浅析公共危机管理的几个基本问题

公共危机是指在政府管理国家事务中突然发生的对社会公共生活与社会秩序造成重大损失的事件,主要分为自然灾害、事故灾难、突发性公共卫生事故等五类;在我国,公共危机管理的主体呈现多元性,主要包括国家机关、执政党、政治团体、公共部门、自治组织和民间组织等;公共危机事件的应急与处理,需要诸多部门和组织的协调配合,建立一套较完善的管理机制,并不断增强政府以及整个社会的危机管理能力。     

非营利组织与我国公共危机管理

随着改革的日益深化,公共危机事件频繁发生.如何应对公共危机已成为我国政府面临重问题.在公共危机治理过程中,单独依靠政府力量是不够的,非营利组织自身的特征使其在处理公共危机的过程中具有先天优势.但是由于我国环境限制以及非营利组织自身存在的问题,仍需要通过政府扶持和加强非营利组织自身能力建设,最终使得非营利组织能与政府组织和其他社会力量相互合作,顺利解决公共危机.     

试论如何提高政府的公共危机管理能力

加强政府公共危机管理,对于保障国家安全、促进经济发展、维护社会安定具有重要的现实意义.本文通过对我国公共危机管理现状的分析,提出了一些应对之策:建立政府危机管理系统,提高公共危机管理的科学性,增强对公共危机的可预见性;强化危机发生后政府处理危机的能力;动员全社会参与危机救治,增强社会认同等.     

公共危机管理过程中的非营利组织参与

随着危机事件的频繁发生,如何应对公共危机成为政府面临的一个重大问题。在公共危机治理的过程中,单独依靠政府的力量是不够的,非营利组织自身的特征使其在处理公共危机的过程中具有先天的优势。但是目前我国的非营利组织在参与危机管理过程中存在着严重的不足,没有发挥出应有的效能。可以通过政府扶持和非营利组织自身能力建设这两方面来保证非营利组织的作用得以充分的发挥,最终使得非营利组织能与政府组织和其他社会力量通力合作,确保危机的顺利解决。     

美日政府危机管理体制比较及启示

危机管理不仅是一种社会管理,更是一种政府管理。美国与日本作为发达国家,逐渐积累了有效的政府危机管理经验,包括危机管理战略地位的确定和危机管理的体制化。在危机理念、成本意识、主体观念与过程观念创新的基础上,中国政府有必要将危机管理作为国民经济与社会发展战略的重要组成部分,分阶段地构筑起新型的政府危机管理体制。     

科学应对危机

当前,如何避免危机或减少危机所造成的损失已成为发展经济、稳定社会、保障人民生命财产安全的紧迫任务。建立一套适合中国国情的危机管理体系,对于处于危机高频发生阶段的转型期的中国来说具有特殊的重要意义,对中国未来的政治、经济、社会和文化顺利发展也至关重要。基于此,当前我国应该从法律、机构、人员、社会意识、民众技能等多个方面,从危机前的预警准备、危机发生时的快速反应、危机后的恢复与学习等不同环节加快危机管理体系建设的步伐,增强社会整体的危机意识和危机应对技能,构筑一个从政府、军队、媒体到民间组织等完备的全方位、立体化、多层次、综合性的危机应对网络。     

政府在公共危机潜伏期的应对

处于社会主义现代化建设转型期中的中国政府面对的不同类型的公共危机事件频繁发生,中国政府需加强公共危机应对能力,特别是需要处理好处于潜伏期的公共危机,为此,政府在公共危机潜伏期应肩负如下职能:确认危机征兆、评估征兆、疏导风险并做好危机准备工作.     

加强危机管理 树立企业良好形象

文章论述了沟通是危机处理的重要措施和手段,在危机处理中,要做好与政府机构、新闻媒体、消费者的沟通,处理好与竞争对手的关系,才能做到维护企业形象,促进企业可持续发展。     

公共危机管理中的“政府失效性”及解决方法

由于全球危机事件的频繁发生,特别是危机事件的突发性和不确定性,对政府应对危机的能力提出了严峻的挑战,凸现出众多问题,引发了对公共危机管理中的"政府失效性"的研究。要有效的解决这一问题,应注重公民社会的全面参与,提高社会自我救助能力,注意发挥非政府组织在公共危机管理中的作用,建立有效的公共危机沟通团队,加强公共危机管理人才的开发与建设。     

从SARS危机谈政府危机公关

由SARS危机引致中国政府两个阶段的危机公关开始论述,运用危机公关的原理和方法,针对政府处理SARS危机的举措,分析了政府危机公关的失误和成功之处,并提出了改进政府危机公关的对策。     

Understanding how the expression of online citizen petitions influences the government responses in China: An empirical study with automatic text analytics

Online participation is an important tool for citizens to express their demands, and it is essential for government agencies to respond to public petitions on time and effectively. However, few studies have focused on the rich textual characteristics within the expression of citizen petitions and the effects on the efficiency of government responses as well as response outcomes. In this study, we construct a theoretical model to explain how sentiments, fields, and detailed contents of online petitions influence the timeliness and text length of the corresponding government responses on the basis of discourse theory and government pressure theory. Using the data on the online petition platform of one provincial government in China, textual features are automatically extracted through text analysis techniques. Multiple regression models are employed with a heterogeneity analysis to examine the model. The results show that more negative sentiments, public interest, and detailed contents in the petitions will impede the timeliness of the corresponding responses and bring about longer responses since such petitions are usually complex and hard to address. These findings help better understand the hidden mechanisms of the interaction between governments and citizens, providing theoretical and practical implications.     

E-government and citizen's engagement with local affairs through e-websites: The case of Spanish municipalities

As a mixture of new technologies, processes and services oriented to the citizen, e-government has become one of the most important keywords for the public sector reform with proponents claiming that it guarantees transparency, accountability and better communication between local and national administrations and their public. Few if any studies have investigated the factors that might contribute to the establishment of trusting relationship between city councils and citizens. This paper examines the relative importance and significance of three types of information communication technologies (ICTs) towards the use of e-government and the development of civic engagement. We conduct an empirical investigation of 179 Spanish official town websites (web sites in the municipalities). The research findings suggest that implementing ICT not only involves a step towards an increase in the use of e-government services by people, but also provides numerous opportunities for their civic engagement. The main conclusion of this study is that although ICT can leverage the adoption of e-government, it cannot create alone engagement with traditional activities of the local government. What is missing from this relationship is a mediating variable (adoption of e-government by government officers), which in turn can greatly help to better understand how ICT impacts relationships between governments and their citizens.     

Ethical considerations in an online community: the balancing act

With the emergence and rapid growth of Social Media, a number of government departments in several countries have embraced Social Media as a privilege channel to interact with their constituency. We are exploring, in collaboration with the Australian Department of Human Services, the possibility to exploit the potential of social networks to support specific groups of citizens. To this end, we have developed Next Step, an online community to help people currently receiving welfare payments find a job and become financially self-sufficient. In this paper, we explore some ethical issues that arise when governments engage directly with citizens, in particular with communities in difficult situations, and when researchers are involved. We describe some of the challenges we faced and how we addressed them. Our work highlights the complexity of the problem, when an online community involves a government department and a welfare recipient group with a dependency relationship with that department. It becomes a balancing act, with the need to ensure privacy of the community members whilst still fulfilling the government’s legal responsibilities. While difficult, these issues must be addressed if governments are to engage with their citizens using Social Media.     

Influencing citizen behavior: Experiences from multichannel marketing pilot projects

Information technology allows national and local governments to satisfy the needs of citizens in a cost effective way. Unfortunately, citizens still tend to prefer traditional, more costly channels, such as the front desk, phone and mail. Through pilot projects government agencies attempt to influence this behavior of citizens, directing them towards the online channel. With this paper we provide insight into the possibility to influence citizens’ behavior in the complex landscape of multi-channel service provision. The paper systematically compares five pilot projects using a framework that is based on organizational and marketing literature. The results show that socio-psychological factors are crucial in multi-channel management, much more than the technology itself. We conclude that citizens can be directed towards the online channel. However, not all projects are successful. Economic and legal instruments tend to sort more direct effects than communication or service instruments. Moreover, organizational factors such as bureaucracy often hinder eventual success. Choosing a smart and relatively small scope and strong project manager may help to evoke success in directing citizen online behavior.     

电子公共服务公众参与度的实证分析

按照公众参与公共服务的模型及公众参与电子公共服务的机制及过程,从政府网站和公众两个方面作了调查研究,分析目前政府网站的建设现状、公众对政府网站的参与程度及对政府网站所提供的服务的满意度,总结了存在的问题,并给出了提高公众参与程度的建议.     

服务型政府建设中的社会组织参与

服务型政府是公民本位的参与式政府,公民与政府的良性互动是服务型政府建设的基础。这种活动必须依赖一定的组织载体来发挥中介桥梁作用。社会组织可以承接这一任务。我国社会组织自身和政府管理存有很多问题,阻碍了社会组织参与能力的发挥。为此,就要进行路径选择以破解难题,提升参与能力,推动服务型政府建设。     

话语理论视角下政府应对网络群体性事件的善治之道

目前,政府与社会、公民之间缺乏有效畅通的对话沟通机制,导致公民通过网络来表达自己的利益诉求与不满。借鉴后现代公共行政话语理论的核心理念,剖析了政府在处理网络群体性事件时失语、禁语、后语和妄语的话语误区,提出了话语理论视角下政府处理网络群体性事件的善治策略:疏通官民网络舆论场,搭建官民网络互动平台;善待意见领袖,善引网络舆论走向,掌握网络舆情主动权;完善网络立法,力促网络话语真实性;广纳民意,建立多方参与的社会讨论决策模式。     

COVID-19, digital privacy,and the social limits on data-focused public health responses

The implementation of digital contact tracing applications around the world to help reduce the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic represents one of the most ambitious uses of massive-scale citizen data ever attempted. There is major divergence among nations, however, between a “privacy-first” approach which protects citizens’ data at the cost of extremely limited access for public health authorities and researchers, and a “data-first” approach which stores large amounts of data which, while of immeasurable value to epidemiologists and other researchers, may significantly intrude upon citizens’ privacy. The lack of a consensus on privacy protection in the contact tracing process creates risks of non-compliance or deliberate obfuscation from citizens who fear revealing private aspects of their lives – a factor greatly exacerbated by recent major scandals over online privacy and the illicit use of citizens’ digital information, which have heightened public consciousness of these issues and created significant new challenges for any collection of large-scale public data. While digital contact tracing for COVID-19 remains in its infancy, the lack of consensus around best practices for its implementation and for reassuring citizens of the protection of their privacy may already have impeded its capacity to contribute to the pandemic response.     

政民互动视阈下“微博问政”的依法行政路径研究

从政民互动的角度看,＂微博问政＂的发展,有利于扩大公民的政治参与和促进政府的社会管理创新,但当前也存在公民政治参与的无序及政府应对准备的不足问题。＂微博问政＂的健康发展,需要政府坚持依法行政并创新机制,在对＂微博问政＂进行法律规制的同时,还要加强对公民权利的保护。     

公民诉求“后实利性”的阐释及其在现代视野下的契合——以网络民意为例

"后实利性"诉求反映的是后工业社会民众面对社会问题时的价值追求,它起源自西方,但在学术界并没有严格的界定。本文试图在界定公民"后实利性"诉求内涵的基础上,探讨其与正在当代中国兴起的网络民意之间的契合,并得出结论:公民"后实利性"诉求已经显现于网络平台之上,即"网络民意"。文章进一步探讨了公民诉求"后实利性"在政府公共政策制定过程中具有的意义。