五甲基茚满的合成研究

以α-甲基苯乙烯和叔戊醇为原料,在催化剂磷酸的作用下合成产物1,1,2,3,3-五甲基茚满。考察了反应温度、催化剂用量、反应物料比对反应收率的影响。结果表明：以10.5g磷酸为催化剂,叔戊醇与α-甲基苯乙烯的摩尔比为1.3：1,反应温度50℃,产物收率达到32%。     

新疆维、哈、蒙、柯、锡、塔、回7民族成年人身体素质指标分析

通过抽样调查对新疆10500名维、哈、蒙、柯、锡、塔、回7民族(简称“新疆7民族”)成年男、女身体素质8项指标的测试，进行研究分析，揭示新疆7民族成年人身体素质的变化规律、发展趋势和性别间所存在的差异及原因。     

新疆维、哈、蒙、柯、锡、塔、回7民族成年人健康现状研究

通过问卷调查法对10500名新疆维、哈、蒙、柯、锡、塔、回7民族(简称“新疆7民族”)成年男、女身心健康状况进行调查分析，结果显示：有近1／3的人群因各种疾病而住院，病因尤以呼吸系统、消化系统疾病为最多。究其原因：参与体育活动项目比较单一，而且民族传统项目非常少，锻炼时间总体偏短。客观上与新疆7民族成人工作忙、家务重、无时间参加体育活动等因素有关，主观上反映出对体育锻炼与健康重视程度不够有密切关系。     

Age,Physical Activity,Physical Fitness,Body Composition,and Incidence of Orthopedic Problems

Abstract

The incidence of orthopedic problems was examined in 5, 582 men and women who attended the Cooper Clinic in Dallas, Texas between 1974 and 1982. The effects of age, physical activity, physical fitness, and body mass index (EMI) on the occurrence of these problems were examined using a proportional hazards approach. The expected risk of orthopedic problems per person-year was 0.045 for men and 0.046 for women. For men, physical fitness, BMI, and physical activity were associated with orthopedic problems, while for women, physical activity was the main predictor. Age was not a factor for either gender. The effect of change in physical fitness, physical activity, and BMI was examined in a subset of 2, 325 persons with more than one visit to the clinic. For women, physical activity and a decrease in BMI were associated with orthopedic problems, while for men none of those factors were significant. Again, age was not a factor in either group. The absence of any age effect on the occurrence of problems suggests that with regard to orthopedic problems, moderate amounts of physical activity in generally healthy persons may be recommended without special consideration as to age.     

几种生化指标( C K、 B U N、 H B、 L A、尿蛋白和隐血、尿 P H、胆红素和尿胆原、尿肌酐) 在运动实践中的应用

在当前国际竞技水平不断提高的形势下, 千分之一秒的胜负都需要运动员付出极大的生理代价, 这就更加要求以科学合理的手段最大限度地挖掘人类的运动能力, 有目的地进行科学训练。下面就一些比较常用的生化指标的特性及其在运动实践中的应用作一综述。如对训练的适应, 机能状态的评定, 实际应用方法等, 使运动训练更具科学性。本理论对教练员和运动员有一定的参考意义。     

运动与元素钙、铁、锌、镁、铜的研究

钙、铁、锌、镁、铜元素在机体代谢和运动能力提高中起着非常重要的作用。建议在运动训练中要定期的监测和评定运动员体内这些元素含量,并适当补充。     

Stressors,coping, and coping effectiveness: Gender,type of sport,and skill differences

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine stressors, coping, and coping effectiveness as a function of gender, type of sport, and skill. The sample consisted of 749 undergraduate athletes (455 males, 294 females) aged 18 – 38 years (mean = 19.8 years). Skill was classified as international/national, county, university, and club standard. Participants completed a stressor and coping concept map (Novak & Gowin, 1984 Novak, J. D. and Gowin, D. B. 1984. Learning how to learn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]). The results revealed gender, type of sport, and skill differences in relation to stressor frequencies, coping strategy deployment, and coping effectiveness. In contrast to previous research, females used a variety of problem-focused (e.g. planning, communication, technique-orientated coping) strategies more frequently than males. Team sport athletes reported a variety of sport-specific stressors relating to the demands of playing in a team environment. The group of national/international athletes reported using more planning, blocking, and visualization, and also reported that their coping was more effective than that of less-skilled athletes.     

Age, physical activity, physical fitness, body composition, and incidence of orthopedic problems

The incidence of orthopedic problems was examined in 5,582 men and women who attended the Cooper Clinic in Dallas, Texas between 1974 and 1982. The effects of age, physical activity, physical fitness, and body mass index (BMI) on the occurrence of these problems were examined using a proportional hazards approach. The expected risk of orthopedic problems per person-year was 0.045 for men and 0.046 for women. For men, physical fitness, BMI, and physical activity were associated with orthopedic problems, while for women, physical activity was the main predictor. Age was not a factor for either gender. The effect of change in physical fitness, physical activity, and BMI was examined in a subset of 2,325 persons with more than one visit to the clinic. For women, physical activity and a decrease in BMI were associated with orthopedic problems, while for men none of those factors were significant. Again, age was not a factor in either group. The absence of any age effect on the occurrence of problems suggests that with regard to orthopedic problems, moderate amounts of physical activity in generally healthy persons may be recommended without special consideration as to age.     

Stressors, coping, and coping effectiveness: gender, type of sport, and skill differences

The aim of this study was to examine stressors, coping, and coping effectiveness as a function of gender, type of sport, and skill. The sample consisted of 749 undergraduate athletes (455 males, 294 females) aged 18-38 years (mean= 19.8 years). Skill was classified as international/national, county, university, and club standard. Participants completed a stressor and coping concept map (Novak & Gowin, 1984). The results revealed gender, type of sport, and skill differences in relation to stressor frequencies, coping strategy deployment, and coping effectiveness. In contrast to previous research, females used a variety of problem-focused (e.g. planning, communication, technique-orientated coping) strategies more frequently than males. Team sport athletes reported a variety of sport-specific stressors relating to the demands of playing in a team environment. The group of national/international athletes reported using more planning, blocking, and visualization, and also reported that their coping was more effective than that of less-skilled athletes.     

Media,Culture, and the Meanings of Hockey

This essay describes a plan for investigating the cultural meanings of hockey in Canada by examining media narratives of high-level amateur and professional hockey during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In particular, this project analyzes English Canadian newspaper coverage of Stanley Cup games between 1894 and 1907, as well as the telegraph reconstructions that enabled fans to share a simultaneous experience of distant games. Media coverage of hockey brought Canadians into local and national communities of interest, while constructing narratives of manhood, regional rivalry, and civic pride. Hockey played a significant role in the construction of gender and class identities, and in debates about amateurism, professionalism, and community representation in sport. By exploring key issues related to media, gender, and community identities in early hockey, this research addresses important gaps in the study of sport history and the analysis of sport and Canadian popular culture.     

Opportunistic,Parasitic, Strategic,Symbiotic: Entrepreneurship and the Business of Sport

Abstract

Stephen Hardy’s tripartite sports product (1986), as subsequently refined by George Sage (2004) and recently reconfigured by Wray Vamplew (2018), remains the starting point for any study of entrepreneurship in and around sport. Recent work in business history, especially Daniel Wadhwani and Christina Lubinski’s advocacy of ‘new entrepreneurial history’ (2017), also has implications for sports historians. These perspectives are crucial for identifying and exploring some key characteristics of entrepreneurship, here defined as an essentially creative process during which opportunities are enacted and developed rather than discovered and exploited. Emphasis is placed on innovation and on how new combinations are effected. A provisional taxonomy of new combinations is developed and three principal categories – parasitic, strategic, and symbiotic – are suggested, each relating to the tripartite sports product in a different way. These abstract formulations are illustrated by examples drawn mainly form the business history of late-nineteenth and early twentieth-century sport.     

谷氨酰胺对过度训练状态下大鼠肠粘膜超微结构、MDA、SOD、GSH、Gln及IgA变化的干预作用

探讨过度训练状态下肠粘膜免疫屏障结构和功能的变化及谷氨酰胺(Gln)的干预作用及其机制。采用过度训练大鼠模型,通过补充外源性Gln的对比试验,应用形态学手段结合免疫组织化学和图像分析方法,对训练后大鼠肠道粘膜的超微结构、脂质过氧化反应产物丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、Gln含量和粘膜IgA的产生及含量做定位和定量研究。结果显示,过度训练组与普通训练组(对照组)比较,电镜下肠道粘膜超微结构明显改变,MDA含量显著升高,GSH和Gln含量明显降低,SOD活性显著下降,IgA浆细胞计数及其平均吸光度以及粘液IgA水平显著降低(P<0.01),补充外源性Gln,对这些变化有显著抑制作用。结果表明,过度训练大鼠肠粘膜超微结构和免疫功能发生了显著改变,这些变化可能与肠粘膜脂质过氧化水平升高和Gln代谢紊乱有关,补充外源性Gln对这些改变有显著干预作用。     

论竞技武术的强化、异化与软化

对竞技武术的发展过程中得失、原因及其未来发展之路进行了梳理。指出：竞技武术经过强化，在国际化和现代化的进程中取得了巨大成就，但过度的文化模仿和对进入奥运会的过分追求，使竞技武术发生异化；在竞技武术强化、异化的同时，一个值得期待的发展倾向正在悄然形成，就是竞技武术正在软化，正在回归传统，回复中国武术原有的技击内核，回复“内敛”的传统文化品性，这是一个可喜的变化，也是武术发展的正途。     

有氧运动对大鼠血睾酮、皮质醇、HDL、LDL AngⅡ和心肌收缩能力影响的实验研究

该研究目的在于研究不同强度有氧运动对机体脂蛋白、激素和心肌收缩能力的变化及其相互关系。笔者采用BECKMAN自动生化分析仪，RM-6000多道生理记录仪和放射免疫测定技术，对有氧运动大鼠高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、血浆睾酮(T)、皮质醇(C)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)和左室压力的二阶导数(d^2p／dr^2max)等指标进行观察、测试，并对血睾酮、皮质醇、HDL、LDL、AngⅡ和d^2p／dr^2max之间的相互关系进行分析。结果：中等强度有氧运动大鼠体重、血压、尿蛋白恒定、心系数增加，心率降低，心肌收缩能力增强，皮质醇、血睾酮／皮质醇、AngⅡ及HDL显著性升高，LDL显著性降低；大强度有氧运动大鼠体重、血压波动，尿蛋白异常，心系数增加。但心率上升，心肌收缩功能降低，AngⅡ、皮质醇大幅度升高，LDL、HDL出现异常波动。血睾酮、皮质醇与AngⅡ、HDL、LDL以及AngⅡ与HDL、LDL、d^2p／dr^2max之间的关系密切。结论：中等强度有氧运动对维持机体健康水平有益；AngⅡ可能参与了血睾酮、皮质醇、HDL、LDL变化的调节。     

中美日英俄德体育研究生培养比较研究

运用文献资料等研究方法,对中、美、日、英、俄、德等国体育研究生的招生制度、课程结构、教学模式、专业设置、教育管理体制和学制的特点进行分析.结果表明:体育学科研究生招生规模急剧扩大,向国际性与开放性发展,招生制度宽泛、灵活、多样化;课程设置厚基础、宽口径,课程内容为社会经济服务;教学模式多样化,学习方式更加灵活;专业设置多元化,以学科为基础,以满足社会需求为准绳;教育管理体制逐渐趋向于"均权化",学制由固定学制向弹性化方向发展.     

Effect of loading on peak power of the bar,body, and system during power cleans,squats, and jump squats

Abstract

Nine males (age 24.7 ± 2.1 years, height 175.3 ± 5.5 cm, body mass 80.8 ± 7.2 kg, power clean 1-RM 97.1 ± 6.36 kg, squat 1-RM = 138.3 ± 20.9 kg) participated in this study. On day 1, the participants performed a one-repetition maximum (1-RM) in the power clean and the squat. On days 2, 3, and 4, participants performed the power clean, squat or jump squat. Loading for the power clean ranged from 30% to 90% of the participant's power clean 1-RM and loading for the squat and jump squat ranged from 0% to 90% of the participant's squat 1-RM, all at 10% increments. Peak force, velocity, and power were calculated for the bar, body, and system (bar + body) for all power clean, squat, and jump squat trials. Results indicate that peak power for the bar, body, and system is differentially affected by load and movement pattern. When using the power clean, squat or jump squat for training, the optimal load in each exercise may vary. Throwing athletes or weightlifters may be most concerned with bar power, but jumpers or sprinters may be more concerned with body or system power. Thus, the exercise type and load vary according to the desired stimulus.     

补充白藜芦醇对大强度运动大鼠脑组织抗氧化能力、NO、NOS、ATP酶的影响

目的:通过检测补充白藜芦醇(RES)对大强度运动大鼠脑组织抗氧化能力、NO、NOS、ATP酶的影响,探讨RES减缓运动性损伤的效果和机制.方法:以雄性SD大鼠为研究对象,建立大强度递增负荷运动模型,各组大鼠训练结束后匀浆法提取大鼠脑组织匀浆,紫外分光光度计检测大鼠脑组织中总超氧化物歧化酶(tSOD)、CuZn超氧化物歧化酶(CuZn-SOD)、Mn超氧化物歧化酶(Mn-SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、丙二醛(MDA)和总一氧化氮合酶(tNOS)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、结构型一氧化氮合酶(cNOS)、一氧化氮(NO)以及Na+,K+-ATP酶(Na+,K+-ATPase)、Ca2+-ATP酶(Ca2+-ATPase)的表达水平.结果:大强度运动可造成大鼠脑组织中的tSOD、CuZn-SOD、Mn-SOD、MDA、tNOS、iNOS、NO显著升高,GSH-Px、cNOS、Na+,K+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase显著下降.补充RES可使大鼠运动后脑组织中MDA、tNOS、iNOS、NO下降,tSOD、CuZn-SOD、Mn-SOD、GSH-Px、CAT、cNOS、Na+,K+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase活性升高.结论:大强度运动造成脑组织氧化损伤,RES能够有效提高脑组织抗氧化能力,保持脑组织ATPase活性,减轻氧化性损伤.     

56名女运动员发锌、铁、铜、钙、锰及铅含量的调查分析

对56名女运动员头发锌、铁、铜、钙、锰及铅含量进行了调查分析,结果显示被调查女运动员发钙、铁、锌、锰存在一定比例的偏低情况,发铅含量有一定比例高于上限.提示我们对于仍处于生长发育期的运动员应重视矿物质和微量元素的监测,避免出现缺乏或过量的情况,影响运动员的生长发育.在高温高湿环境中训练,女运动员要注意补充钙、铁、锌、锰等的补充;加强对运动员的膳食指导,通过膳食调整减少有害元素铅的吸收,以保持运动员良好的机能状态.