"放松跑"在短跑中的运用及训练

对“放松跑”原理在短跑中的运用奈件进行了分析，从理论上探讨了“放松跑”对短跑运动能力的影响，并提出了具体的训练方法，可采用减阻训练法、节奏训练法、波浪跑训练法、放松大步跑训练法等。     

短跑教学与训练的新理念

确立了现代短跑技术新的训练理念,指出了我国短跑运动员与世界优秀运动员的技术差距所在,提出了在平时训练中应转变训练观念,重视送髋训练与力量训练,优先发展绝对速度,加强心理训练.     

中学生短跑运动员专项力量及其训练

短跑专项力量是运动员完善专项技术，提高运动成绩的决定因素。短跑专项力量训练必须重视以应为轴的摆动力量；以踝关节肌群为主的离心—向心收缩力量；以肩为轴的上肢摆动力量，才能使短跑的力量训练产生事半功倍的效果。     

Effects of weighted vests and sled towing on sprint kinematics

In this study, we compared sprint kinematics of sled towing and vest sprinting with the same relative loads. Twenty athletes performed 30-m sprints in three different conditions: (a) un-resisted, (b) sled towing, and (c) vest sprinting. During sled towing and vest sprinting, external loads of 15% and 20% of body mass were used. Sprint times were recorded over 10 and 30 m. Sagittal-plane high-speed video data were recorded at 5, 15, and 25 m from the start. Relative to the un-resisted condition, sprint time increased (7.5 to 19.8%) in both resisted conditions, resulting mainly from decreased step length ( ? 5.2 to ? 16.5%) with small decreases in step frequency ( ? 2.7 to ? 6.1%). Sled towing increased stance phase duration (14.7 to 26.0%), trunk angle (12.5 to 71.5%), and knee angle (10.3 to 22.7%), and decreased swing phase duration ( ? 4.8 to ? 15.2%) relative to the un-resisted condition. Vest sprinting increased stance phase duration (12.8 to 24.5%) and decreased swing phase duration ( ? 8.4 to ? 14.4%) and trunk angle ( ? 1.7 to ? 13.0%). There were significant differences between the two resisted conditions in trunk, thigh, and knee angles. We conclude that sled towing and vest sprinting have different effects on some kinematics and hence change the overload experienced by muscle groups.     

Effect of ischemic preconditioning on repeated sprint ability in team sport athletes

This study investigated whether ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in a trained population affected repeated sprint performance. A secondary aim was to assess responses according to gender. Sixteen (nine females and seven males) well trained team sport athletes took part in a randomised crossover study design. Participants underwent an IPC and placebo treatment involving three periods of 5 min occlusion applied unilaterally (3 × 5 min occlusion to each leg) at either 220 mmHg or 50 mmHg. Each period of occlusion was followed by 5 min reperfusion. Following treatment 5 × 6 s maximal effort sprints were undertaken on a cycle ergometer against 7.5% body mass, each interspersed by 24 s recovery. Measured parameters included peak power, total power, percentage decrement, post-exercise blood lactate and ratings of perceived exertion. Nor within subject main effect for IPC was observed, neither was there an interaction effect with gender. Effect sizes were trivial (ES < 0.2) with the exception of a moderate (ES < 1.2) change in post-exercise blood lactate in the female cohort (1.6 ± 0.4 mmol^?1 lower following IPC). Results suggest no benefit to team sport players in utilising IPC as a means of enhancing repeated sprint performance. A lower blood lactate response in female participants following IPC may suggest improved blood flow through vasodilation.     

高校短跑运动员的专项技术训练

技术训练在提高高校短跑运动员专项素质与专项成绩过程中起着非常重要的作用。在短跑专项技术训练中应注意以下问题:狠抓短跑途中跑的关键技术——大小腿折叠前摆,正确、合理掌握下压扒地动作,改进后蹬技术,科学地解决形成正确技术与训练强度的矛盾。     

对中小学生短跑训练若干问题的研究

在中小学短跑教学训练中不仅要重视学生对技术概念的理解和基本技术的掌握,同时也要针对学生存在的问题,抓好有关素质的练习,打好身体素质基础,以便使学生正确运用技术,发挥理想的水平.     

Effects of high-intensity interval training on canoeing performance

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) utilizing a canoeing ergometer on endurance determinants, as well as aerobic and anaerobic performances among flat-water canoeists. Fourteen well-trained male flat-water canoeists were divided into an HIIT group or an MICT group. All subjects performed a continuous graded exercise test (GXT) and three fixed-distance (200, 500, and 1000?m) performance tests on a canoeing ergometer to determine canoeing economy, peak oxygen uptake (VO₂peak), and power at VO₂peak, and to calculate the critical velocity (CV) and anaerobic work capacity before and after the training programmes. The training programme involved training on a canoeing ergometer three times per week for four weeks. HIIT consisted of seven 2 min canoeing bouts at an intensity of 90% VO₂peak separated by 1 min of rest. The MICT group was trained at an intensity of 65% VO₂peak continuously for 20 min. After four weeks of training, performance in the 200-m distance test and the power at VO₂peak significantly improved in the HIIT group; performance in the 500?m and 1000?m distances and CV significantly improved in the MICT group. However, all variables were not significantly different between groups. It is concluded that HIIT for four weeks is an effective training strategy for improvement of short-distance canoeing performance. In contrast, MICT improves middle-distance canoeing performances and aerobic capacity.     

Neuromuscular adaptations to sixteen weeks of whole-body high-intensity interval training compared to ergometer-based interval and continuous training

The neuromuscular adaptations between ergometer-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT-T; n = 15), whole-body high-intensity interval training (HIIT-WB; n = 12) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT; n = 14) were compared in forty-one healthy men randomized to 16 weeks of training (3x per week). Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed countermovement (CMJ) and squat (SJ) jump height (HIIT-T: 8.5 ± 13.3%; 3.1 ± 9.7%, HIIT-WB: 6.4 ± 9.8%, 10.4 ± 16.1% and MICT: 2.2 ± 9.5%; 4.4 ± 12.1%, respectively), SJ peak power (HIIT-T: 1.7 ± 3.9%; HIIT-WB : 6.4 ± 7.9%; MICT: 0.5 ± 6.5%) and CMJ rate of force development (HIIT-T: 58.1 ± 50.5%; HIIT-WB: 36.9 ± 54.2%; MICT: 38.4 ± 64.3%) improved similarly in all training groups (all p < 0.05). CMJ peak power increased only after HIIT-T (4.3 ± 5.5%) and HIIT-WB (4.5 ± 5.2%), while no differences were observed in both the rectus femoris and vastus lateralis maximal electromyographic amplitude. Finally, marked improvements were also observed in the number of repetitions in the HIIT-WB protocol at the eighth week, with no further improvement at the sixteenth week. These data suggest that 16 weeks of HIIT-WB is capable to improve neuromuscular function to a similar extent as HIIT-T and MICT.     

对短跑运动员力量训练的再认识

在短跑训练中应充分注重力量素质的提高，使之与速度素质协调发展。力量训练中采用在提高最大力量潜力基础上发展快速力量的方法，是提高短跑运动员力量素质经济实用的手段。     

Not quite so fast: effect of training at 90% sprint speed on maximal and repeated-sprint ability in soccer players

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of training at an intensity eliciting 90% of maximal sprinting speed on maximal and repeated-sprint performance in soccer. It was hypothesised that sprint training at 90% of maximal velocity would improve soccer-related sprinting. Twenty-two junior club-level male and female soccer players (age 17 ± 1 year, body mass 64 ± 8 kg, body height 174 ± 8 cm) completed an intervention study where the training group (TG) replaced one of their weekly soccer training sessions with a repeated-sprint training session performed at 90% of maximal sprint speed, while the control group (CG) completed regular soccer training according to their teams’ original training plans. Countermovement jump, 12 × 20-m repeated-sprint, VO_2max and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 test were performed prior to and after a 9-week intervention period. No significant between-group differences were observed for any of the performance indices and effect magnitudes were trivial or small. Before rejecting the hypothesis, we recommend that future studies should perform intervention programmes with either stronger stimulus or at other times during the season where total training load is reduced.     

正确安排短跑训练的负荷量和负荷强度

本文根据不同等级水平运动员的具体情况,提出短跑训练负荷量及负荷强度的安排,应考虑能直接提高短跑成绩的专项能力、内容和手段,训练周期计划以及逐年提高训练指标。     

短跑运动员速度耐力训练的探讨

短跑是田径运动竞赛项目中距离最短,速度最快,人体运动器官在大量缺氧的情况下完成极限强度的周期性运动项目。它最大的特点就是无氧运动,要求运动员具备较高无氧耐力,无氧耐力的运动表现为速度耐力。速度耐力水平的高低直接影响着短跑成绩,比赛最终的名次。采用文献资料法,就短跑运动员运动过程的能量供应特点进行研究,分析速度耐力的能量供应系统,探求短跑运动员速度耐力训练的有效方法和手段。研究表明：短跑的速度耐力是以糖酵解供能为基础,影响短跑运动员速度耐力强弱的是运动员机体的糖酵解供能的优劣,而速度耐力取决于短跑运动员肌肉的糖酵解能力、抗乳酸能力以及脑细胞耐酸性的能力,通过不同的训练方法和手段,合理的控制训练负荷和间歇时间,能有效提高短跑运动员的速度耐力水平。     

优秀短跑运动员的赛前训练研究——谈我国短跑运动员杨耀祖、倪震杰赛前训练安排

根据对我国优秀短跑运动员杨耀祖、倪震杰的培养 ,对短跑运动训练、比赛的规律及安排进行总结、探讨。研究认为 ,如何合理安排全年训练和比赛 ,尤其是赛前训练的安排、对运动员心理状态的调节 ,直接影响到运动员的竞技能力。只有在赛前对各种因素进行有效地调节 ,合理调控运动员最佳竞技状态 ,才能在重大比赛中创造优异的成绩。     

Acute effects of high-intensity intermittent training on kinematics and foot strike patterns in endurance runners

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate running kinematic characteristics and foot strike patterns (FSP) during early and late stages of actual and common high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT): 5 × 2000 m with 120-s recovery between runs. Thirteen healthy, elite, highly trained male endurance runners participated in this study. They each had a personal record in the half-marathon of 70 ± 2.24 min, and each had a minimum experience of 4 years of training and competition. Heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored during HIIT. High levels of exhaustion were reached by the athletes during HIIT (HRpeak: 174.30 bpm; RPE: 17.23). There was a significant increase of HRpeak and RPE during HIIT; nevertheless, time for each run remained unchanged. A within-protocol paired t-test (first vs. last run) revealed no significant changes (P ≥ 0.05) in kinematics variables and FSP variables during HIIT. There were no substantial changes on kinematics and FSP characteristics in endurance runners after fatigue induced by a HIIT. Only the minimum ankle alignment showed a significant change. The author suggests that these results might be due to both the high athletic level of participants and their experience in HIIT.     

高栏节奏感训练方法的探讨

110m高栏的项目特点是技术复杂、难度较大,不易掌握。怎样使运动员在较短时间内完全掌握技术,迅速提高成绩,经过20多年的训练和研究认为：除了使运动员熟练地掌握跨栏步技术之外,还要重视运动员栏间跑和全程跑节奏的训练,加强跑跨与跨跑能力的培养,才能使运动员全面掌握技术,提高运动成绩。     

短跑运动的耐力素质机理及影响因素研究

短跑运动员运动成绩的提高主要取决于专项技术训练和一般身体素质训练的水平,短跑中的耐力素质也十分重要,教练员只有充分认识到耐力素质的重要性,才能更好地制定出科学的训练计划。通过文献资料法和综合分析法,对短跑耐力素质训练的生理机制及影响因素进行了综合论述与分析,以期为短跑的科学训练提供理论依据。     

Effects of autonomous motivational priming on motivation and affective responses towards high-intensity interval training

This study examined the effect of autonomous motivational priming on motivation, attitudes and intentions towards high-intensity interval training (HIT). Participants (N = 42) performed a graded exercise test to determine their peak aerobic power (W_PEAK). At a subsequent testing session, participants were randomised to complete either an autonomous or neutral motivational priming task followed by a 10 × 1 HIT exercise protocol, alternating 1-min bouts of hard (70% W_PEAK) and light (12.5% W_PEAK) exercises for 20 min. Participants primed with autonomous motivation reported greater enjoyment, P = .009, η_p² = .16, and perceived competence, P = .005, η_p² = .18, post-exercise compared to those in the neutral priming condition. Participants in the autonomous motivational priming condition also reported more positive attitudes, P = .014, η_p² = .14, towards HIT; however, there was no difference between the conditions for task motivation during HIT or intentions, P = .53, η_p² = .01, to engage in HIT. These findings highlight autonomous motivational priming as a method of enhancing affective and motivational experiences regarding HIT.     

Energy expenditure and EPOC between water-based high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training sessions in healthy women

The present study compared the energy expenditure (EE) during and after two water aerobics protocols, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate continuous training (CONT). A crossover randomized design was employed comprising 11 healthy young women. HIIT consisted of eight 20s bouts at 130% of the cadence associated with the maximal oxygen consumption (measured in the aquatic environment) with 10s passive rest. CONT corresponded to 30 min at a heart rate equivalent to 90–95% of the second ventilatory threshold. EE was measured during and 30 min before and after the protocols and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) was calculated. Total EE during session was higher in CONT (227.62 ± 31.69 kcal) compared to HIIT (39.91 ± 4.24 kcal), while EE per minute was greater in HIIT (9.98 ± 1.06 kcal) than in CONT (7.58 ± 1.07 kcal). Post-exercise EE (64.48 ± 3.50 vs. 63.65 ± 10.39 kcal) and EPOC (22.53 ± 4.98 vs.22.10 ± 8.00 kcal) were not different between HIIT and CONT, respectively. Additionally, oxygen uptake had already returned to baseline fifteen minutes post-exercise. These suggest that a water aerobics CONT session results in post-exercise EE and EPOC comparable to HIIT despite the latter supramaximal nature. Still, CONT results in higher total EE.