科技传播研究:疆域的扩张

随着 20世纪最后二三十年科学技术本身的发展、知识经济的出现、国家创新体系的建设等一系列社会变化,科技传播改变了其过去的传统社会角色,进入到一个新的发展阶段,功能和范围也在不断扩展。科技传播本身的这些新发展,要求我们重新审视科技传播研究的范围,适时扩展其研究领域并为它建立一个更适应时代发展的学科体系。作者认为,这样的学科体系应该包括科技传播的基础理论研究、宏观问题研究、微观问题研究三个基本部分。     

组织激励、组织文化对知识共享的差异化作用机理——基于修订的社会影响理论

 组织智力资本的增进依赖于组织成员间广泛的共享知识。组织激励与组织文化分别代表了促进组织成员知识共享的正式和非正式组织因素成为学术界与企业界关注的焦点。鉴于鲜有研究同时关注并区分正式的组织激励和非正式的组织文化对知识共享的差异化作用机理,本研究采用修订的社会影响理论对组织激励、组织文化与知识共享三者间的关系进行了系统研究,通过对1182名知识型员工的问卷调查发现：组织激励通过顺从机制的中介效应间接影响组织成员的知识共享意愿;组织文化通过认同机制和内化机制（情感承诺）的中介效应间接影响组织成员的知识共享态度,进而最终影响组织成员的知识共享意愿。     

中国植物园科学传播模式分析与建构

在国内,对中国植物园科学传播模式的研究几乎处于空白。本研究从传播学出发,结合教育学、心理学等多学科,通过文献法、问卷调查法、访谈法等方法,从科学传播过程的五个要素：传播者、传播内容、传播渠道、传播对象及效果评估,分析中国植物园科学传播的现状和存在的问题,描述现有的“单向、直线、以传播者为中心”的传播模式,最终建构理想的“双向、互动、以受众为中心”的模式,并提出建议。     

多层次视角的组织社会资本研究回顾与拓展

组织社会资本是能够带来内生优势的资源,其源于个体互动网络的特点决定了其多层次性。但着眼于不同层次和侧面的研究导致了构念架构的模糊。本文基于多层次理论的逻辑,将已有的概念、衍生与效能等相关研究纳入多层次视野下,说明了组织社会资本在单一层次和跨层次的应用,并建构了融合其跨层次前因与效果的跨层次理论架构,明确了组织社会资本的多层次本质及其所包含的微观与宏观的关联关系,并提出未来需要推进的问题。     

Human communication needs and organizational productivity: the potential impact of office automation.

Much of what white collar workers do in offices is communication-related. White collar workers make up the majority of the labor force in the United States today and the majority of current labor costs. Because office automation represents more productive structured techniques for handling both written and oral communication, office automation therefore offers the potential to make organizations more productive by improving organizational communication. This article: (1) defines communication, (2) identifies the potential benefits to be realized from implementing office automation, and (3) offers caveats related to the implementation of office automation systems. Realization of the benefits of office automation depends upon the degree to which new modes of communication may be successfully substituted for traditional modes.     

心理资本与知识型员工组织承诺的关系探讨

针对知识型员工流失率过高的问题,提出了心理资本对知识型员工感情承诺和持续承诺影响的理论框架模型.分析表明,心理资本的各变量与知识型员工感情承诺正相关,与其持续承诺负相关.     

人性假设、组织能力与管理制度

分析了人性假设、组织能力与企业管理制度之间的关系,认为：适合主流“人性”的企业管理制度可以降低制度成本,提高企业效率;同时,不同的制度设计会导致不同的人性倾向;规范的管理制度有助于强化企业的运作能力,但制度内生的刚性会弱化企业的动态能力;较强的企业运作能力利于管理制度的执行,而较强的企业动态能力则更利于管理制度的变迁与创新。最后对我国企业建立现代管理制度提出了相应的建议。     

Management by issues: an organizational system for processing problems and opportunities

Organizations need better ways to promote and control the process of discovering and handling problems and opportunities. This article proposes a methodology and an information system for supporting this process through the integration of issue management and performance evaluation. Results from a test implementation are discussed.     

农地整治项目建后管护模式的绩效差异及其原因分析

本文借鉴平衡计分卡的基本思想,运用突变级数法构建农地整治项目建后管护绩效的递级突变模型,实现了农地整治项目建后管护绩效评价,并依据威廉姆森的交易费用理论,结合农地整治项目建后管护的特点,从资产专用性、不确定性和交易频率三个方面构建农地整治项目建后管护模式的交易费用指标体系,采用案例比较法对比分析了河南邓州市村委会管护模式和广西龙州县农民联户管护模式,探讨了农地整治项目建后管护模式的差异及其原因。结果表明：①借鉴平衡计分卡的基本思想,运用突变级数法构建农地整治项目建后管护绩效的递级突变模型,对农地整治项目建后管护绩效进行合理评价是可行的,为解决区域多目标评价问题提供了一种新的思路;②比较农地整治项目建后管护绩效评价的综合得分与各层面得分可知,研究区域农地整治项目建后管护绩效均较高,且广西龙州县农民联户管护模式的绩效高于河南邓州市村委会管护模式的绩效;③农地整治项目建后管护绩效的高低,取决于农地整治项目建后管护过程中交易费用的高低;不同农地整治项目建后管护模式,其资产专用性、不确定性和交易频率存在差异,导致交易费用不同,管护绩效自然存在差异,交易费用与管护绩效之间存在反相关关系;广西龙州县农民联户管护模式交易费用较小,绩效较高;河南邓州市村委会管护模式交易费用较大,绩效较低。因此,应因地制宜地采取措施,降低资产专用性程度、不确定性程度和交易频率,以提高农地整治项目建后管护绩效。     

Exploring the duality between product and organizational architectures: A test of the “mirroring” hypothesis

A variety of academic studies argue that a relationship exists between the structure of an organization and the design of the products that this organization produces. Specifically, products tend to “mirror” the architectures of the organizations in which they are developed. This dynamic occurs because the organization's governance structures, problem solving routines and communication patterns constrain the space in which it searches for new solutions. Such a relationship is important, given that product architecture has been shown to be an important predictor of product performance, product variety, process flexibility and even the path of industry evolution.We explore this relationship in the software industry. Our research takes advantage of a natural experiment, in that we observe products that fulfill the same function being developed by very different organizational forms. At one extreme are commercial software firms, in which the organizational participants are tightly-coupled, with respect to their goals, structure and behavior. At the other, are open source software communities, in which the participants are much more loosely-coupled by comparison. The mirroring hypothesis predicts that these different organizational forms will produce products with distinctly different architectures. Specifically, loosely-coupled organizations will develop more modular designs than tightly-coupled organizations. We test this hypothesis, using a sample of matched-pair products.We find strong evidence to support the mirroring hypothesis. In all of the pairs we examine, the product developed by the loosely-coupled organization is significantly more modular than the product from the tightly-coupled organization. We measure modularity by capturing the level of coupling between a product's components. The magnitude of the differences is substantial—up to a factor of six, in terms of the potential for a design change in one component to propagate to others. Our results have significant managerial implications, in highlighting the impact of organizational design decisions on the technical structure of the artifacts that these organizations subsequently develop.     

Knowledge transfer by sharing task templates: two approaches and their psychological requirements

This paper considers two paradigms of process-aware information systems (PAIS) that are used to share knowledge about planning and executing tasks. The case-based task management (CBTM) system is based on the transduction of execution protocols, so-called cases; and the pattern-based task management (PBTM) system is based on task patterns that are derived from cases but yield more abstract information. As user motivation to contribute to a collaborative task management system is a crucial factor for its success, we consider the different motivational requirements of CBTM and PBTM from a psychological point of view. Based on experimental findings about different factors that have been shown to enhance people's motivation to contribute their knowledge to a shared pool, we compare the two approaches and assess which one is more appropriate with respect to motivation.     

薪酬制度与组织文化的匹配性实证研究——以浙江省高新企业为例

根据薪酬制度的权变观点,探讨薪酬制度与组织文化的匹配关系。从是否采用能力工资、有否长期激励以及可变薪酬比例三个方面分析薪酬制度与组织文化对员工的薪酬满意度和离职倾向的影响,研究结果表明,采用能力工资的企业与没有采用能力工资的企业相比,其组织的创新、目标、支持、规则导向都比较强;可变薪酬的比例与企业的规则导向有显著的负相关;与没有提供长期激励的企业相比,具有长期激励的企业目标导向更强。薪酬制度与企业文化联合作用,能显著影响员工的薪酬满意度。薪酬满意度与组织的目标导向及支持导向交互作用,共同影响员工的离职倾向。     

Trends in transforming scholarly communication and their implications

Scholarly communication is undergoing transformation under the confluence of many forces. The purpose of this article is to explore trends in transforming scholarly publishing and their implications. It examines how collaboration and volume of information production were changed over the past century. It also explores how older documents are used under today’s network environment where new information is easily accessible. Understanding these trends would help us design more effective electronic scholarly publishing systems and digital libraries, and serve the needs of scholars more responsively.     

控制机制、组织双元与组织创造力的关系研究

基于动态能力理论,借鉴"投入-过程-产出"范式,本文构建了"组织控制--组织双元--组织创造力"的概念模型,分析了三者之间的作用关系。运用283份有效问卷,对所提出的研究假设进行了验证。研究结果表明,组织双元的联合对于组织创造力的提升具有积极的促进作用,在资源有限的条件下,过分强调组织的双元学习平衡反而不利于组织创造力的发展;结果控制和过程控制不仅对组织创造力具有直接的正向影响,而且会通过组织双元平衡和双元联合对组织创造力产生不同的影响。研究结论对于指导我国中小企业的创造战略实施具有一定的实践意义。     

IT artifact bias: How exogenous predilections influence organizational information system paradigms

Efforts in IS research have long sought to bridge the gap between the information technology (IT) function and strategic business interests. People perceive affordances (possibilities for action) in information technology artifacts differently as cognitive structures (schema) which bias individual focus. This study explores how an individual's tendency to perceive the ‘trees’ in an IT ‘forest’ (artifact preference) affects their assessment of efforts to achieve more effective IT outcomes. The effect is demonstrated using a relatively simple IT success model. Further, in a sample of 120 survey responses supported by ten semi-structured interviews, we demonstrate that job role and organizational IT complexity systematically impact artifact perception. A better understanding of IT artifact bias promises to help organizations better assess information systems.     

台湾STS研究的建制与特点

 近十几年来,台湾在STS领域发展迅速,已经成为东亚STS研究共同体中的重要角色,并逐渐形成自身特色。台湾STS关注日常生活与科技,并与学校通识教育相结合,在研究中重视“国际化”与“本土化”的统一。对台湾STS研究发展与现状的介绍,能够对大陆STS研究有所启示,有利于开拓有自身特色的STS道路。     

Dances with bees: Exploring the relevance of the study of animal communication to informatics

This paper describes part of a larger body of theoretical work which provides a new perspective on the nature of informatics, an umbrella term used to stand for the overlapping disciplinary areas of Information Systems, Information Management and Information Technology. We argue for an area of interest located at the intersection of signs and systems, which involves the enactment of forma (the substance of a sign), informa (the content of a sign) and performa (the use of signs within coordinated action). This conceptual scheme is reflected against work not traditionally covered by theory-making within informatics: that of animal communication. We use the well-documented case of the dance of the European honeybee to help ground our discussion. This examination leads to an understanding of the central position of communication amongst organisms as well as the place of human communication in the broad evolution of communication systems. This allows us to highlight crucial features of the concept of a data system as well as the important distinction between persistent and non-persistent data systems within communication processes.     

松散耦合系统:技术创新网络组织结构研究

将技术创新网络看成是由模块化结点形成的复杂网络组织，网络结点模块的双重性特征，使得合作创新网络的整体性和模块结点的独立性之间的矛盾需要协调，超越了传统的组织理论。Weick等的松散耦合理论为我们理解这一问题提供了新的视角。通过对技术创新网络及其结点模块特征的分析。从网络整体性与模块独立性两个维度出发，构建了松散耦合理论映像的N—M（Network—Modularity）矩阵，提出了技术创新网络是一个松散耦合系统的观点，并对技术创新网络的松散组织结构与弱耦合关系强度及耦合过程进行了讨论。     

Changing the system: Innovations in the interactive social system of scientific communication

Science is described as a social system of which interactive communication is the salient feature. Implications of this view of scientific communication are considered for the planning of innovations in the system, It is suggested that (a) innovation itself be seen as a process, (b) the dual role of the active research scientist (who is at once producer/disseminator and consumer/user of scientific information) be considered and (c) innovators take cognizance of the fact that alterations of the system may not always affect the desired changes in scientists' behavior unless the goals of the innovation are compatible with the individual and aggregate goals of the scientific community. Finally, a demonstration of the approach suggested is simulated, and its effect on the system of scientific communication is examined. Based on this simulation, a supplemental innovation is designed which overcomes faults in the major innovation while retaining the original goal.     

气象服务与新移动通信系统

本文从气象信息服务角度探讨了3G新移动通信技术，即气象服务中第三代移动通信系统的服务方式。