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Executive Summary Foreword Acknowledgments The Changing Landscape and the Compelling Need for Diversity Constructing a Comparative Theoretical Framework Globalization and the New Landscape for Higher Education The Half Life of Knowledge The Role of Intangibles in the Research University The Frame of Demography, Diversity, and Democracy Reciprocal Empowerment Revisited Translating Principles into Practice Globalization and Institutional Mission Recognition of the Value of Diversity in the Educational Process Talent Management Concluding Observations Mapping the Terrain for Inclusion and Bridging the Gaps Approaches to Diversity Self-Assessment Measuring the First Dimension: Structural Representation Diversity Leadership and Strategic Focus Organizational Learning The Power of Institutional Culture Strategic Organizational Architecture for Diversity Concluding Observations Orchestrating the Process of Cultural Change Creating a Tactical Plan for Bridging the Diversity Divide Research-Based Tactics That Promote Reciprocal Empowerment Concluding Observations A Toolkit for Operationalizing Reciprocal Empowerment External Measures of Internal Progress: Accreditation and Diversity Institutional Effectiveness and Diversity Progress Internal Change: Organizational Learning Tools for Cultural Transformation Concluding Observations Reprise: Recommendations and Implications Appendix A: Sample Matrix for Gauging Gaps in Diversity Leadership Appendix B: Resource Guide References Name Index Subject Index About the Author     

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Intergroup Dialogue in Higher Education: Definition, Origins, and Practices Defining Intergroup Dialogue Historical Roots of and Contemporary Influences on Intergroup Dialogue Organization of This Monograph Educational Goals of Intergroup Dialogue Consciousness Raising Building Relationships Across Differences and Conflicts Strengthening Individual and Collective Capacities to Promote Social Justice Design and Practice Principles in Intergroup Dialogue A Key Pedagogical Assumption Design Elements The Four-Stage Design of Intergroup Dialogue Practice Principles for Intergroup Dialogue Facilitating Intergroup Dialogues Why Facilitation and Cofacilitation? Competencies Required for Facilitators of Intergroup Dialogue Preparing Facilitators for Intergroup Dialogues Major Issues and Challenges in Facilitating Intergroup Dialogues and Programs Research on Outcomes and Processes of Intergroup Dialogue A Conceptual Framework for Research on Intergroup Dialogue Outcomes of Intergroup Dialogue Conclusion Program Development, Implementation, and Institutional Impact Program Development Implementation and Sustainability Institutional Impact of IGD Programs Final Thoughts Appendix: Educational Resources Curriculum Methods for Deepening the Conversation Training and Supervision of Facilitators References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

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Diversity in Higher Education: Perceptions, Opinions, and Views Purpose and Organization of the Monograph The Diversity Rationale in Higher Education Public Perceptions of Diversity Initiatives in Higher Education Faculty, Student, and Administrator Perceptions of Diversity Summary Diversity, Leadership, and Organizational Culture in Higher Education Changing Organizational Culture Leadership in Higher Education Diversity and Organizational Culture The Substance of Diversity Leadership in Higher Education Summary Diversity and Organizational Leadership in Higher Education Leadership Models and Frameworks in Higher Education Leadership as Contested Terrain in Higher Education The Nexus for Diversity Leadership Strategies Summary Practicing Diversity Leadership in Higher Education Higher Education's Response to Diversity Initiatives Management, Leadership, and Diversity Diversity Readiness and Awareness Developing Capacity for Diversity Leadership Cultural Proficiency and Practicing Diversity Leadership Summary References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

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Introduction, Context, and Overview Why Focus on Immigrants? Immigrant as a Conceptual Term Definitions of Key Terms Limitations of the Monograph Organization of the Monograph A Context for Immigration in the United States Theoretical Foundation: Immigrant Student College Transition and Persistence Neo-Racism Social-Ecological Model Acculturation and Assimilation Theories Social Capital Theory Conclusion Access to Higher Education for Immigrant Students Generational Status Socioeconomic Status English Language Proficiency Parental Involvement and Expectations Financial Aid Conclusion Collegiate Experience of Immigrant Students College Adjustment and Persistence Psychological Development and Acculturation Social Identity Development Career Aspirations and Development Conclusion Undocumented Students and Higher Education Background on Undocumented Immigrants Federal Legislation and Undocumented Students State Approaches to Undocumented Students and Higher Education Opposition to In-state Tuition Rates for Undocumented Students Conclusion Immigrant Students and Community Colleges Relevant Research on Immigrants at Community Colleges Issues Related to Immigrant Students in Community Colleges Innovative Programs for Educating Immigrants Conclusion Concluding Thoughts Suggestions for Future Research Implications for Policy and Practice Conclusion Notes Appendix References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

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Introduction Trends in University Governance Challenges to University Governance Structures Governance Structures in Historical Perspective Governance, Management, and Leadership Depicting Institutional Structure Shared Governance AAUP Versus AGB Perceptions Accountability and Program Review Structural and Cultural Elements of Governance Organizational Culture Trustees' Perspectives Organizational Culture and Governance Competing Perspectives and Expectations Expectations of Faculty, Administrators, and Trustees Facing the Fundamental Challenges Governance from a Presidential Perspective Evolving Issues in the Twenty-First-Century University A Port for Every Pillow Organizational Learning, Leadership, and Change The George Mason Case The Case of the Institutes of Business at the University of the West Indies Governance: State and Campus Surveys Toward a More Effective System Governance: Attitudes and Perceptions Emphases Emerging from the Literature Governance and Teaching and Learning The Environmental Context for Education Organizational Culture and Learning Governance, Information Technology, and Distance Education The Impact of Information Technologies New Models of Higher Education Governance Structures and Educational Technologies E-Learning: Policy Issues and Impact Resource Allocation and Governance Responsibility-Centered Management Performance-Based Program Budgeting: The Basic Questions Caveats and Adjustments to Responsibility-Centered Management A Revised Model of Governance Structure in the Twenty-First-Century University Appendix A: Public and Private University Enrollments, 1998 Appendix B: Survey of University Governance Appendix C: Organizational Culture and Governance References Name Index Subject Index     

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Introduction, Context, and Overview Definitions and Conceptual Framework Major Theoretical Perspectives on Student Success in College Sociological Perspectives Organizational Perspectives Psychological Perspectives Cultural Perspectives Economic Perspectives Summary The Foundation for Student Success: Student Background Characteristics, Precollege Experiences, and Enrollment Patterns Student Demographics Family and Peer Support Academic Preparation and Motivation to Learn Enrollment Choices and Patterns Summary Student Behaviors, Activities, and Experiences Associated with Student Success College Activities A Closer Look at Engagement in Effective Educational Practices Student Characteristics Summary Notes Institutional Conditions Associated with Student Success Structural and Organizational Characteristics Programs and Practices Summary Propositions and Recommendations for Student Success in Postsecondary Education Propositions and Recommendations Needed Research A Final Word Appendix A: Note on Research Methods Appendix B: Indicators of Student Success in Postsecondary Education References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

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Qualitative Inquiry for Equity in Higher Education On Equity On Dangers Responding to Dangers Outline of the Monograph Challenge to the Reader Confronting Qualitative Inquiry in Higher Education Brief Notes on Qualitative Research in Higher Education Scholarship Beyond Method: Matters of Ontology, Epistemology, Axiology, and Methodology Paradigms and Worldviews The Promise and Hope of Critical Qualitative Inquiry Innovation as Research Revolutions Concluding Thoughts Critical Concerns for Qualitative Inquiry in Higher Education Critical Qualitative Higher Education Research in the Era of Methodological Conservatism What Is at Stake in the Era of Methodological Conservatism? Opportunities for Resisting Methodological Conservatism: A Call to Action Reflexivity as Intervention Institutional and Organizational Intervention Intervention Through the Socialization of New Educational Researchers Intervention Through Working and Speaking with Multiple Educational Research Constituencies Conclusion Notes References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

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Considering the Third Sector: The New Prominence of For-Profit Higher Education Why Now? Taking Aim The Target Organization of the Volume From the Beginning: Development of For-Profit Higher Education in the United States Eras of For-Profit Higher Education The For-Profit Sector Today Institutional Diversity: Classification of the For-Profit Sector A New Classification Elements of the Classification Types of For-Profit Institutions Continuing Difficulties with Classification Shareholder Owners: Defining an Era History of Shareholder Institutions Current Owners Implications of the Wall Street Era Measure of Success: Students in the For-Profit Sector Historical Perspectives National Datasets Current Trends Student Outcomes Student Motivation, Experiences, and Campus Life Remaining Questions The Academic Mission: Teaching and Learning in the For-Profit Sector Curriculum Faculty Do Students Learn? External Approval: Accrediting the For-Profit Sector Background on Accreditation History Regional Accreditation For-Profit Accrediting Agencies Regional Accreditation of National Institutions Creating the Playing Field: State and Federal Regulation State Oversight Federal Oversight Diploma Mills Current Regulatory Issues Reflections and Future Direction Research Agenda Conclusion Notes References Name Index Subject Index About the Author     

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Executive Summary Foreword Acknowledgments Dedications Introduction, Context, and Overview The Importance of Workforce Diversity in Higher and Postsecondary Education Literature and the Integrated Review Chapter Overviews Status of Ethnic and Racial Diversity in College and University Administration Academic Leaders Student Affairs Administrators Conclusion Barriers Encountered by Administrators of Color in Higher and Postsecondary Education Legal and Conceptual Frameworks Established Barriers for Administrators of Color The “Double Burden”: A Barrier Specific to Women of Color Conclusion Factors Influencing Engagement, Retention, and Advancement for Administrators of Color Employment Challenges Success in Corporate America: Lessons for Higher Education Role of Leadership Programs The Importance of Mentoring What Universities Can Do What Individual Administrators Can Do An Emerging Model Conclusion Concluding Remarks Regarding the Importance of a Racially Diverse Administrative Workforce Emergent and Aggregate Challenges for Administrators of Color Directions for Future Research Implications for Practice Conclusion Notes References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

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Understanding and Facilitating Organizational Change in the 21st Century: Recent Research and Conceptualizations Distinctive Contribution Focus of the Monograph Audience To Change or Not to Change? Providing a Common Language for Understanding Organizational Change What Is Organizational Change? Diffusion, Institutionalization, Adaptation, Innovation, and Reform Forces and Sources Degree of Change Timing of Change Scale of Change Focus of Change Adaptive/Generative Intentionality: Planned Versus Unplanned Change Response Time: Proactive and Reactive Active and Static Target of Change: Change Process and Outcomes Summary Theories and Models of Organizational Change Typology of Organizational Change Models Evolutionary Teleological Life Cycle Dialectical Social Cognition Cultural Multiple Models Summary Appendix Understanding the Nature of Higher Education Organizations: Key to Successful Organizational Change Interdependent Organizations Relatively Independent of Environment Unique Organizational Cultures of the Academy Institutional Status Values-Driven: Complex and Contrasting Multiple Power and Authority Structures Loosely Coupled Structure Organized Anarchical Decision Making Professional and Administrative Values Shared Governance System Employee Commitment and Tenure Goal Ambiguity Image and Success Summary Higher Education Models of Change: Examination Through the Typology of Six Models Evolutionary Teleological Life Cycle Dialectical Social Cognition Cultural Multiple Models Summary Research-Based Principles of Change Promote Organizational Self-Discovery Realize That the Culture of the Institution (and Institutional Type) Affects Change Be Aware of Politics Lay Groundwork Focus on Adaptability Facilitate Interaction to Develop New Mental Models and Sensemaking Strive to Create Homeostasis and Balance External Forces with the Internal Environment Combine Traditional Teleological Tools, Such As Establishing a Vision, Planning, or Strategy, With Social-Cognition, Symbolic, and Political Strategies Realize That Change Is a Disorderly Process Promote Shared Governance or Collective Decision Making Articulate and Maintain Core Characteristics 120 Be Aware of Image Connect the Change Process to Individual and Institutional Identity Create a Culture of Risk and Help People to Change Belief Systems Realize That Various Levels or Aspects of the Organization Will Need Different Change Models Know That Strategies for Change Vary by Change Initiative Consider Combining Models or Approaches, As Is Demonstrated Within the Multiple Models Summary Future Research on Organizational Change References     

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The Revolution in Leadership The Continued Need for Leadership in a Changed Context Organization of the Book Key Terms and Theories Challenges and Missed Opportunities in the Study of Leadership in Higher Education New Directions in Higher Education Leadership Contributions of This Book A World Apart: New Paradigms of Leadership Positivist Paradigm Social Constructivism Paradigm Critical Paradigm Postmodern Paradigm Comparing the Paradigms' Impact Summary A World Anew: The Latest Theories of Leadership Transformational Leadership Complexity and Chaos Theory Expanding Cognitive Theories: Mental Models and Organizational Learning Expanding Cultural and Symbolic Theories: Social and Cultural Theories of Leadership Rethinking Contingency Theories: Processual Leadership Team or Relational Leadership Summary Revolutionary Concepts of Leadership Ethics and Spirituality Collaboration Empowerment Social Change and Social Movements Emotions Globalization Entrepreneurialism Accountability Summary Higher Education Leadership in the New World Changes in the Landscape of Higher Education Leadership Research Trait and Behavior Theories Power and Influence Theories Transformational Leadership Complexity and Chaos Theory Cognitive Theory: Cognitive Frames and Organizational Learning Cultural and Symbolic Theories Teams and Relational Leadership Summary Revolutionary Leadership Concepts in Higher Education Ethics and Spirituality Empowerment Social Change Collaboration and Partnering Emotions Globalization Entrepreneurialism Accountability Summary Practical Implications for the Leadership Revolution Framing Leadership Research in a New Era Notes Appendix: Three Case Studies References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

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Executive Summary Foreword Acknowledgments Introduction The Concepts and Mechanics of Fundraising Understanding How Endowments Work Significance of Contemporary Philanthropy in Higher Education The Great Wealth Transfer An Organizational Guide to the Rest of the Monograph The Influence of Philanthropy on American Higher Education British Support for the Creation of American Higher Education Support from the American Colonies Influence of Individual Donors Issues of Donors' Control Giving as a Collective: Alumni Giving and the Beginning of Systematic Solicitation Conclusion Who Is Philanthropic? Philanthropy by Nontraditional Donors Overview of the Landscape African American Giving and Philanthropy Latino Philanthropy Asian American Philanthropy American Indian Philanthropy Conclusion Women and Philanthropy Volunteering Giving Decisions Among Couples Organizational Choice Conclusion What Guides the Study of Philanthropy and Fundraising? Motivations Conclusion Engaging Students and Young Alumni: The Importance of Cultivating the Next Generation of Donors Giving Across the Generations Engaging Youth in Philanthropy Who Gives? Adding Science to the Art of Fundraising: The Power of Using Data in Fundraising Strategy A Critical Look at Philanthropic Giving Conclusion and Challenges for Future Research Notes Appendix A: Fundraising Mechanics Appendix B: Philanthropic Research Resources References Supplemental Bibliography Name Index Subject Index About the Author     

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Introduction Organization Definitions Historical Development of Current Categories Defining Socioeconomic Status Definitions of Parental Income Parental Education Definitions Definitions of Parental Occupation Definitional Disunity Umbrella Term Conceptual Approaches Status Attainment Models Human Capital Theory Financial Nexus Model Bourdieu's Framework Critical Race Theory Conclusion College Access and Admission Prior Educational Experiences Socioeconomic Status Parental Income Parental Education Parental Occupation Conclusion College Experiences Socioeconomic Status Parental Income Parental Education Parental Occupation Conclusion College Outcomes Persistence and Attainment Educational Aspirations Learning Outcomes Graduate School Attendance, Income, and Occupational Status Career Orientation Conclusion Social Class Effects and Multiple Identities College Access and Choice Experiences and Outcomes Conclusion Organizational Structures, Practices, and Responses Organizational Structures and Practices Programmatic Assistance Conclusion Conclusions, Recommendations, and Implications for Practitioners, Policymakers, and Researchers Researchers Policymakers Practitioners References Name Index Subject Index About the Author     

OECD PROGRAMME ON THE MANAGEMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS ENTERS ITS THIRD PHASE

The programme of the Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development on the Management of Higher Education Institutions (MHEI) has been in operation for more than nine years. We give below an article on the aims and outcomes of this programme.     

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The Theoretical Framework: Psychosocial Oppression and Diversity Overview of the Framework The Importance of Reaffirming Diversity in Higher Education Structural Change Through Affirmative Action: A Report Card Why Is a Cross-Disciplinary Framework for Achieving Diversity Needed? Asymmetric Institutional Power and Oppression The Antidote for Oppression: Reciprocal Empowerment The Metaphorical Perspective: Silence and Disempowerment The Biopsychosocial Framework The New Paradigm in Overcoming Barriers to Faculty and Staff Diversity Affirmative Action and Diversity: Partners and Protagonists Historical Development of Affirmative Action in Perspective The Interrelationship of Affirmative Action and Diversity The Impact of Supreme Court Decisions and Roads to the Future Stages in Developing Diversity The Role of Culture and Climate Walking the Talk: Lip Service or Real Gains? On the Way to Diversity: Psychological and Behavioral Barriers Psychosocial Discrimination and Attributional Ambiguity Psychology of the Agents of Oppression Dimensions of Contemporary Workplace Discrimination Internalization: The Impact of Discrimination on Self-Esteem The Physiological Impact of Perceived Discrimination: A Scientific Perspective On the Way to Diversity: Organizational Barriers Formal and Informal Organizational Barriers Workplace Power: Understanding the New Battleground The Power of the Accreditation Model Diversity and Decentralization Navigating the Straits: Overcoming Challenges to Faculty Diversity Faculty Hiring for Diversity: Defeating the Narrowing Sieve Whitewater Rafting: The Tenure Journey Reward Structures, Intentionality, and Diversity Best Practices in Diversity Planning and Assessment The Twenty-First-Century Diversity Strategic Plan A Conceptual Approach to Diversity Assessment The Diversity Scorecard Retention and Beyond Reaching Reciprocal Empowerment: Recommendations and Implications Appendix: Representative Diversity Strategic Plans and Diversity Web Sites for Public Research Universities References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

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Introduction Postsecondary Attainment Economic Implications of Low Educational Attainment Organization of This Monograph Demographic, Social, and Cultural Background A Demographic Dividend? Ethnic Subgroups Cultural and Social Influences Summary Classic and Contemporary Theories of Latino Identity Development Ethnic and Racial Identity Development in College Students Supporting Latino Students in Identity Development Summary Challenges to Latino Student Success Casting Success Within a Broader Societal Context Role of Resources Summary Mainstream Approaches to Latino Student Success Academic Capital Financial Capital Cultural Capital Social Capital Summary Culturally Responsive Approaches to Latino Student Success Family Concerns Assumptions About Latinos' Background and Potential Campus Racial/Ethnic Climate Conclusion The Role of Hispanic-Serving Institutions in Access and Equity Historical Background and Funding of HSIs Students in HSIs Faculty and Administrators at HSIs Emerging Hispanic-Serving Institutions Challenges for HSIs Summary Conclusion and Implications Role of Demographics and Social and Cultural Factors Developing Culturally Responsive Research, Policy, and Practice Institutionalizing Strategies to Serve Latino Students Teaching and Learning in the Classroom Role of Finances Collaborative Research Role of State Legislators and Policymakers Role of Federal Representatives and Agencies Final Thoughts References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

Developing and Piloting a Baselining Tool for Education for Sustainable Development and Global Citizenship (ESDGC) in Welsh Higher Education

Mainstreaming Education for Sustainable Development in higher education is vital if graduates are to possess the abilities, skills, and knowledge needed to tackle the sustainability issues of the future. In this article we explain the development and piloting of a baselining tool, the Education for Sustainable Development and Global Citizenship Development Framework, developed with support from the Higher Education Funding Council for Wales. We draw comparisons with the Sustainability, Tracking, Assessment and Rating System Program, developed by the North American Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education. The resulting framework offers consistency with existing Welsh Government strategic documentation, builds on increasing momentum, and has relevance across the higher education sector globally.     

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The Road Map to Cost-Efficiencies of Online Learning Why Be Interested in Cost-Efficiencies? The Framework for Unraveling Research on Cost-Efficiencies Tools for the Journey Necessary Assumptions Who Should Be Interested? The Road Ahead Research on the Elements of Online Learning Terms to Aid Our Understanding The Elements: Development, Delivery, and Administration The Cost of Development: Higher for a Reason The Cost of Delivery: The Potential for Lowering Costs The Cost of Administration: Transforming the Business of Higher Education Cautions and Other Necessary Points Research on the Factors of Online Learning Students Are Key Faculty Are Essential Other Staff Are New Costs Instructional Design Is the Gold Mine Content Is a New Opportunity Policies Are Needed Looking Ahead What Does It Mean for Institutions and States? Are the Institution and the State Ready? What Should Institutions Do? What Should States Do? What Do We Know? What Research Is Needed? What We Know Today The Holes The Elements The Factors The Research Challenge References Name Index Subject Index About the Author     

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Postsecondary Opportunity The Growing Importance of a College Degree Moving from Access to Success Diagnosis by the Numbers: The Education Pipeline for Racial and Ethnic Minorities Diversity 101: Affirmative Action in America Why Students Leave College Models of Student Progression Factors Related to Retention A Framework for Retention A New Perspective on Student Integration Three Forces Affecting Student Persistence and Achievement The Model in Practice Practical Implications of the Geometric Model A Framework for Student Retention Monitoring Students' Progress Implementation and Leadership Important Organizational Considerations in Developing an Institution-Wide Retention Program Implementing Campus-Wide Programs The Importance of Leadership on Student Retention Final Thoughts Appendix A: Promising College Student Retention Programs Appendix B: Annotated Bibliography References Name Index Subject Index