“问题解决”应解决什么问题

我赞成教学研究的日的在于“问题的解决”的说法,但基于问题解决的教学研究过程中的一些现象却需要我们重视,庸俗地理解“问题解决”对于教学研究发展是有害的。下面就此谈几点自己的认识。     

面向学习者的数学问题解决教学设计——信息技术与数学课程整合的视角

问题解决能力是数学教学的核心目标。数学教学是基于“问题解决学习”的教学,数学教学设计应当是问题式教学与问题式学习的对立统一关系的设计。“问题解决教学”重视从宏观上、整体上让学生把握数学学科的基本结构,倡导“整合认知,框架推进”,围绕“主题”进行教学设计,各个教学环节构成了一个完整的知识建构过程,在每一环节,各种教学模式可灵活选用。     

教学系统对话机制的生成与教学设计

教学过程是若干逻辑系统之间相互运演的动态变迁过程,教学系统是一个随时处于不平衡与平衡之间相互交替的自组织开放系统。这种系统是教学主体之间、教学主体与教学客体之间的“对话”系统。“对话”是教学自组织开放系统的生成机制。教学对话机制的生成最终依存于问题与问题解决,基于问题与问题解决的教学设计则是“处方”教学设计。     

对创设问题情境、实施新课程理念的看法

纵观世界数学教育,从20世纪70年代的传统式,至今天的数学新课程改革,“问题解决”仍是数学教育的中心。问题数学的心脏,数学知识、思想、方法、观念都是在解决数学问题的过程中形成和发展起来的,没有问题就没有思维。因此,数学教学设计的中心任务就是要设计一个（一组）问题,把数学教学过程组织成为提出问题和解决问题的过程。     

基于"问题解决"的数学教学设计思路

基于“问题解决”的数学教学设计为新课程实施提供了一务有效的教学思路。“问题解决”是数学教学设计的逻辑起点。数学学习的核心是让学生获得灵活的数学知识和高层次的问题解决能力。以“问题解决”为主线进行教学设计，以整体、综合的思维方式组织课程内容，使数学学习与具体问题解决过程相一致，为实现数学课程目标提供了一种动态、融合的机制。     

指向高阶思维的初中数学解题教学——以某中考试题为例

问题是数学的“心脏”,解决问题是数学教学的核心.问题解决是一项复杂且有创造性的活动,思维则重中之重.本论文就以2021年一道中考试题为例,基于高阶思维的视角,对整个解题教学过程展开探究.     

迅速捕捉“三点”巧妙有效反馈

课堂教学目标需要有效的问题来表达,问题是教学方向和教学动力生成的核心要素,教学过程实质上是基于问题解决的学习过程,教学过程的具体内容都直接以学生问题解决的认知过程为朝向。因此,我们的课堂教学不可能没有问题,学生不可能不回答问题。通过学生对问题的回答,教者不可能不反馈信息给学生。区别在于,一般教者对学生的回答,用“你回答得对,请坐下”或“比较正确,请坐下”之类的评议随意反馈一下就算了,     

指向“学教评一体化”的数学问题解决教学模式的构建与实践——以单元复习课“平面向量数量积”教学为例

问题是数学的心脏,数学问题解决是一种重要的认知活动,数学问题解决教学蕴含全新的教学理念与价值诉求,其本质是师生学数学、用数学的过程。基于学习论、教学论和课程论三大理论的内涵挖掘,围绕数学问题解决教学的目标、任务、策略和评价四个方面,建构了指向“学教评一体化”的数学问题解决教学模式,并尝试将其应用于数学单元复习课教学,从操作层面进行实践检验。     

新课程标准理念下的数字问题解决教学

问题是数学的心脏,新课程标准明确把“解决问题”列为总体目标之一。在数学问题解决教学中,必须解决什么是数学问题以及如何设计数学问题,数学问题解决教学的实施步骤以及在实施中需要注意的问题。     

新课程标准理念下的数学问题解决教学

问题是数学的心脏,新课程标准明确把“解决问题”列为总体目标之一。在数学问题解决教学中．必须解决什么是数学问题以及如何设计数学问题,数学问题解决教学的实施步骤以及在实施中需要注意的问题。     

“教学设计”决策支持系统研究

教学设计是面向教学系统、解决教学问题的一种特殊活设计动,是“教学”所内含的一种必要活动。教学设计是一种灵活的系统性活动,它具有一定的模式,需要按照一定的流程进行,而并非是一种纯线性活动,需要针对具体问题设计具体方案。由于实用方法和工具的缺乏,工作在教学一线的教师往往很少进行系统的教学设计,教学设计理论与方法的实际应用仍然是一个亟待解决的问题。该针对此种教育现象,用决策支持系统的理论和方法设计了“教学设计决策支持系统”概念模型,旨在为推动教学设计在教学活动中真正发挥作用提供一种新的可能性。     

Effects of Instruction on Verbal Interactions During Collaborative Problem Solving

During one school year, data were collected for vocational education students while they worked collaboratively on open-ended mathematics problems. In collaboration with participating teachers, instructional activities were designed with a twofold goal of modelling the process of problem solving and improving collaboration. Instructional activities were based on scaffolding instruction and included modelling problem solving, stimulating reflection, and giving feedback on the process of collaboration. These activities were gradually developed and implemented in collaboration with teachers who participated in the study. The main research question in this study was whether student collaboration while working in small groups creates a learning context where students work on open-ended problems and where instructional activities are aimed at stimulating collaborative problem solving in mathematics.To answer the research question, an experiment was undertaken in two classes in different schools. Two groups of students were videotaped while they tried to solve mathematics problems collaboratively. Observational data were analysed with a schema that was developed as part of this research. Analyses of the data showed that, in both groups, collaboration-oriented patterns increased during the school year. It is argued that the approach of gradual implementation of instructional activities that are designed in cooperation with participating teachers is effective in stimulating collaborative problem solving.     

A Problem‐based Learning Model for Teaching the Instructional Design Business Acquisition Process

There is a growing emphasis on utilizing a problem‐based learning [PBL] pedagogy to help instructional design students gain an understanding of the complex forces operating within an actual design environment. However, little literature exists to suggest that PBL is being used to teach the process by which instructional design firms and practitioners secure work—the Instructional Design Business Acquisition Process (IDBAP). This study outlines a conceptual framework for using an adapted problem‐based learning model for teaching the IDBAP, which consists of writing a response to a request for proposal (RFP), developing a working prototype, and orally presenting the solution. This study also examines the impact of a PBL pedagogy on students' perception of their confidence in solving instructional design problems. The results of this empirical research indicate that students who participate in a problem‐based learning pedagogy gain confidence in their abilities to solve instructional design problems, view themselves in emotional control when solving an instructional design problem, and are more inclined to approach similar problems in the future.     

Applied mathematical problem solving

A case is presented for the importance of focusing on (1) average ability students, (2) substantive mathematical content, (3) real problems, and (4) realistic settings and solution procedures for research in problem solving. It is suggested that effective instructional techniques for teaching applied mathematical problem solving resembles mathematical laboratory activities, done in small group problem solving settings.The best of these laboratory activities make it possible to concretize and externalize the processes that are linked to important conceptual models, by promoting interaction with concrete materials (or lower-order ideas) and interaction with other people.Suggestions are given about ways to modify existing applied problem solving materials so they will better suit the needs of researchers and teachers.     

Instructional Design Students’ Design Judgment in Action

This case study examines the design practices of instructional design (ID) students while working on a realistic design project (Joel, 1987) to explore whether ID students make design judgments; how, when, and where they are making them; and what kinds of judgments they make during a realistic instructional design process. The perspective taken in this study is that design judgments comprise multiple, complex types and are not confined to moments of overt decision making (Nelson & Stolterman, 2012). In this small‐scale case study, a group of students was observed in the process of designing instruction within a semester. The findings of the study suggest that these ID students continuously made design judgments of many kinds throughout the design process.     

抛锚式教学策略与移情式教学设计并用于信息技术课程的探讨

抛锚式教学策略能够很好地培养学生解决问题的能力,移情式教学设计能够超越抹杀学生情感的传统的教学模式。对二者分别解释,并结合一信息技术课程案例,给出二者应用的具体策略和注意事项。     

Distance education in Malawi

Conclusion Any discussion of technology as a “tool-only” definition is incomplete. Instructional technology also refers to a systematic means of solving problems (Reiser, 1987). In the case of Malawi and so many other low-income societies where tools are difficult to purchase and maintain, one resource that is not in short supply is the number of able and willing people who could themselves provide solutions to the country's many challenges. The important role of the instructional designer should not be ignored. Mzuzu University has the benefit of having five trained instructional technologists among its faculty. Increasing the number of designers with experience in distance teaching and learning would benefit Malawi. The insight provided by people who have taken instructional design, educational psychology, and related courses, would undoubtedly open minds to new possibilities. Not only could they guide instructional development for Web-based learning, they could design and offer training on new technologies as they become available. Although consultants from outside Malawi can offer excellent advice based on their education and experience, such input is necessarily limited by the lack of a true understanding of contextual issues. The advantage indigenous designers have, of course, is first-hand knowledge of their own context, which plays a very important role in shaping instructional decisions (Arias & Clark, 2004; Perkins, 2003; Tessmer & Richey, 1997). Indigenous instructional designers should be called on first to offer guidance as leaders in ministries and at international funding agencies seeking reasonable solutions to the challenges to access and growth that lie before them.     

走出教学设计研究的现实困境：创建可用的教学设计理论

当前教学设计研究面临两大现实困境：一方面由于其受心理学以及心理学实验的影响较深。研究成果不能有效反映现实情境,对教学实践的指导作用受到质疑;另一方面已有的教学设计研究集中在描述性问题和因果性问题上,缺乏对“如何设计”这一机制性或过程性问题的深入思考。当前国际有关学习与教学设计研究的发展趋势表明,教学设计研究需要创建可用的、境脉申的、聚焦学习的教学设计理论。在创建和改进教学设计理论过程中,“前设性”与“涌现性”的理论创建与改进研究路线是两条可能的研究路线。这种研究路线必须扎根于真实课堂情境,在真实教学境脉中发现和解决问题,并将革新的学习环境设计活动与基于证据的经验研究结合起来。这是创建可用的教学设计理论、走出教学设计现实困境的必由之路。     

论教学设计的逻辑生长点

教学设计是一个复杂的系统工程,它涉及目标方向设计、过程组织设计以及质量监控设计三大范畴,这三大范畴统整教学的基本要素。其中,目标需要问题来触动,过程需要问题来激活,质量需要问题来表达。因此,问题的表达和创设是目标方向设计的操作性载体;问题解决认知过程的心理表征是教学过程组织设计的基本意蕴;问题解决的有效质量是评价监控设计的目标指向。基于此,问题和问题解决是教学设计的逻辑生长点。