基于膜片式压力传感器的粮仓谷物水分在线监测系统设计

本文介绍一种基于膜片式压力传感器针对粮仓谷物水分检测智能在线实时控制系统,根据粮仓内压力的关系而形成的含水量情况,探讨当传感器布置在不同位置压力随载荷重量的变化规律,确切找到压力传感器的采集位置,使该系统将所采集的粮食压力比值与其水分含量对应起来,为准确地确定水分含量的分布特性提供依据,从而更准确地显示出粮食的水分含量,实现对粮仓谷物水分检测的准确度,有效的提高了在线实时检测效率,对粮仓谷物水分检测获得行之有效的方法。     

Molecular dissection of complex agronomic traits of rice:a team effort by Chinese scientists in recent years

Rice is a staple food for more than half of the worldwide population and is also a model species for biological studies on monocotyledons. hrough a team efort, Chinese scientists have made rapid and important progresses in rice biology in recent years. Here, we briely review these advances, emphasizing on the regulatory mechanisms of the complex agronomic traits that afect rice yield and grain quality. Progresses in rice genome biology and genome evolution have also been summarized.     

水稻分蘖的分子机理研究

分蘖是水稻等禾谷类作物最重要的农艺性状之一,它直接决定着水稻穗数的多少并进而影响水稻单位面积的产量;分蘖又是单子叶植物一种特殊的分枝现象,具有重要的发育生物学意义。我们与合作者共同努力,克隆了控制水稻分蘖的关键基因MOC1,并对其作用机理进行了初步分析,部分研究结果已发表在2003年4月10日出版的Nature上[1]。     

基于水足迹视角的中国北方10省三大粮食作物种植结构优化

水资源短缺与水-土-粮系统不协调是制约中国粮食生产可持续发展的重要因素,种植结构优化作为农业结构型节水的重要举措,对保障中国水资源安全与粮食安全具有重要意义。本文聚焦中国北方10省,揭示水足迹视角下水资源压力与三大粮食作物种植结构的关系,探讨不同目标权重情景下三大粮食作物种植结构的优化趋势,并通过构建多目标种植结构优化模型,得出不同节水情景下北方10省三大粮食作物种植结构优化方案。研究表明：①中国北方10省中粮食种植规模较大的地区水资源压力指数普遍偏高,水资源约束呈趋紧态势;②当使用熵权法对经济收益、蓝水（灌溉水）消耗和绿水（雨水）利用目标客观赋权时,北方10省将增加高收益高耗水的水稻种植。随着蓝水消耗最小化目标的权重逐渐加大,水稻种植面积和蓝水耗水量会逐步减少;③在15%节水情景中,山东、山西、内蒙古、陕西、甘肃、青海应调增玉米种植面积而减少水稻和小麦的种植面积,宁夏和新疆应调增小麦种植面积而调减水稻和玉米的种植面积,河南应调增水稻和玉米的种植面积而减少小麦的种植面积;④在节水5%、10%和15%情景中,优化的种植结构能够使北方10省三大粮食作物生产的蓝水足迹总量较2019年分别减少38亿m³、51亿m³和64亿m³,平均单位蓝水足迹的现金收益提升4%、3%和2%。本文结果对保障中国粮食安全,实现农业可持续发展具有重要的政策启示。     

不同城市化水平下中国粮食主产区耕地集约利用差异及其政策启示——以江西省和江苏省为例

本文提出从利用投入和产出效应2个方面测度耕地集约利用,并构建耕地集约利用评价的3种基本类型:粗放化型、集约化型和过度化型.以处于不同城市化水平下的江西省和江苏省两个粮食主产区为例,剖析两省2001年-2010年耕地(水稻种植)集约利用的差异及其政策启示.结果表明:①近10a来,城市化水平低的江西省单位耕地面积水稻种植总投入、省工性投入和增产性投入与城市化水平高的江苏省的差距明显缩小,其中省工性投入的差距最小,而江西省的水稻单产,尤其是水稻净利润在2010年进一步低于江苏省;②尽管江西省和江苏省耕地利用属于集约化型的年份均最多,但属于过度化型的年份比例偏高,分别为33.33％和22.22％,这说明两省尤其是江西省耕地产出效应没有同步跟进或者需要进一步跟进耕地利用投入;③江苏省应凭借自身优势推行农业现代化,江西省需增加以增产性投入为核心的农业投入和推行以加大种粮补贴、提高粮食收购价格为重点的惠农政策.     

水稻第四号染色体精确测序完成

水稻是最重要的粮食作物之一,是世界约一半以上人口的主要口粮。水稻作为禾本科植物基因组研究的模式作物,具有十分重要的意义。中国科学院国家基因研究中心率先完成了国际水稻基因组计划的第4号染色体全长序列的精确测序,该成果已在英国的《自然》杂志发表。本文简要报告水稻基因组测序的意义和目前我国在这一领域已取得的进展,并着重介绍水稻基因组4号染色体精确测序和分析的成果。     

基于多智能体粒子群算法的松嫩平原土地利用格局优化

土地利用格局优化是实现土地资源合理配置的重要方式。本文以松嫩平原典型区域巴彦县为研究区,运用GIS和RS技术,采用Matlab编程,结合多智能体（MA）和粒子群算法（PSO）,建立土地利用格局优化模型,以粮食生产、生态安全和社会经济发展为优化目标,设计政府、职能部门和个体三类智能体（Agent）,并结合研究区土地利用格局优化目标的决策偏好确定其优化方案。结果表明：①基于多智能体改进粒子群优化算法建立土地利用格局优化模型,实现了研究区土地利用类型数量结构在时空上的合理匹配及其空间构型和空间组合方式合理配置,建立的土地利用格局优化模型可行;②3个优化方案中,方案1更加偏向于生态安全优化目标的实现,方案2更加偏向于社会经济发展目标的实现,方案3更加偏向于粮食生产目标的实现;在研究区土地利用格局子目标决策偏好的实现上,3组土地利用格局优化方案对实现粮食生产、生态安全、社会经济发展等优化目标的决策偏好具有显著差异;③研究区土地利用格局不同优化方案呈现不同土地利用结构,在空间布局上有显著的分异特征。本文完善和丰富了土地利用格局优化的理论基础和研究方法,可为土地利用规划提供有力的技术支撑。     

水稻同源四倍体杂种优势利用技术新体系的研究

运用遗传育种、细胞工程及分子生物学等技术手段对同源四倍体水稻开展了多方面的研究。取得成果如下:创制了同源四倍体水稻材料近1000份。选育出同源四倍体水稻雄性不育系6份、不育系材料46份;保持系22份、保持系材料100多份;恢复系28份、恢复系材料500多份;成功地实现了四倍体水稻杂种优势利用三系配套。培育出T462A×T4509等四倍体杂交稻新组合。三系及杂种的细胞学研究表明,其染色体数为48条,为二倍体水稻染色体数的2倍,证明是同源四倍体。并初步开展了分子生物学的研究。     

稻谷烘干质量影响因素分析

收后的水稻应尽快将水分降到安全水分下以便长期储存。稻谷降水及储存方式、方法对其销售时质量及价格有很大的影响。本文对这些影响作用因素进行分析以便更好地服务于生产。     

The porous structure of paper in relation to drying and impregnation

It is shown that water adsorbed by paper cannot be completely removed by pumping while immersed in an impregnating compound which wets the paper.A theory which explains this effect is presented, according to which the equilibrium moisture content of paper pumped under these conditions does not correspond to the external pressure but to one $\text{2λ}\text{R}$ greater than this where λ is the surface tension of the impregnant and R the effective pore radius.The application of these findings and the theory to the preparation of experimental samples of impregnated paper of controlled moisture content; to the determination of moisture in impregnated paper; to the drying and impregnation of paper and to the investigation of the pore structure of solids is discussed.     

应用密度法测原油含水率

主要介绍用密度法对原油含水率进行快速测量和含水油田井站计量系统的工作原理、测量误差分析及含水原油液面自动控制原理、安全保护措施和系统运行工况,解决了原油产量的计量误差问题,提高了测量效率,减轻了测量工作强度。     

1980—2018年中国水稻生产变化的时空格局

水稻对于国家粮食安全具有重要意义。中国作为世界上最大的水稻生产和消费国,改革开放以来水稻生产格局发生了巨大变化,但是其生产变化完整过程的时空格局尚不清楚,特别是对于阶段性特征及区域差异的认识有待提高。本文基于省级面板数据分析中国1980—2018年水稻生产的时空变化,剖析播种面积和单产对总产量的贡献。研究表明：①1980年以来水稻总产量年际变化呈现3个阶段：波动上升时期（1980—1997年）,除广东省显著下降外,大部分省份显著增加;显著下降时期（1998—2003年）,南方地区下降较快;快速上升时期（2004—2018年）,东北和长江中下游省份显著增加,东南沿海三省（浙江、福建和广东）和四川盆地显著下降。②近40年中国水稻总产量显著增加,由13.99×10³万t增加至21.21×10³万t,增加了51.61%,空间上呈现“南北齐增”格局;单产与总产量变化相似,在全国范围内持续增加;播种面积则不同,呈现出“北增南减”的态势。③全国水稻总产量变化总体上以单产贡献为主（64.29%）,播种面积贡献为辅（28.57%）,1998年以来水稻总产量逐渐由单产主导转为播种面积主导,随着单产可能或者已达到增长瓶颈,政策调控对于稳定和提高水稻种植面积和总产量尤为重要。本文结果可为政府部门粮食安全政策的制定、宏观农业规划和结构调整提供科学支持。     

项目群甲供非商品化资源费用-生产规模优化模型

甲供非商品化资源（NCRPE）费用高低与NCRPE生产系统规模密切相关，如何通过缩小生产规模，以降低NCRPE费用既是一个理论问题，也是一个实践问题。首先，根据NCRPE生产系统的特点，分析了NCRPE初始配置的相关费用，研究了初始配置相关费用与NCRPE生产规模之间的关联关系。其次，研究并构建了基于生产规模的项目群NCRPE费用现值优化模型，并选用模拟退火粒子群算法进行仿真实验。最后，开展案例分析，结合项目群Z，验证了模型的可行性与有效性。研究结果表明: 构建的NCRPE费用优化模型能够有效地缩小NCRPE生产规模，降低NCRPE生产系统总费用（建设费用和运行费用之和），从而实现业主支付费用现值最小化。     

Designing machine operating strategy with simulated annealing and Monte Carlo simulation

This paper describes a simulation-based parameter design (PD) approach for optimizing machine operating strategy under stochastic running conditions. The approach presents a Taguchi-based definition to the PD problem in which control factors include machine operating hours, operating pattern, scheduled shutdowns, maintenance level, and product changeovers. Random factors include machine random variables (RVs) of cycle time (CT), time-between-failure (TBF), time-to-repair (TTR), and defects rate (DR). Machine performance, as a complicated function of control and random factors, is defined in terms of net productivity (NP) based on three key performance indicators: gross throughput (GT), reliability rate (RR), and quality rate (QR). It is noticed that the resulting problem definition presents both modeling and optimization difficulties. Modeling complications result from the sensitivity of machine RVs to different settings of machine operating parameters and the difficulty to estimate machine performance in terms of NP under stochastic running conditions. Optimization complications result from the limited capability of mathematical modeling and experimental design in tackling the resulting large-in-space combinatorial optimization problem. To tackle such difficulties, therefore, the proposed approach presents a combined empirical modeling and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method to model the sensitive factors interdependencies and to estimate NP under stochastic running conditions. For combinatorial optimization, the approach utilizes a simulated-annealing (SA) heuristic to solve the defined PD problem and to provide optimal or near optimal settings to machine operating parameters. Approach procedure and potential benefits are illustrated through a case study example.     

Honey-bee mating optimization (HBMO) algorithm for optimal reservoir operation

In recent years, evolutionary and meta-heuristic algorithms have been extensively used as search and optimization tools in various problem domains, including science, commerce, and engineering. Ease of use, broad applicability, and global perspective may be considered as the primary reason for their success. The honey-bee mating process has been considered as a typical swarm-based approach to optimization, in which the search algorithm is inspired by the process of real honey-bee mating. In this paper, the honey-bee mating optimization (HBMO) algorithm is presented and tested with a nonlinear, continuous constrained problem with continuous decision and state variables to demonstrate the efficiency of the algorithm in handling the single reservoir operation optimization problems. It is shown that the performance of the model is quite comparable with the results of the well-developed traditional linear programming (LP) solvers such as LINGO 8.0. Results obtained are quite promising and compare well with the final results of the other approach.     

Application of a parametrization method to problem of optimal control

A new approach to the problem of optimal control of linear dynamic systems is proposed that makes use of a method of input and state parametrization to transform the original problem into a problem of the Calculus of Variations. In contrast to the standard approaches for this class of problems, two salient features of the new approach are that no Lagrange multiplier functions need to be invoked and that the class of inputs can be restricted to the - relatively small - class of continuous functions, even for problems with fixed end-states. The resulting necessary conditions of optimality, i.e., the Euler-Lagrange equation and the boundary conditions for the transformed problem, are proved to be equivalent to those resulting from the standard method of First Variations. In case of quadratic cost functionals, the new approach provides a simpler alternative to the well known, but equally difficult, Riccati differential equation approach and results in a simple dynamic state-feedback implementation of the optimal control.     

PDC and Non-PDC fuzzy control with relaxed stability conditions for contintuous-time multiplicative noised fuzzy systems

This paper presents a relaxed scheme of fuzzy controller design for continuous-time nonlinear stochastic systems that are constructed by the Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy models with multiplicative noises. Through Nonquadratic Lyapunov Functions (NQLF) and Non-Parallel Distributed Compensation (Non-PDC) control law, the less conservative Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) stabilization conditions on solving fuzzy controllers are derived. Furthermore, in order to study the effects of stochastic behaviors on dynamic systems in real environments, the multiplicative noise term is introduced in the consequent part of fuzzy systems. For decreasing the conservatism of the conventional PDC-based fuzzy control, the NQLF stability synthesis approach is developed in this paper to obtain relaxed stability conditions for T–S fuzzy models with multiplicative noises. Finally, some simulation examples are provided to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the proposed fuzzy controller design approach.     

土地细碎化视角下种粮目的对稻农生物农药施用行为的影响

在不同土地细碎化条件下,厘清影响稻农生物农药施用行为的关键因素,对实现农药减量、保障农产品质量安全具有重要现实意义。基于2017年湖北省765份农户实地调研问卷,从追求风险最小化、利润最大化以及食品安全3个方面构建稻农生物农药施用行为多目标效用模型,实证检验不同土地细碎化条件下种粮目的对稻农生物农药施用行为的异质性影响。结果显示：①以自留口粮占比表征的种粮目的,越趋向于满足自家消费需要,稻农施用生物农药的可能性越大,且自留口粮占比每提高1%,施用生物农药的可能性会提高10.56%;②对于土地细碎化程度低（平均地块面积大于0.133 hm ²）的稻农而言,种粮目的对其生物农药施用行为产生负向影响,而对于土地细碎化程度高（平均地块面积小于0.133 hm ²）的稻农而言,种粮目的表现为正向影响;③稻农生物农药施用行为也会受到农药残留意识、绿色农产品重要性认知、市场风险感知以及健康水平的正向影响,以及市场风险感知的负向影响。根据研究结论提出政策建议：加快农田标准化建设,实现同质化生产,同时加快普及新型农业技术和农业发展形势,从生产源头和市场建设双管齐下。     

喷施铁肥对铁蛋白转基因水稻的稻米增铁效应研究

以豌豆铁蛋白转基因富铁水稻纯系(Fer34)及其原始对照(秀水11)为试材,开展有关转基因富铁系稻米铁含量积累和变异规律研究.结果表明,与CK相比,转基因富铁稻(Fer34)确有更强的稻米积累铁含量功能,但这种富铁程度与所处土壤、气候等生态环境有关;对其灌浆期进行叶面喷施铁肥处理,可以明显增加其稻米的铁含量,且不改变稻米主要外观和蒸煮食用品质,对淀粉特性和结构的RVA谱参数也无明显影响.这表明选用铁蛋白转基因富铁稻,并结合灌浆期喷施铁肥的栽培技术,来生产高效富铁大米,解决人类铁营养缺乏症的技术路线方法是可行的.     

罗非鱼片的渗透微波复合干燥特性

研究3mm．5mm、10mm及渗透后含水率为70．87％、62．17％、51．49％的罗非鱼片分别在200W．400W,600W,lfg~s．O率下的干燥特性。当初始含水率较高时,增大微波功率,可以提高干燥速率,明显缩短干燥时间,但当含水率较低时,增大微波功率,干燥速率却降低。鱼片含水率越低,厚度对微波干燥的影响越小。此外,通过对实验数据进行拟合,得到渗透后微波干燥模型。