CITIZENSHIP: THE POLITICAL AND THE DEMOCRATIC

ABSTRACT:  Citizenship as a compulsory subject was added to the National Curriculum in England in 2002 following the 1998 report, 'Education for Citizenship and the Teaching of Democracy in Schools'. It was little noticed at the time that the report stressed active citizenship much more strongly than democracy. The underlying presupposition was what historians call 'civic republicanism', the tradition from the Greeks and the Romans of good government as political government, that is, citizens reaching acceptable compromises of group interests and values by public debate. This is contrasted to modern liberalism. To stress 'democracy' unduly in citizenship education can lead to definitional dogmatics about multiple meanings of the term, even to disillusionment. Democracy is a necessary element in good government but not a sufficient one, unless subjective opinion is enshrined over knowledge through education. The practices of free politics are both historically and logically prior to democracy.     

CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION AND CHARACTER EDUCATION: SIMILARITIES AND CONTRASTS

ABSTRACT:  We suggest that there is a need for those who seek to explore issues associated with the implementation of citizenship education in England to clarify its specific nature. This can be done, at least in part, through a process of comparison. To that end we review some of the connections and disjunctions between 'character education' and 'citizenship education'. We argue, drawing from US and UK literature but focusing our attention on contexts and issues in England, that there are indeed some broad areas of overlap between these two fields. Citizens should be of 'good' character and the educational initiatives that we consider both emerge from a concern about current trends in society. However, we suggest that the overlaps with citizenship education principally apply when character education is drawn very broadly. When we examine a particular approach to character education that is often US-based, and titled as 'citizenship', we note many contrasts with citizenship education as formulated in the National Curriculum for England. We suggest that citizenship educators in England need to interpret claims about the similarity between these two fields with caution, or meanings that apply to both character education and citizenship education will be distorted.     

CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION AND YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN DEMOCRACY

ABSTRACT:  Citizenship education in established democracies is challenged by declining youth participation in democracy. Youth disenchantment and disengagement in democracy is primarily evident in formal political behaviour, especially through voting, declining membership of political parties, assisting at elections, contacting politicians, and the like. If citizenship education is to play a major role in addressing these concerns it will need to review the impact it is making on young people in schools.
  This paper reviews a major national project on youth participation in democracy in Australia set in the context of a national citizenship education programme. The Youth Electoral Study found that citizenship education in Australian schools has at best been marginally successful and substantially more is required to raise levels of democratic engagement. The paper explores many opportunities available to education systems and schools to address these issues through reconceptualising aspects of the formal and the informal curriculum.     

MULTIPLE IDENTITIES AND EDUCATION FOR ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP

ABSTRACT:  This paper explores concepts of multiple and nested identities and how these relate to citizenship and rights, and the implications of identities and rights for active citizenship education. Various theoretical conceptions of identity are analysed, and in particular ideas concerning multiple identities that are used contingently, and about identities that do not necessarily include feeling a strong affinity with others in the group. The argument then moves to the relationship between identity and citizenship, and particularly citizenship and rights. Citizenship is treated non-legalistically, as one of the locations of belonging. The paper draws on three successive categorisations of citizenship rights: by T.H. Marshall in the 1950s, Karel Vasak in the late 1970s and John Urry in the 1990s, and is illustrated in part by the development of European citizenship in parallel to national identity. This is then linked to how contemporary citizenship education might use the exploration of contested rights as a way of developing practical enactive skills of citizenship.     

试论我国高等教育在建设学习型社会中的作用

本文探讨构成学习型社会的基本条件和基本特征 ,以及学习型社会中我国高等教育新的使命。在全面建设小康社会的进程中 ,必须把不断提高人民大众的科学文化知识水平 ,形成全民的学习型社会作为一项重大的战略任务。高等教育在形成学习型社会中 ,应发挥其先导作用 ,并成为实施终身教育的主体力量。     

BEING A LEARNER: A VIRTUE FOR THE 21ST CENTURY

ABSTRACT:  Lifelong learning is something which one does for oneself that no one else can do for one: it is a public and personal human activity, rather than private or individualistic. One of the features of the education system is the paucity of a language for learning as process and participative experience. Personalised learning requires a sense of the worthwhileness of 'being a learner'– a virtue in the 21st century. A sense of one's own worth as a person is essential to understanding one's identity as a learner. Research suggests the human capacity to learn can be understood as a form of consciousness which is characterised by particular values, attitudes and dispositions, with a lateral and a temporal connectivity. This 'consciousness' has several dimensions which are all related to becoming a person, with a learning identity. They also enable the learner to become aware of and appropriate what is of worth and map onto the sorts of core values that learning communities espouse. Awareness of self and of one's own worth as a person is a necessary condition for 'becoming a learner' and for identifying and engaging with 'what is of worth'. Furthermore, a sense of self as a learner is formed in relationship, and understood as one learns to tell one's own story, as a participant in the conversation of the learning community. Character is the way in which we refer to that quality of personhood in which there is rooted the capacity to change and learn over time.     

LEARNERS' EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHIC RESPONSES TO ENCOUNTERS WITH LEARNING SUPPORT IN FURTHER EDUCATION AND TRAINING

ABSTRACT:   This article investigates the experience of individual learners who have been allocated learning support in the further education system in England. The particular focus is on interviewees' constructions of their emotional and psychic experiences. Through the adoption of a psycho-social perspective, learners' tendency to 'idealise' their learning support workers is understood as a strategy for coping with the anxiety generated by a range of previous experiences. The implications for policy-makers are discussed.     

混合化:我国高等教育办学与投资体制变革之走势

高等教育改革的焦点在于体制 ,而办学与投资体制无疑是关键。本文认为 ,混合化是我国乃至全球高等教育体制变革的基本走势。中国高等教育体制经历了自 2 0世纪 80年代以来的深刻变革 ,已初步具备混合化的特征。但面对市场经济体制改革的深化 ,我国高等教育体制变革混合化之路仍然任重而道远。     

高等教育制度变迁中的制度创立者、机遇和预见

本文利用美国和德国高等教育制度变迁的历史比较数据,试图对导致制度变迁的三类因素的普遍性和运行机制进行评价。这些因素是:机遇(或外因)、内因以及理性的人类预见。其中理性预见是引起制度变迁的因素当中最少出现的,笔者例举了制度创立者和政府对制度变迁的干预来加以说明,并讨论了这些干预的相对效果。     

高校社会体育专业建设与学生社会实践能力的培养研究

本文采用文献资料、访谈调查和材料统计分析等方法,着重对我院和安徽省现有6所高校社会体育专业建设与学生社会实践能力培养的现状及有关计划措施,进行专题调研和分析。结果表明:当前我院和安徽省高校社会体育专业建设还处于探索阶段,培养目标尚不明晰,学生社会实践能力和人才培养的质量与规格要求,尚不能满足社会需求。研究认为:为了不断培养与当代社会发展相适应的体育专业人才,进一步增强社会体育专业的办学活力,必须根据社会需求,加强专业课程与学科建设,加快调整专业结构,强化学生能力的培养。只有不断深化改革,面向社会、依托市场、协调发展,才能取得良好的办学效益。     

构建终身教育体系创建学习化社会-澳大利亚和新西兰的经验与启示

构建终身教育体系 ,推进终身学习已成为世界各国教育和培训政策的原则和目标。澳大利亚和新西兰作为世界上推进终身学习的领先国家 ,在发展各类学习组织和机构 ,满足个人和社会发展对学习的多样化需求 ,建立学习成就和资格认证框架 ,构建各类教育特别是职业教育培训与高等教育相互衔接和沟通的机制 ,实施终身学习政策 ,消除学习障碍等方面 ,有许多经验值得我们深入了解和研究。     

新时代高职院校学生学情分析与对策研究

新时代背景下,高职教育的地位和作用越来越凸显.文章分析高职院校学生的总体情况及高职院校学生学情的原因,并从国家与社会层面、学校层面、家庭层面、个人层面几个方面提出应对高职院校学生学情的具体措施,以进一步提高学生的专业素质与文化素质,培养德智体美劳全面发展的社会主义事业的合格建设者和可靠接班人.     

LESSONS LEARNED IN FOUR URBAN EARLY CHILDHOOD PROGRAMS AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHER EDUCATION

Abstract

Teacher educators are often searching for methods and/or techniques to enhance and expand the content of their courses. As teacher educators, we do not want to introduce new methodology that detracts our students’ attention away from the course content. However, we need to keep our courses current and interesting for ourselves as well as for our students. Several teacher educators at one institution have begun including service‐learning projects into their preservice and inservice teachers’ courses as a way to augment the standard curriculum. The focus of this study is to illustrate how service‐learning was incorporated into the existing children's literature course and share the five cooperative projects that resulted from this integration.     

中国高等教育需求中的城乡差异-人力资本与社会资本理论的视角

本文应用人力资本和社会资本理论,探讨了中国高等教育需求中的城乡差异。研究表明:在控制其他因素以后,城乡高中生对高等教育有着同样强烈的需求,但学生的城乡背景与影响高等教育需求的人力资本和社会资本因素之间存在交互作用:(1)当高等教育预期收益率较低时,农村学生比城市学生更希望接受高等教育;当高等教育预期收益率较高时,城市学生比农村学生更希望接受高等教育。(2)当家庭网络资源较少时,农村学生比城市学生更希望接受高等教育;当家庭网络资源较多时,城市学生比农村学生更希望接受高等教育。农村低社会经济地位的学生对高等教育的旺盛需求表明,接受高等教育几乎是他们改变其不利社会地位、实现流动的惟一渠道。扩大农村学生的高等教育机会,是改善城乡差异的重要手段。政府应该在教育财政和招生等方面进行制度创新以回应此类教育需求。