手语词类型对不同汉语拼音水平聋生语音加工的影响研究

文本选取武汉某聋校69名高中聋生为被试,采用2×2×2三因素混合实验设计,针对不同类型手语词,从声母、韵母两个水平考察不同汉语拼音水平聋生的语音表征和加工能力。研究发现,指拼与手势的认知加工方式存在差异,指拼对声母提取有促进作用,对韵母提取的影响不大;聋生声母提取能力优于韵母;汉语拼音水平高与低组聋生在语音加工能力上存在显著差异。研究结果对聋校语音教学有一定的启示作用。     

字词条件下聋生唇读汉字语音识别的实验研究

本研究采用 2× 3两因素被试内实验设计 ,探讨了聋生唇读语音识别中词长效应和音素可见性的影响。结果发现 :聋生单字条件的正确识别率高于词语首字 ,且存在显著差异 :唇读汉字语音进行声母、单韵母、复韵母识别效果存在极其显著差异 ,识别正确率从高到低依次为单韵母、复韵母、声母 ;字词条件与音素水平之间交互作用不显著。     

浅谈盲校双拼输入法拼音方案的教学

双拼输入法是指汉字的声母、韵母各用一个字母（或个别符号）代替构成的拼音编码。使用双拼输入法输入汉字时,只需键入汉字声母、韵母所对应的字母或符号就可以拼出目标汉字。例如“南”,声母n对应的字母是n,韵母an对应的字母是j,键人字母n和i就可以拼出这个字。盲人日常使用的文字是盲文,是以拼音字母为基础的。     

纸上得来终觉浅——关于拼音教学的几点做法

汉语拼音是认识汉字、学习普通话的工具,是小学语文教学的重要组成部分。如何让一年级的学生对拼音产生兴趣,在最短的时间内把拼音读准、写准?这是我一直在思考的问题。在近三年低段语文教学实践中,我不断摸索,大胆革新,现在能用3周的课时完成拼音教学,而且学生掌握得非常扎实。下面是我的几点做法。我把拼音教学的内容按顺序大致分为以下几大块:声母教学、带声调的单韵母教学及书写、声母的书写、声母和单韵母的拼读、复韵母教学及书写、声母和复韵母的拼读、前鼻韵母的教学和书写以及声母的两拼练习、后鼻韵母的教学、书写、拼读和声母的两拼练习、三拼音练习、整读音节练习、巩固复习。     

对小学拼音字母教学的一点意見

以往成都市小学教学语音,是用声母韵母相拼的教法。本学期有些小学是用拼音字母名称和韵母相拼的教法。据说主张这样拼的理由是可以使学生多快好省的学会拼音,可以少学一套声母。我们认为这种主张,在理论上有根据,但在实践上却不见得切实可行。我们是师范学校的语文教师,一方面在教学生的语音,一方面也指导实习生在小学实习语音,所以对这个问题特别关心,特不揣浅陋,把自己的一些不成熟的看法提出来和大家共同研究。     

小学语文素质检测与评价

拼音与汉字　　一、素质目标　　 1 汉语拼音方面　　要让学生学会声母、韵母、声调和整体认读音节、能准确地拼读音节 ,(合称拼音的四大基础 )认识大写字母 ,熟记《汉语拼音字母表》。　　重点是准确熟练地认读与正确书写声母、韵母、声调和音节。难点是区分形近字母的发音 ;区分跟声、韵母同音的整体认读音节 ;櫣和ｊ、ｑ、ｘ相拼及ｙ行音节时两点的省写 ;三拼连读的拼音法 ;浕ｎ、ｅ在ｉ、櫣后面的变读。　　复习中着重抓好ｂ—ｄ、ｑ—ｐ、ｑ—ｇ、ｍ—ｎ、ｔ—ｆ的发音与书写 ,抓好翘舌音和后鼻音韵母ｉｎｇ、ｅｎｇ的发音。部分说壮…     

人工耳蜗儿童、助听器儿童与健听儿童音位对比识别能力比较研究

本研究采用两因素混合实验设计,探讨人工耳蜗儿童、助听器儿童及健听儿童韵母音位及声母音位对比识别的差异.研究结果表明:(1)当人工耳蜗组的重建听阈与助听器组的补偿听阈都处于适合及最适水平时,两组儿童音位识别能力在各组音位对比识别上均不存在显著差异;(2)人工耳蜗儿童音位对比识别显著落后于同龄健听儿童,韵母和声母平均值分别落后12.71%和12.85%;(3)助听器儿童音位对比识别显著落后于同龄健听儿童,韵母和声母分别落后11.54%和11.26%;(4)无论是人工耳蜗儿童还是助听器儿童,前鼻音与后鼻音组韵母音位对及卷舌音与非卷舌音声母音位对都是最难识别内容.     

做一回游戏达人，带学生玩中巩固——汉语拼音复习巩固形式游戏设计例谈

汉语拼音是认读汉字字音、学习普通话的工具,是低年级语文教学的一项重要任务。有些学生在学前班、幼儿园学习了一段时间的拼音,学生学完了拼音之后,要通过复习和整理来巩固。拼音复习如果只是反复让学生读声母韵母,拼音节,这种简单的“炒冷饭”,学生自然不感兴趣。     

国外有关聋生语音编码的研究

本文回顾了国外有关聋生语音编码的研究 ,发现结论不尽一致。有研究表明聋生阅读存在语音编码 ,但也有不少研究证实聋生不存在语音编码。笔者对导致分歧结论的原因作了分析 ,在此基础上 ,提出了聋生语音编码的未来研究趋向     

学练合一,巩固识字

汉字有着音、形、义的特点。识字教学的要求是要使学生牢固地掌握字的音形义,逐步达到会用的目的。而学习语音是认识汉字的基石。数以万计的汉字,有很大一部分是同音节或同声母和韵母的。同时汉字的音节都是以21个声母、6个韵母以及韵尾“n”、“ng”等主要音素所组成的。试用新教材的集中识字部分,各类生字的出现都是以拼音为先导的,学生熟悉了拼音,就能正确地拼读出字音。因此,对于初入学的学生,应当先让他们     

Patterns of spelling in young deaf and hard of hearing students

The study examined the invented spelling abilities demonstrated by kindergarten and first-grade deaf and hard of hearing students. The study included two parts: In Part 1, the researcher compared three groups (deaf, hard of hearing, and hearing) using posttesting only on the Early Reading Screening Inventory, or ERSI (Morris, 1998), and in part 2 collected and analyzed samples of the spelling of deaf students in a Total Communication program. Analysis showed that the deaf group performed significantly differently in three areas: concept of word, word recognition, and phoneme awareness ("invented spelling"; Read, 1971). The deaf group outperformed the hearing and hard of hearing groups in concept of word and word recognition. But in phoneme awareness, the deaf group performed significantly less well than the hearing group. Therefore, the deaf group's spelling was followed for 1 year. Deaf students' spelling patterns were not the same as those of hearing and hard of hearing students. Deaf students' spelling miscues were directly related to the cueing systems of lipreading, signing, and fingerspelling.     

The transition from fingerspelling to English print: facilitating English decoding

Fingerspelling is an integral part of American Sign Language (ASL) and it is also an important aspect of becoming bilingual in English and ASL. Even though fingerspelling is based on English orthography, the development of fingerspelling does not parallel the development of reading in hearing children. Research reveals that deaf children may initially treat fingerspelled words as lexical items rather than a series of letters that represent English orthography and only later begin to learn to link handshapes to English graphemes. The purpose of this study is to determine whether a training method that uses fingerspelling and phonological patterns that resemble those found in lexicalized fingerspelling to teach deaf students unknown English vocabulary would increase their ability to learn the fingerspelled and orthographic version of a word. There were 21 deaf students (aged 4-14 years) who participated. Results show that students were better able to recognize and write the printed English word as well as fingerspell the word, when training incorporated fingerspelling that is more lexicalized. The discussion focuses on the degree to which fingerspelling can serve as a visual phonological bridge as an aid to decode English print.     

Processing orthographic structure: associations between print and fingerspelling

Two lexical decision experiments are reported that investigate whether the same segmentation strategies are used for reading printed English words and fingerspelled words (in American Sign Language). Experiment 1 revealed that both deaf and hearing readers performed better when written words were segmented with respect to an orthographically defined syllable (the Basic Orthographic Syllable Structure [BOSS]) than with a phonologically defined syllable. Correlation analyses revealed that better deaf readers were more sensitive to orthographic syllable representations, whereas segmentation strategy did not differentiate the better hearing readers. In contrast to Experiment 1, Experiment 2 revealed better performance by deaf participants when fingerspelled words were segmented at the phonological syllable boundary. We suggest that English mouthings that often accompany fingerspelled words promote a phonological parsing preference for fingerspelled words. In addition, fingerspelling ability was significantly correlated with reading comprehension and vocabulary skills. This pattern of results indicates that the association between fingerspelling and print for adult deaf readers is not based on shared segmentation strategies. Rather, we suggest that both good readers and good fingerspellers have established strong representations of English and that fingerspelling may aid in the development and maintenance of English vocabulary.     

Deaf and hearing students' morphological knowledge applied to printed English

The study examined the ability of deaf and hearing students at the college and middle school levels to discern and apply knowledge of printed word morphology. There were 70 deaf and 58 hearing participants. A two-part paper-and-pencil test of morphological knowledge examined subjects' ability to (a) perceive segmentation of morphemes within printed words and (b) recognize meanings associated with various printed morphemes. The hearing college students performed best on every dependent measure of the two-part test. The deaf college students scored significantly lower than the hearing college students but similarly to the hearing middle school students. Deaf middle school students consistently scored the lowest on both parts of the test. While all students' performance declined as the difficulty of the morphemic content increased within both tasks, the decline was greatest among middle school deaf students. Although segmentation and semantic analysis skills necessary to morphographic decoding were apparent in the deaf students, their mastery levels fell significantly below those of the hearing subjects.     

Roles of position, stress, and proficiency in L2 children’s spelling: A developmental perspective

This study investigated the roles of phoneme position, stress, and proficiency in L2 spelling development by Taiwanese students learning English as a Foreign Language (EFL), an alphabetic writing system typologically different from the learners’ L1 logographic system. Structured nonword spelling tests were administered to EFL sixth-graders with lower and higher English proficiency level. The results showed that overall, final phonemes were spelled more poorly than their initial and medial counterparts; however, phoneme position effect decreased as learners’ English proficiency improved. Secondly, spelling of the stressed syllable was significantly better than that of the unstressed syllable. However, when phonemes were held constant, stress effect was significant only in the first, but not in the second syllable. Thirdly, higher proficient EFL children spelled significantly better than their lower proficient counterparts, and spelling errors were more systematic in the former. The findings of the study are discussed from linguistic, psychological, and developmental perspectives.     

The role of different levels of phonological awareness in the development of reading and spelling in Greek

Phonological awareness is a strong predictor of children's progress in literacy acquisition. There are different ways of segmenting words into sound sequences – syllables, phonemes, onset-rime – and little is known about whether these different levels of segmentation vary in their contribution to reading and writing. Does one of them – for example, phoneme awareness – play the major role in learning to read and spell making the other phonological units irrelevant to the prediction of reading? Or do different levels of analysis make independent contributions to reading and spelling?

Our study investigated whether syllable and phoneme awareness make independent contributions to reading and spelling in Greek. Four measures were used: syllable awareness, phoneme awareness, reading and spelling. Analyses of variance showed that Greek speaking children found it easier to analyse words into syllables than phonemes, irrespective of the influence of task variables such as position of the phonological element, word length, and placement of stress in the word. Regression analyses showed that syllable and phoneme awareness make significant and independent contributions to learning written Greek. We conclude that phonological awareness is a multidimensional phenomenon and that the different dimensions contribute to reading and writing in Greek.

     

On Sources of the Word Length Effect in Young Readers

We investigated how letter length, phoneme length, and consonant clusters contribute to the word length effect in 2nd- and 4th-grade children. They read words from three different conditions: In one condition, letter length increased but phoneme length did not due to multiletter graphemes (Haus-Bauch-Schach). In the remaining conditions, phoneme length increased in correspondence with letter length. One presented monosyllabic words with consonant clusters (Herbst); the other presented disyllabic words without consonant clusters (Kö.nig). Phoneme and letter length contributed to the length effect in naming latencies. Words with consonant clusters elicited the largest length effect. We interpreted this finding as reflecting difficulties of young readers with accessing the output phonology of the tightly coarticulated consonant clusters from the separate phonemes delivered from serial grapheme-to-phoneme conversions. Moreover, eye-movement data indicated that increased reading speed, accompanied with decreased word length effects, is due to more efficient grapheme-to-phoneme conversions rather than the emergence of whole-word recognition.     

A deficit in rime awareness in children with Down syndrome

This paper reports 3 studies comparing thereading and phonological skills of childrenwith Down syndrome (DS) and younger normallydeveloping children of similar reading level.In Study 1, the two groups did not differ insight word or nonword reading, but the childrenwith DS did marginally less well on syllablesegmentation, rhyme and phoneme detectiontasks. Group differences in syllable andphoneme awareness appeared attributable todifferences in verbal ability (BPVS, vocabularyknowledge); however, a significant impairmentin rhyme detection remained in an analysis ofsub-groups equated in vocabulary knowledge. Thedeficit in rhyme observed in DS was replicatedin Studies 2 and 3 using simplified tests ofrhyme judgement, with the majority of childrenwith DS performing at chance on the rhymemeasures. In contrast, the two groups did notdiffer in their ability to detect phonemes inany of the 3 studies and performed above chancein initial phoneme detection and alliterationjudgement tasks, although the identification offinal phonemes was at a much lower level. Correlational analyses indicated a relationshipbetween phonological skills and reading inboth groups. However, for children with DS,letter-sound knowledge did not predict readingwhereas it did for normal controls. It issuggested that children with DS do not possessfull phoneme awareness; although they canidentify initial phonemes in words, they do notunderstand phoneme invariance and may rely lesson phonological skills for reading thancontrols.     

Phoneme segmentation training: Effect on reading readiness

Recent evidence suggests that the ability to segment words into phonemes is significantly related to reading success, and that training in phoneme segmentation appears to have a positive influence on beginning reading. In this study, we evaluated the effect on reading readiness of phoneme segmentation training in kindergarten. Ninety nonreaders with PPVT-R standard scores of 78 or higher were randomly selected from six kindergarten classrooms and assigned to one of three treatment conditions: a) phoneme segmentation group; b) language activities group (control group I); and c) no intervention (control group II). The phoneme segmentation group received seven weeks of instruction in segmentation and in letter names and sounds. Also for seven weeks, the language activities group received the identical instruction in letter names and sounds and additional language activities. Prior to the intervention, the three groups did not differ in age, sex, race, PPVT-R phoneme segmentation, letter name and letter sound knowledge, or reading ability. After the intervention, the phoneme segmentation group outperformed both control groups on phoneme segmentation and reading measures. This study provides additional strong support for including phoneme segmentation training in the kindergarten curriculum. Clinical suggestions for teachers are included. This project was supported in part by USDE grant # G008630421 and a Syracuse University Senate Research Grant.     

Implementation and evaluation of computer-aided Mandarin phonemes training system for hearing-impaired students

A computer‐aided Mandarin phonemes training (CAMPT) system was developed and evaluated for training hearing‐impaired students in their pronunciation of Mandarin phonemes. Deaf or hearing‐impaired people have difficulty hearing their own voice, hence most of them cannot learn how to speak. Phonemes are the basis for learning to read and speak in Mandarin. Thus, the main purpose of this study is to use voice‐recognition techniques to develop a Mandarin phoneme training system for the self‐training of hearing‐impaired people. The system analyses the spoken Mandarin phoneme of a hearing‐impaired person, compares it with the phonemes database, and shows the results on the computer monitor. Our CAMPT system helps hearing‐impaired people pronounce Mandarin phonemes, and the system automatically gives the learner a percentage score for each phoneme. In other words, learners can receive instant feedback from the system. Experiments conducted among high school students diagnosed with hearing impairment revealed that our system can help students learn the Mandarin phonemes with a neural net recognition algorithm for different users. After five months, most learners can pronounce 95% of the phonemes correctly.