences for mental toughness in cricket.     

体育锻炼与中学生的心理发展研究

以中学生为研究对象,分析了体育锻炼与人格特征、运动兴趣、坚持性以及心理健康之间的关系.结果表明:①中学生的人格特征总体表现为外倾而情绪稳定,心理健康处于良好状态,城乡学生间存在显著的心理健康差异;②学生参加运动锻炼的重要目的是增强体质和满足心理需求,锻炼的兴趣主要受方法和自身素质的制约;③运动锻炼与外倾和稳定性人格特征密切相关,知觉能力强和运动水平高的学生有着较好的心理健康状况,体育锻炼与心理健康之间存在着较强的互动关系.     

上海市成年居民体育活动运动量与某些心理因素关系的研究

通过对720名26～55岁的上海市居民的调查研究,发现上海市居民体育活动的运动量偏少;同时发现,在原有不良心理症状的居民中间,通过一段时间的体育活动,有的居民症状有所缓解,有的居民没有缓解,而有缓解居民的运动量显著高于无缓解者：还发现运动量大的居民更能从体育锻炼中获得愉快感。     

独生子女的行为和性格特点与体育后备人才的关系

独生子女与体育后备人才的关系是独生子女与体育关系研究中的一个最基本的方面。以分析独生子女的行为和性格特点为研究的切入点,从3个方面探讨了独生子女与体育后备人才的关系,对科学地选拔优秀的体育后备人才具有重要的现实意义。     

The development and maintenance of mental toughness: perceptions of elite performers

Seven participants from a previous study (Jones, Hanton, & Connaughton, 2002) agreed to be interviewed about the development of mental toughness. We also aimed to determine whether mental toughness requires maintenance. Semistructured interviews were conducted to elicit the participants' perceptions of how mental toughness is cultivated and retained. Findings indicated that the development of mental toughness is a long-term process that encompasses a multitude of underlying mechanisms that operate in a combined, rather than independent, fashion. In general, these perceived underlying mechanisms related to many features associated with a motivational climate (e.g. enjoyment, mastery), various individuals (i.e. coaches, peers, parents, grandparents, siblings, senior athletes, sport psychologists, team-mates), experiences in and outside sport, psychological skills and strategies, and an insatiable desire and internalized motives to succeed. It was also reported that once mental toughness had been developed, three perceived underlying mechanisms were required to maintain this construct: a desire and motivation to succeed that was insatiable and internalized, a support network that included sporting and non-sporting personnel, and effective use of basic and advanced psychological skills. Practical implications and future avenues of research are discussed.     

教练员与运动员之间和谐个性关系形成的实验研究

运动员与教练员之间的和谐个性关系是贯彻和谐理念、创造和谐运动队和取得优良成绩的基础和保证。为探讨影响教练员-运动员和教练员-运动队之间关系的因素,采用尤.尔.哈宁及阿.伏.斯塔姆布洛夫研制的"教练员-运动员TC-1标度表"对5支马术运动队的6名教练员和31名运动员之间的个性关系进行了评定分析和跟踪实验研究。实验结果表明,教练员与运动员之间和谐的个性关系可以直接在运动队参加重大比赛的结束阶段形成,实际关系与所期望关系的符合程度以及这些关系促进训练和比赛活动的奏效程度,是评定教练员与运动员和谐个性关系的标准。     

Advancing mental toughness research and theory using personal construct psychology

This review is designed to advance current conceptualizations of mental toughness in sport as well as identify avenues for future research by offering a fresh perspective using Kelly's (1955/1991) personal construct psychology (PCP). After reviewing sport-general and sport-specific research contributing to current perspectives on mental toughness, we highlight the need for theoretically driven research in the area. Following this, we provide an overview PCP and offer a conceptual model grounded in PCP which attempts to organize the knowledge base as well as provide a platform for future research. In integrating previous research with PCP, we propose a construct definition in which the multidimensional nature of mental toughness, its usefulness for dealing with and thriving through both positively and negatively construed situations, and the processes by which this occurs are highlighted. Specifically, mental toughness is defined as a collection of values, attitudes, emotions, and cognitions that influence the way in which an individual approaches, responds to, and appraises demanding events to consistently achieve his or her goals. To conclude, methodological and conceptual limitations associated with previous research are examined and the PCP model of mental toughness presented here is employed to identify avenues for future research.     

论体育教育与创新教育的关联性

创新教育是教育功能的重新定位，是教育革新和教育发展的价值追求。创新教育的核心是开拓人的潜在的能动性，培养创新型的人格。体育教育与创新教育的根本结合点就是体育活动通过它所具有的社会环境和特有的功能，通过教育的过程来培养人的创新个性，开发人的创新智能。     

大学生篮球运动与健康人格关系解读

本文理顺了体育与健康、健康与人格、大学生培养与人格、大学教育与体育、高校篮球运动与体育、高校篮球运动与体育人格、高校篮球运动与人格之间关系,大学生篮球运动能促进健康人格发展.     

Sport commitment and participation in masters swimmers: The influence of coach and teammates

Abstract

This study investigated how coach and teammates influence masters athletes' sport commitment, and the effect of functional and obligatory commitments on participation in masters swimming. The sample consisted of 523 masters swimmers (330 males and 193 females) aged between 22 and 83 years (M = 39.00, SD = 10.42). A bi-dimensional commitment scale was used to measure commitment dimensions and perceived influence from social agents. Structural equation modelling analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence of social agents on functional and obligatory commitments, and the predictive capabilities of the two types of commitment towards sport participation. Support provided by coach and teammates increased functional commitment, constraints from these social agents determined higher obligatory commitment, and coach constraints negatively impacted functional commitment. In addition, both commitment types predicted training participation, with functional commitment increasing participation in team training sessions, and obligatory commitment increasing the hours of individual training. The findings suggest that in order to increase participation in masters swimming teams and reduce non-supervised training, coach and teammates should exhibit a supportive attitude and avoid over expectation.     

运动减肥与肉碱的关系

分析脂肪代谢的全过程，认为肉碱是脂肪酸β氧化的底物，长链脂肪转运进入线粒体的载体，进而阐述了肉碱可用于减肥以及肉碱与运动能力的重要关系。     

多巴胺与运动能力的关系

多巴胺主要生理功能是调节躯体运动、神经活动等。脑中的多巴胺合成和分解与运动能力有密切的关系,其含量的增加可以提高运动能力,尤其是耐力运动能力,多巴胺还可以通过调节其他激素以及影响心血管来影响运动能力;多巴胺也与运动性中枢疲劳有联系;多巴胺合成和分泌异常与帕金森综合征并伴有迟发型运动障碍有关。本文对多巴胺与运动能力之间的关系做一综述。     

体育锻炼与大学生心理健康关系的实验研究

实验组大学生参加了为期6周每天1h的体育锻炼，采用简式心境状态剖面图(POMS)作为评价工具，试图考察体育锻炼的心理健康效应。结果表明，在紧张、愤怒、疲劳、抑郁、慌乱5个分量表及消极情绪纷乱总分上，均与对照组大学生有显著差异，实验组大学生的心境状态优于对照组，表明体育锻炼具有良好的心理健康效应。     

The relationship between critical power and running performance

Critical power is a theoretical concept that presumes there is a certain work‐rate which may be maintained without exhaustion. The extent to which critical power predicts running performance over varying distances has not been determined, and so the aim of this study was to correlate measurements of critical power in the laboratory to running performances in the field at 40 m and 1, 10 and 21.1 km in a group of 17 male longdistance runners (mean ± s.d. age = 31.7 ± 7.3 years). Each subject ran to exhaustion on the treadmill in the laboratory at six different speeds, ranging from 17 to 25 km h^‐1. Least squares analyses were used to fit an exponential decay to the relationship between the running speed (y) versus time to exhaustion (x). Critical power was calculated as the running speed (y) coinciding with the asymptote or C parameter of the y = A‐e^(‐Bx) + C relationship. The VO₂ max was also measured in all subjects. For the data in the field, each subject was timed over 40 m and 1 km and participated in 10‐ and 21.1‐km races. The mean critical power of die subjects in this study was 18.5 ± 1.6 km h^‐1. The test‐retest correlation coefficient for the determination of critical power was r = 0.99. The mean VO₂ max, measured in a progressive exercise protocol starting at 13 km h^‐1 and increasing by 1 km h^‐1 every minute, was 59.2 ± 4.6 ml O₂ kg^‐1 min^‐1. The 40‐m times ranged from 5.57 to 6.95 s, the 1‐km times from 2:46 to 3:55 min:s, the 10‐km times from 30:43 to 42:02 min:s and the 21‐km times from 67:00 to 95:45 min:s. Critical power predicted running times over 1 km (r = ‐0.75, P< 0.001), 10 km (r = ‐ 0.85, P< 0.00001) and 21.1 km (r = ‐ 0.79, P< 0.001) in this heterogeneous group of runners. The correlation coefficients for VO₂ max and running performances were similar to the above at all distances. Even in the best relationship between critical power and the time taken to run 10 km, only 72% of the variation in the 10‐km running time could be accounted for by differences in critical power. While the test of critical power may be repeatable and correlate significantly with VO₂ max (r = 0.77, P< 0.001), the measurement lacks the degree of specificity required to predict running performance in trained subjects of varying ability.     

日本空手道与福建南拳的历史渊源

空手道,亦称空手术,是以赤手空拳,手脚并用,攻防结合,以“踢、打、撞”等各种技法攻击对方,用拳、掌、指、肘、膝、腿作各种攻击,充分体现搏斗的紧张激烈,又不拿任何器械从事自我防卫而又不伤害对方的一项技击术,至今已普及到全世界。日本空手     

成教学员的心理健康状况及人格特征分析

采用卡特尔16种人格因素量表对成教学员进行问卷调查，以了解成教学员心理健康水平不同的人格特征。由于成教学员来自社会的各个阶层，其心理状态和普通大学生有很大的不同，现实生活中的种种矛盾和压力会给他们带来心理上的各种困惑，学校加强心理学课程的教学力度和建立心理咨询机构是非常必要的。     

奥林匹克运动与政治的关系

奥林匹克运动作为当今世界规模最大的社会活动，与政治有着不解之缘。在中国申奥成功后，全面了解奥林匹克与政治的关系，正确认识奥林匹克与政治发生关系的背景和历史，深刻分析奥林匹克与政治关系的渊源和特征，科学引进并正确发挥奥林匹克的政治作用和功能，努力促进奥林匹克运动在中国的健康发展，既是现实需要，也具有理论创新意义。     

运动员篮球运动经验与运动时间特征关系的实验研究

运用生物力学解析技术，了解篮球运动经验丰富的优秀运动员和经验少的一般运动员进行技术特征的比较，从而求伍时间特征对篮球运动经验与能力的影响。结果证明，篮球运动经验并不是运动员智力因素的简单集合，实质是运动员对篮球比赛规律性认识和技能的掌握过程。比赛经验的丰富取决于运动员对比赛技术、战术规律的熟悉程度和掌握技能的精湛程度。     

体育教学中体育测量与评价的关系

从教育学的角度，探讨体育体育评价的关系。体育测量属于事实判断，体育评价属于价值判断，测量为评价提供量化资料。素质教育下的体育评价强调体育的教育性功能，侧重于体育的目标评价与个体评价，评价的重点由终结性评价转向过程性评价，突出他评与自评的相互结合。     

大学生运动员运动损伤与心理应激因素及人格特征的相关性研究

以河南大学生运动员为研究对象,运用《运动员心理应激调查问卷》和《艾森克个性问卷》为研究工具,对大学生运动员运动损伤与心理应激因素及人格特征的相关性进行研究。结果显示:不同的应激源所引起的心理负情绪是导致运动损伤的主要原因,而运动员的个性特征与运动员损伤也有着一定的相关性。