教师教学行为的现状分析与变革路径——以研究性学习指导教师为例

教师的教学行为对课程实施效果和课堂教学质量起着至为关键的作用。调查表明,研究性学习指导教师的教学行为呈现出多元和复杂的特征。多数教师认同新课程倡导的教学方式和学习方式,但在实践中要践行这种理念会遭遇很多困境,教师教学行为与课程改革的要求有一定的差距。变革教师教学行为的有效路径和策略包括引导教师从学生发展的角度认识教育的价值,提升教师变革动力;建构具有共同的价值观和教育理想的学校文化;重建合作开放的教师专业文化;构建基于人格和谐发展的课程评价体系;建立动态互惠的院校合作伙伴关系;以教师专业发展理论为指导改进教师培训模式,提升教师的课程实施能力等。     

推动中小学教师专业发展评鉴之考察:新专业主义的省思

教师专业发展是影响教育成效的关键之一,环顾世界主要国家都将提升教师专业发展视为重要的教育政策。为了确保教师的专业精神与专业知能,使教师们在数十年的专业生涯中,均能拥有最佳的专业服务质量及最高的成就感,也使学生能因教师的持续成长而获致最大的教育成效,使国家的总体竞争力能因拥有优秀的人才而不断提升,教师专业发展评鉴及绩效评鉴已经是难以抵挡的时代潮流,中小学教师必须准备迎接"教师评鉴时代"的来临。本文运用文献分析、历史研究、理论分析与哲学思考等方法,省思中小学教师评鉴之推动过程与现状,首先借鉴英国教师新专业主义的发展及其七项原则,逐一检视目前台湾教师专业发展评鉴的措施,考察其适当性与有待加强处,务期将"教师专业发展评鉴"纳入法令之际,提供研究成果给决策机关作为全面推动之参考。     

我国中小学教师评价方案有效吗——基于霍伊学校结构理论的中美比较研究

教师评价对于促进教师专业发展有重要作用。以霍伊学校结构理论为基础,研究对比中美两套代表性教师评价方案在规则设计和权力结构两大维度的运作效果发现:中国方案更具备阻滞型学校结构的特征,美国方案更倾向于促进型学校结构的特征。我国中小学教师评价方案应实现以下几个转变:评价目的从"加强管理"转向"促进教学",制度安排从"依附嵌套"转向"独立自主",教师与评价者的关系从"对立被动"转向"双边互动",评价结果从用于"量化排名"转向利于教师"专业发展",制度设计从"基于经验"转向"专业科学"。     

Developing different identity trajectories: lessons from the Chinese teachers

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to investigate how three Chinese teachers developed their teacher identities in a reform context. Drawing upon data from a larger social historical study, the work-life narratives of the three teachers at different stages of their careers were used as case studies to showcase three types of teacher identity development trajectories, namely, learning to be both professional educator and subject teaching expert，learning to be subject teaching expert, and navigating to balance between educator and subject teacher. This study also investigated the factors that influence identity development trajectories of teachers and develops a conceptual framework for understanding teacher identity development in China. The framework shows that Chinese teachers’ exertion of their individual agency is embedded in the institutional context. Meanwhile, interpersonal relationships can work as a buffer to alleviate the tension between the institution and individual teachers. The study also shows the ways in which Chinese teachers’ exert their agency when developing their identities. The findings have significant implications for teacher education in terms of how to develop positive teacher identity over the course of a teacher’s career.     

教学专业与教师发展——美国教师评鉴指标分析

本文以加州和威斯康星州两州为例,讨论美国教师评鉴制度。首先介绍美国教师评鉴制度的历史发展,以窥见一套原本以总结性评鉴为思考模式的评鉴制度,如何发展至今重视教师发展的形成性评鉴制度。其次,介绍《加州教学专业标准》和《威斯康星州教师发展与证照标准》两份文件中的理念与目标,规准与指针,及实施的流程;分析教学专业与教师发展的意义如何呈现在评鉴的流程之中。     

规限的专业性:香港及中国内地教师评鉴工作比较

香港及中国内地两地在上世纪90年代末起均积极推动教育改革,以发展优质/素质教育为主要的发展方向,以期培养适切的人才,提高两地的国际竞争力。基于此,两地均强调课程改革,引入新的教学法,如专题研习/研究性学习,强调问责性的评核机制。面对教与学的种种改革,教师的工作出现了新的转变及挑战,本文比较两地在教改情境下,如何透过教师评鉴保证及提升教育质素,两地教师如何以不同策略作响应,呈现两地教师在工作评鉴下的处境。     

美国教师教育改革新趋势对中国的启示

美国奥巴马政府执政以来,增加联邦教育经费,招募教师和吸引人才,进一步提高学生学业标准并奖励优秀教师,出台了一系列对美国的教师教育发展产生深刻影响的教育革新计划。美国大学在通识教育、培养模式、教学实习、教师资格等方面的改革举措有:在教师教育课程方面,更加注重多学科知识基础;在培养模式上更加多元化;延长教育实习期,完善实习专业标准;严格教师资格认定标准,建立考试体系。美国教师教育改革的经验和创新措施,对我国的启示主要有以下四点:建立和完善国家教师教育课程标准,强化教师综合素质提升;完善教育实习顶层制度设计,建立国家级教师教育实习基地;健全和完善国家评定标准,把好教师准入关;完善多层级的专业发展模式,建立教师资格证书进阶制。     

学前师范高专教育的质量评价

建立科学的评价体系,是促进教育发展的重要因素。学前师范高专教育的质量评价,有助于提高学前教育教学质量。可从课程入手,对理论课程、技能课程和实践课程的质量评价加以研究,并在此基础上对教学质量综合评价进行分析。     

Research-based and hands-on practical teacher education: an attempt to combine the two

This article, based on the analysis of responses given by 27 students in initial teacher education, gives an account of how education theory can be conceived by students as relevant to their teaching practice. Research on teacher education in many countries has revealed that students regard theory and practice to be inconsistent or to belong to different worlds in initial teacher education. This may have a potentially negative effect on the teachers’ opportunities for future professional development, as such development should be based on the ability to view one’s own teaching practice from a critical, theory- and research-based perspective. In the research and development project reported in this article, the PIL-project, the students’ teaching practice was chosen as the pivotal point for all the other activities involved in the teacher education programme. Results indicate that when questions emerge from the students’ own experience, theory is often found useful in discussing and understanding their practical experiences. The results further show that the students’ choice of theory when discussing their teaching practice is eclectic. Students tend to choose theory with direct relevance to their daily tasks in the classrooms. The implication for initial teacher education is that the educational theory taught should more often address the immediate challenges faced by the students doing their teaching practice.     

尊重个体,立足差异——从教师的自我发展看评价策略的应然选择

教师评价之所以复杂,在于教育教学本身的复杂,在于构成与影响教育教学各种条件、因素的多样,在于教师文化属性的独特性与演变。这些多维性构成要求对教师评价做出一种整合的、灵动的分析与评价。这种分析评价,不仅有技术上的要求,也有社会、学术和文化的要求。文章引入发展性教师评价的概念,分析在教职公共使命式微的背景下,评价主体的态度抉择,旨在倡导以分层与自主评价相结合的新型教师评价样式。     

Enriching a collaborative teacher inquiry discourse: exploring teachers’ experiences of a theory-framed discourse in a Singapore case of lesson study

This paper explores how a learning theory enriched a collaborative teacher inquiry discourse where lesson study was adopted as the educational action research model to promote teacher professional development. Four Grade 9–10 biology teachers in Singapore drew from variation theory to collaboratively plan and teach new genetics content as part of teacher research. As a researcher-facilitator, I have drawn from the teachers’ experiences of infusing variation theory into their teaching practice, of developing their own theories of teaching and learning, and of developing student-focused pedagogies to highlight the roles variation theory played. These included providing concrete examples of patterns of variations teachers could use, increasing the teachers’ attention and sensitivity to students, and developing the teachers’ theoretical lens in their approach to teaching. Reflecting on the teachers’ experiences, I made an appeal for teachers’ development of theoretical lenses in teacher inquiry, and bridging of theory and research to teaching practice.     

基于合作教研的教师专业发展：问题与对策

合作教研之于教师专业发展有重要意义,有利于提高教师专业知识;有利于提高教师实践能力;有利于激发教师专动业力。当前合作教研存在的问题主要有刻板的合作规范导致教师的消极行为;过度的行政权力导致教师的话语沉默;异化的业绩评价导致教师抵触情绪。针对这些问题,我们提出了一些改善合作教研以促进教师专业发展的策略,包括建立开放的合作教研组织;建立专业取向的合作教研制度;建立发展性教师业绩评价体系。     

Understanding teacher collaboration processes from a complexity theory perspective: a case study of a Chinese secondary school

Although research on teacher collaboration has proliferated in the last few decades, scant attention has been paid to the development of teacher collaboration in school contexts. Informed by the perspective of complexity theory, this study investigates the complex process of teacher collaboration through qualitative interviews in an English teaching research group (TRG) in a secondary school in China. The findings reveal three distinct stages in the development of teacher collaboration, labeled as ‘breaking the ice’, ‘everything is out of control’ and ‘learning how to collaborate through collaboration’. The study shows that teacher collaboration is an adaptive, complex system that evolves through internal self-organization and interaction with external stakeholders and systems, such as school management and university researchers. The study provides useful insights into the ways of facilitating and sustaining teachers’ collaborative practices to enhance school effectiveness and improvement in specific educational contexts.     

Good teaching: what matters to university students

Institutions assess teaching effectiveness in various ways, such as classroom observation, peer evaluation and self-assessment. In higher education, student feedback continues to be the main teaching evaluation tool. However, most of such forms include characteristics of good teaching that the institutions deem important and may not adequately reflect what students perceive to be good teaching. This study explored students' understandings of good teaching via a survey with students from two faculties at a Singapore university. Students were asked what characteristics they thought constituted the following categories of teaching: preparation and organization, knowledge, learning and thinking, enthusiasm and delivery. It was found that while distinct characteristics were highlighted for the first four categories, the last saw recurring characteristics of teacher attributes and teaching strategies. These two aspects weigh in significantly in the way students perceive whether the teacher is effective. The study has implications for teacher development programmes and the design of student evaluation forms for more accurate assessments of teacher ability and foci on areas of improvement. This study is potentially useful to teachers, as knowing the characteristics of teaching that matter to students could help teachers determine for themselves how to maintain or improve their performance in the classroom.     

新教学观与教师评价

教师是提高教育质量的关键,教师评价在确保教师质量和教育质量上发挥了越来越重要的作用。教师评价的内容与方式一直受到人们对教学的看法的影响,随着教学研究的深入,新的教学观越来越重视教学的专业性特点及创造性本质,教师评价也越来越强调教师专长发展、教学反思及创新。     

The development and validation of a scale measuring teacher autonomous behaviour

In the current study a multi‐dimensional scale that measures teacher autonomous behaviour is presented. The scale is applicable across the following educational sectors: primary education, secondary education and vocational education. Based on an elaborate literature study, four theoretically relevant dimensions of teacher autonomous behaviour were derived. Psychometric characteristics of the instrument (note that the terms ‘scale’ and ‘instrument’ are used interchangeably in this article) were tested among a sample of Dutch teachers working in primary, secondary and vocational education (N = 1111). The validity of our instrument was tested in several ways. First, by performing confirmatory factor analysis, we tested the factorial structure, which confirmed the hypothesised four dimensions: (1) primary work processes in the class; (2) curriculum implementation; (3) participation in decision making at school; (4) professional development. Thereafter, we calculated the scale's reliability, which appeared to be excellent. In addition, we tested for measurement invariance by cross‐validating the study in the educational sectors mentioned above. Also, the convergent, divergent and predictive validity was investigated. Teacher autonomy appeared to predict workplace learning, more specifically experimenting, reflecting and school development. Finally, we investigated whether transformational leadership can facilitate teacher autonomy, which appeared to be the case. The results empirically confirm the four dimensions of teacher autonomous behaviour, which we derived from theory, and offer solid proof of the psychometric properties of our instrument. The instrument can be used by school leaders and policy makers to monitor autonomous behaviour. More generally, the development and use of this instrument helps us understand teacher autonomous behaviour and teacher professionalism.     

美国在职教师评价体系及其启示

美国在职教师评价体系有着体系严谨、评价多元化等特点。通过对美国在职教师评价体系的评价原则、评价内容、评价标准以及评价方法等方面进行深入分析和研究,结合我国教师评价存在的评价目的不明确、认识不充分等现实问题,提出改善我国教师评价内容、明确评价标准、建立多元评价体系和注重教师的自我评价与教学反思等建议,以建立适合我国教师专业发展特点的教师评价体系。     

Effect of sex,class standing,and academic performance on perceived importance of teacher behaviors

An implicit assumption made in most teaching evaluation instruments is that teaching behaviors are equally important to students. Using specific teacher behaviors which have appeared in a number of teaching assessment devices, the importance of teacher behaviors questionnaire (ITB) was constructed to measure students' perceptions of the importance of selected teacher behaviors. Data collected from 105 college students were utilized in the present study for the following purposes: (a) to determine if there are differences among students' ratings of teaching behaviors in terms of importance and (b) to determine if the ratings of importance given to selected teacher behaviors vary according to students' sex, class standing, or academic performance. Results of the study indicated that there were significant differences in perceived importance of selected teacher behaviors. Furthermore, it was found that ratings of some of these behaviors tended to vary across sex groups. Implications for utilizing importance information as a weighting component in teaching evaluations are discussed.     

Dimensions of teacher self‐efficacy among Chinese secondary school teachers in Hong Kong

This article reports the development of a teacher self‐efficacy scale that aims to accommodate the complexity of teacher functioning in secondary schools in times of education reforms in Hong Kong. The scale was designed to assess six domains of teacher self‐efficacy: teaching highly able learners, classroom management, guidance and counselling, student engagement, teaching to accommodate diversity, and teaching for enriched learning. The total scale and the six subscales were evaluated based on the responses of 159 Hong Kong Chinese prospective and in‐service teachers for internal consistency and construct validity, and for convergent and discriminant validation with external measures.