Pelé, racial discourse and the 1958 World Cup

The aim of this essay is to map out the racial discourses of the 1950s, particularly those pertinent to the 1958 Soccer World Cup, in order to better understand the main ideas about race, which were in vogue at the time when Edson Arantes do Nascimento (Pelé) became (inter)nationally famous as a great sports star. The essay argues that Pelé’s statements regarding race and race relations in Brazil were inherently based on the discourses prevalent among academics and Brazil’s black activists during the 1950s. Pelé’s professional asceticism and his belief in individualism, cultivated during his youth in the city of Bauru, were further reinforced by the racial discourses of the 1950s. These views led him to believe that any discrimination he might encounter due to his colour and class could be overcome with a disciplined and professional attitude. Today, this sort of ascetic view of the world has been accused by certain segments of Brazil’s black movements as being insufficient to overcome the supposedly irresolvable inequalities that exist between Brazil’s black and white populations. Pelé, however, has not changed his position regarding anti-black discrimination, choosing to continue to emphasize professionalism and discipline as the two most formidable tools in the fight against racial discrimination and inequality.     

Pupils in upper secondary school sports: choices based on what?

In the fields of both education and sport, the possession of capital and habitus influences an individual’s lifestyles and choices, which in turn affects the social selection within these fields. In this article, we will study the Swedish system of school sports as an overlap between the fields of education and sport, and thus viewed as a double dominated field. From a cultural sociological perspective, the purpose of this article is to analyse and explain how the organisational conditions and pupils’ social characteristics interact with upper secondary pupils’ choices of different school sports programmes in Sweden. Based on registry data on secondary school sports pupils, the results show that the supply of school sports requires specific forms of social dispositions that have an impact on which categories of pupils choose to participate. Among the students participating in school sports, there is a higher proportion of pupils who: are of Swedish origin (p?p?p?p?相似文献   

A Sportful History of Christianity: The Case of Twentieth-Century Sweden

Abstract

The sport movement was consolidated in Sweden during the first years of the twentieth century and grew rapidly from the 1920s and onward. Preceding and during these events, the Church of Sweden – the Lutheran state church – was losing its axiomatic position within Swedish society and church attendance was decreasing. In this situation, many perceived the sports movement as a rival to the church or even saw sport as a new religion. However, as the sport movement grew, prominent representatives within the Church of Sweden and other Christian denominations adopted a more pragmatic view of the sports movement in order to appeal to people outside the ranks of the church, especially male youth. The sport field soon became a missionary field. The aim of the current essay is to account for the collaborative as well as the sceptical voices not only in the Church of Sweden, but also within the substantial Swedish revival movements, i.e. the Pentecostal movement and the Mission Covenant Church of Sweden. Further, these events will be analyzed from a gender perspective, discussing what was simultaneously perceived as a secularization and feminization of Swedish Christianity.     

When a Choice Becomes a Chance: My Encounters with Sports History

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the author’s encounters with sports history through a brief commentary of being an overseas graduate student in Ireland and Australia. By using biographic and narrative approaches, this paper will first introduce readers to Physical Education class in rural China in the 1990s followed by the author’s connections with sport during college. It then focuses on the author’s professional academic training in sports history in China and abroad. In particular, this essay attempts to demonstrate the importance of good supervision as well as understanding research paradigms in sports history, including dealing with data collection and analysis, ethical considerations, theory selection, and critical thinking. As an early stage career researcher, the author emphasizes the importance of attending conferences and joining in with sports history communities in order to develop academic social networks. It further argues the necessity of being up to date with major sports history journals.     

Social changes in youth sports participation styles 1969–1999: the case of Flanders (Belgium)

Three issues are put forward with respect to the active participation of young people in leisure-time sports styles. It is considered (a) whether sports participation styles can be detected over the last three decades, (b) whether they have changed in this period of time, and (c) whether traditional parameters understood as structuring and positioning young people's lifestyles are still relevant with respect to their sports participation preferences. Youth sports participation data were retrieved from four large-scale surveys in 1969, 1979, 1989 and 1999 (N_total=22,424 high school boys and girls). These data allow for a time trend analysis of youth sports participation styles. Results from component and regression analyses indicate that different participation styles can be distinguished for each period of time and that these styles have been developing and differentiating through a growing responsiveness to wider social trends. Structural and positioning variables such as age, sex and education remain significant determinants for young people's active participation in leisure-time sports styles over the observed period of time. Although these social structures continue to shape youth sports participation styles, it is suggested that there is more variety within social groups than among social groups partially due to processes of individualisation and homogenisation.     

‘Necessary Cessation from Toil and Work’: Young Christian Workers and the Question of Sport on Sundays in Post-War Melbourne

Abstract

The Young Christian Workers (YCW) is an international movement for young Catholics, engaged through a method of education called ‘See, Judge, and Act’. From the 1950s to the 1980s, the Australian YCW became known for running campaigns on a range of social issues and the provision of services – including sporting events and competitions. In this paper, the development of the Australian YCW Football Association during the 1950s is explored, and the history of YCW members’ participation in public debates about the morality of Sunday sport, which culminated in a local referendum in the Melbourne suburb of Camberwell in 1959, is traced. Drawing on archival materials and interviews conducted with former young workers, the paper explores tensions within Christianity around the meaning of ‘leisure’, ‘idleness’, and Sunday as a day of observance and rest. This examination of the Melbourne debate of 1959 will show how religious tensions around Sunday sport were shaped by class, youth, and masculine identities.     

Teachers in school sports: between the fields of education and sport?

According to the cultural sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, gaining access to a social space or a position within a social space requires a specific capital. For teachers, this is normally indicated by a valid teaching certificate with relevant subject knowledge. However, when no qualified teachers are available, which is the case for the subject of school sports in Sweden, other assets gain recognition. Drawing on Bourdieu's conceptual framework, this paper examined the conditions for school sports in Sweden, and based on questionnaires answered by 109 teachers, explored the competencies, education and backgrounds teachers in upper secondary school sports possess. The paper address the question: what valuable resources are required to become a teacher of school sports and gain recognition as symbolic capital? The results show that while school sports in Sweden are carried out through a school subject and thus regulated by the government, it is influenced by both the fields of education and sport. Furthermore, the questionnaire results show that a majority of the teachers are employed as coaches instead of teachers and that less than half of them (45%) have a teacher education background, while 95% have a coaching education background. However, the results also show that teachers assessed their competencies for teaching school sports as high, especially with regard to competencies in specific sport skills. In conclusion, this paper shows how coaching education and experience in competitive sports are an important resource required to become a teacher in school sports and is thus recognized as symbolic capital. Therefore, school sports cannot be viewed as a legitimate part of the field of education but can be viewed as a part of the field of sport.     

适应社会，办好社会体育专业，为建设小康社会服务

为适应社会发展的需要 ,近几年在高等教育发展中社会体育专业如雨后春笋迅速发展 ,不仅在体育院校中增加了社会体育专业 ,而且在师范院校特别是一些理工科综合性大学纷纷兴办了社会体育专业 ,对于这种现象应当引起我们的注意 ,特别是这种现象的本身就说明了社会体育专业有市场需求和极大社会发展基础 ,但在发展的实践中也存在诸多值得思考和探索的问题。着重就全国第二届社会体育专业建设研讨会对相关问题进行理论探讨和研究。     

社会体育本质探析

本文采用文献研究的方法,运用哲学、社会学理论,以社会体育发展的历史与现实为脉络,通过对社会体育与学校体育、社会体育与竞技体育的对比分析,对社会体育的本质进行探索,以期引起体育界对社会体育的理论问题进行更为深入的研究。     

近代史上成都女子体育开展情况探析

文章主要通过文献资料（档案查询）、逻辑分析等方法对成都市抗战前期的女子体育开展情况进行了调查分析。结果显示,成都女子体育在抗战前期已取得一定规模的发展,而促使这些成就取得的原因主要：女性开始自主的对“天足”产生向往;女学运动的兴起给了广大女性同志全新的价值观念;社会风气的转变对成都女子体育产生了积极的促进作用;而社会教育机构的介入以及公共体育场馆的修建,学校女子体育课程的开设都对成都市女子体育的战前发展起到了积极的推动作用。     

‘The Hefty Hebrew’: Boxing and British-Jewish Identity, 1890–1960

Between the late 1890s and early 1950s, British boxing was dominated by Jews of Russian and Eastern European migrant origin. In a wider sense, an analysis of boxing can add to our understanding of broader social changes occurring within British Jewry during this roughly 60-year period. However, involvement in boxing during these years (whether as amateurs or professionals, as boxers, managers, promoters, coaches or spectators) also had a noticeable direct impact on the identity of scores of young Jews. This article will show that social change occurring within British Jewry between 1890 and 1960 did not occur separately from the world of British boxing. Although this sport can act as a lens through which to view transformations in terms of Jewish identity, class, religious outlook and culture, it is also the case that boxing clearly influenced changes in these spheres for a significant section of the community.     

天津市高校青少年学生参与体育运动消费现状的研究与探讨

通过本研究发现天津市高校青少年对于运动健身的消费认知水平处于较低水平,其消费的主要制约因素只局限于社交活动、增强身体素质水平、娱乐这三方面,每周在参与体育运动当中的时间多集中于体育课堂自主的锻炼行为不会大于每周7h,对于体育运动的投入多为实物性的消费,同时高校阶段青少年的实际经济条件也是体育运动消费的主要限制性因素之一。针对高校青少年在体育运动消费中出现的问题,提出指引其形成正确的体育运动消费观念和消费态度;加强高校体育活动的运动氛围,营造良好的体育文化建设,积极地发挥学生主动参与活动的心理,以此促进全民健身的发展。     

中国群众体育路向何方

我国的群众体育，起于解放前的社会体育，成型于增强人民体质的群众性体育活动，现行的是所谓多功能的群众体育，已经处于矛盾重重的困境，出路何在？是否将融入世界性休闲的大潮？愿与识者商榷。     

中国群众体育路在何方

我国的群众体育,起于解放前的社会体育,成型于增强人民体质的群众性体育活动,现行的是所谓多功能的群众体育,已经处于矛盾重重的困境,出路何在?是否将融入世界性休闲的大潮?愿与识者商榷.     

Riding Instructors,Gender, Militarism,and Stable Culture in Sweden: Continuity and Change in the Twentieth Century

Equestrian sport underwent significant changes in Sweden during the twentieth century, from being connected to men and the army to being associated with women and leisure activities. Previous research has shown that a stable culture with masculine military norms still exists in spite of these changes. The purpose of this study is to explore why these norms continue to influence Swedish equestrian sport. Institutional economic theory and gender theory are used to explain continuity and change in stable culture. The source material consists of interviews and document analysis. An important finding is that military norms have been reproduced in the education of the riding instructors.     

回顾与前瞻:我国女子竞技体育研究述评

中国女子竞技体育获得的辉煌成绩一直以来受到学界关注,相关研究形成了丰富的知识体系。为促进女子竞技体育的可持续发展,为该领域未来研究提供理论依据和平台,该文对女子竞技体育相关文献进行了阅读和梳理,结果发现：（1）研究数量偏少,呈先增后降趋势;内容具有多学科特征,但作者多属运动训练学方向。（2）该领域的主要研究内容有运动成绩、训练计划与年龄、运动技术与战术、体能特征、运动损伤与病症、心理特征、社会效应和职业化发展八个方面。（3）未来,应注重研究的系统化,重视学科间融合,形成稳定研究团队;促进研究方法技术的多元化;以女子竞技体育的实际问题为导向,实现研究的具体化。因此,女子竞技体育领域极具研究价值,期待形成更多该领域的稳定研究团队,促进女子竞技水平的进一步提高,为我国竞技体育的可持续发展提供重要理论借鉴。     

体育运动因素对高校新生亚健康状态的影响

了解高校入学新生的健康状况,探讨体育运动因素对高校新生健康的影响,为高校以及中学的预防保健工作提供科学依据。研究结果表明高校新生的健康状况与他们高三时期每次参加体育运动的平均时间密切相关。同时,高三时期体育课的形式也是值得关注的因素。     

中国体育管理学科范式转换:从体系建构到问题关注

范式理论对学科建设具有巨大的阐释意义。研究发现中国体育管理学科建设过程中具有浓厚的体系取向情节。初始阶段的体育管理学以体系建设为取向,统筹了学科整体框架和内容体系。但作为致力于社会应用的学科,体育管理学科应实现学科范式的转换:以解决现实问题取代体系建构的思路,构建基于现实体育领域复杂性问题的学科框架,力争实现对社会中体育现实问题的仿真分析,同时明确以"世界体系中"和"中国本土化"的两种问题为学科的关注对象。     

当代中国体育人口结构的社会学分析

以2001年全国群众体育调查数据库为资源,在当代社会背景下对我国体育人口结构进行分析。研究发现,体育人口的每一结构由于受诸多社会因素影响,呈现出明显的时代特征：性别结构男性高于女性;地域结构城市高于农村、东部高于西部;年龄结构呈现两端高中间低的“马鞍型”等等。经过研究指出,欲求改善体育人口结构以度群众体育的快速发展,应以当代中国社会背景为参照系,对影响体育的社会问题进行分析,并指出国家政策对社会问题的解决是体育人口结构改善的突破口。     

新中国50年变迁与中国体育功能的演进

综观 5 0年中国发生的变化 ,不难看到 ,中国社会已经发生了显著的变化 ,尤其是进入 2 0世纪 90年代 ,中国的经济有了较大程度的提高 ,人们的生活水平有了明显的改善和提高 ,面临这种新的社会变迁 ,体育体制改革势在必行 ,体育在人们生活中的地位也越来越重要 ,笔者运用历史的观点 ,从社会变迁的角度看待我国体育功能在这 5 0年间所发生的变化