A new approach to assessing the technological complexity of different categories of R&D (with examples from Singapore)

This paper attempts to develop a set of generic questions the answers to which allow any given R&D activity to be correctly classified in one or another conventional R&D box—basic, applied, development, etc. Such systematic pigeon-holing allows latecomer countries to gauge the distance of their R&D activity from the world frontier, and how policies may be designed to overcome the hurdle that divides applied research and developmental research.     

基于科技实力的高科技产业发展战略研究——以南京为例

科技实力是高科技产业发展的核心要素,本文借助南京市第二次经济普查数据,运用s w o t分析法在对南京高科技产业的科技实力及相关的内外部优劣势进行了科学分析,并在此基础上提出了重点发展生物医药和航空航天等新兴产业、优化新材料产业、建立产学研合作基金、制定技术路线图、加强引进消化吸收再创新工作、建立多元化的投入体系等六大战略规划。     

New forms of organisation and R&D internationalisation among the world's 100 largest food and beverages multinationals

This paper explores the strategic internationalisation of Research and Development (R&D) activities of the world's 100 largest food and beverages (F&B) multinationals (MNEs) in 1996 and 2000 with a sample of nearly 8000 affiliates for each period. We develop a global innovation strategy (GIS) structure where we analyse the R&D internationalisation process of F&B MNEs. We argue that in a fully developed GIS model the sourcing of creative inputs does not come exclusively from a ‘central’ R&D laboratory, but other overseas R&D laboratories or technological affiliates can also undertake genuine knowledge creation activity from capitalising on the scientific heterogeneity fostered in individual host countries as well as distinctive demand conditions. Our results indicate the increasing importance of overseas technological affiliates in the application of a GIS in the leading F&B MNEs, which determine the degree of their technological internationalisation. Two variants of technological affiliates reflect two broad knowledge-related activities, i.e. adaptation and genuine forms of knowledge creation.     

从几项汽车工业典型技术创新看扩散规律

汽车工业是具有完整技术体系的代表性工业，汽车工业技术的发展从一个方面反映了科学技术的发展，本文以汽车工业技术创新的扩散为研究对象，选择了五项技术创新，分析了它们扩散的规律性及变化趋势，并从中得出了促进我国汽车工业技术创新扩散的几点启示     

基于多维技术创新地图维法耦合的技术创新路径构建及其实证研究

随着技术变革速度的日益加快,企业需要不断地进行技术创新才能获取市场竞争优势。技术创新路径作为技术创新的重要研究内容,其体系构建已成为企业亟待解决的重要问题。本文基于现有创新理论并结合当代技术发展特征创建了多维技术创新地图,进而构建了基于多维技术创新地图维法耦合的技术创新路径,最后结合煤层气开采卸压消突创新案例验证了其可行性和有效性。该方法提高了技术创新路径形成的客观性,从技术创新本质层面指导技术创新活动的开展,有助于为企业开展技术创新活动提供决策支持。     

促进南昌中小型科技企业创新的区域创新文化重塑

《江西省"十二五"规划纲要》中明确指出:"要以加快转变经济发展方式为主线,而量大面广、优势显著的中小型科技企业的可持续发展无疑是我省加快转变经济发展方式的主要动力。"中小型科技企业发展的核心问题在于技术创新,而国内外众多研究者都将企业技术创新的成败主要归因于文化因素。南昌位于中部欠发达地区,经济文化相对落后,鉴于新的经济形势与国内外的理论研究,重塑区域创新文化以推动南昌中小型科技企业技术创新成为实现南昌经济又快又好发展的必由之路。     

从快速成形技术看技术创新的特征

概述了快速成形技术的原理和发展，通过对快速成形技术发明发展过程的分析，讨论了技术创新的几个特征：突破传统是技术创新的内涵，市场需求和科技推动是技术创新动力，多学科交叉是技术创新的途径，技术创新必须能够创造良好的社会效益和经济效益。     

促进科技成果转化的经验探索

如何促进科技成果转化一直备受关注。本文首先从科技成果转化内涵入手,描述了成果转化的研究现状,其次,剖析转化流程,明晰难点,并选取大众创业万众创新示范基地在高校与地方共建研究院、创建全球科技研发中心、混合所有制新型研发机构建设、成立混合所有制公司、专业化封闭式园区运营等五方面的经验模式进行解析,并分析不同模式的特点、适用情况,以期为地方政府科技成果转化的探索提供参考     

The structure of invention

This paper explores the process by which radically novel technologies - ones such as radar, the turbojet, or the polymerase chain reaction - come into being. It shows that this process - “invention” - has a certain logical structure common to all cases. Invention is a process of linking some purpose or need with an effect that can be exploited to satisfy it. It may begin with a purpose or need for which existing methods are not satisfactory; this forces the seeking of a new principle (the idea of an effect in action). Or it may begin with a phenomenon or effect itself - usually a freshly discovered one - for which some associated principle of use suggests itself. Either way, translating this base principle into physical reality requires the creation of suitable working parts and supporting technologies. These raise their own challenges or problems, the solution of which may raise further challenges. As a result, invention is a recursive process: it repeats until each challenge or problem (and subproblem, and sub-subproblem) resolves itself into one that can be physically dealt with. It is challenging, usually lengthy, part-conceptual, and part-experimental.     

信息产业技术创新战略研究———从Macintoch看计算机产业科技进步策略

本文通过对苹果计算机公司围绕Ｍａｃｉｎｔｏｃｈ操作系统的技术创新战略成败的典型案例分析，结合对技术创新理论发展的回顾，探讨了信息产业应选择开放还是封闭的技术路线，研究了计算机产业在技术管理战略中应采取的基本对策和理论依据，并得出了中国计算机产业发展与创新的有益启示。     

Upgrading the technological capabilities of foreign transnational subsidiaries in developing countries: The case of electronics in Thailand

Although substantial research shows the importance of transnational corporations (TNCs) to export-led growth in some developing countries, it cannot be assumed that TNC subsidiaries will automatically upgrade their capabilities through time or in a uniform fashion. This paper explores the pattern and pace of a sample of exporting TNC subsidiaries operating in the electronics industry in Thailand, showing how the different architectures of global value chains (centralised versus decentralised) shaped the technological progress of subsidiaries in this country. The case evidence suggests a wide variety in upgrading through time, with some subsidiaries failing to develop capabilities and remaining as ‘assembly only’ plants. Other more dynamic plants developed process engineering and product design skills, investing heavily in capability building. One common determinant in capability building appears to be the overall technology strategy of the global value chain leader (or parent company). In those subsidiaries which did not upgrade beyond assembly, technology decisions and processes were tightly controlled within the parent headquarter locations in relatively centralised international value networks. By contrast, the more dynamic plants exercised more discretion over local capability building. The latter operated in relatively decentralised networks, more open to domestic policies to encourage upgrading. The study suggests that governments should tailor upgrading policies not only according to the approximate level of capabilities attained by local subsidiaries, but also according to how receptive subsidiaries are to upgrading, arguing that capability building and policy receptiveness go hand-in-hand. Other countries hoping to upgrade the quality of foreign direct investment might also wish to focus policies on the more technologically capable, ambitious and receptive categories of foreign subsidiary.     

The means of managing momentum: Bridging technological paths and organisational fields

This paper examines how technological and organisational changes are mediated through different means of mutually monitoring and collectively coordinating technological developments in the field of semiconductor manufacturing. As collective practices, both monitoring and coordinating aim at generating momentum in order to stabilise or redirect technological paths in organisational fields. The empirical analysis of innovation practices in the field of semiconductor manufacturing technology shows that the means of managing momentum, above all roadmaps, conferences, and R&D consortia, influence and transform the development of new technologies as well as the social relations within the organisational field. The transformative capacity of these means is elaborated conceptually using Giddens’ theory of structuration.     

双元创新视角下不同质量能力对技术创新的影响

企业质量能力与技术创新都是建立企业竞争优势的关键,但在实践中往往被割裂看待,在理论中缺乏相关性的定量实证研究。以双元创新为视角,根据北京市168家制造企业的调查数据,分别对3种创新方式下的不同质量能力与技术创新水平进行多元线性回归分析,探求创新方式异质性下不同质量能力对技术创新的影响差异。研究结果表明:整体来看,质量能力能够显著促进企业技术创新,其中,采取渐进式技术创新企业的质量控制能力显著促进技术创新,采取突破式技术创新企业的质量保证能力和质量改进能力显著促进技术创新,采取综合式技术创新企业的质量保证能力显著促进技术创新。据此提出建议,开展渐进式技术创新的企业要注重建立质量控制系统,保证质量符合性,及时处理质量偏差;开展突破式技术创新和综合式技术创新的企业都要注重建立质量管理体系并保证其有效运行,及时纠正体系审核问题,同时,开展突破式技术创新的企业还要注重明确质量改进计划,持续改进质量,以促进技术创新的有效性和效率。     

The French defence industry in the knowledge management era: A historical overview and evidence from empirical data

In the defence industry the recent development of a ‘market for technology’, the creation of new European high-technology companies as well as transformations in government agencies have driven firms to reposition their technological and organizational skills. Our objective is to show that the transformations that have occurred in the past 10 years have not only redefined skills and the organization of production, but also have given a more strategic place to knowledge management (KM) practices. We provide a contextual and historical overview based on qualitative interviews, in order to better understand the relation between KM and innovative behaviour in this industry. We build an original industrial and technological database comprising various samples that provides quantitative information concerning KM and innovative practices. The results of the statistical analysis reveal the specificity of firms in this industry. Taking account of the size of these firms and their technological intensity, we show that the behaviour of defence industry firms in terms of KM practices, differs from that of other firms. This is evident from their technological performance, and innovation and patenting intensity. This structural tendency is explained as an innovative behaviour in the French national innovation system rather than merely a ‘trend’.     

企业技术能力与技术创新能力之关系研究

企业技术能力是企业技术进步的基础,而提高企业技术创新能力是企业取得竞争优势的关键,本文从企业技术能力与技术创新能力的概念着手,提出了技术能力与技术创新能力的结构,从深层次角度剖析了企业技术能力与技术创新能力之间的相关性;进而提出了企业要从市场竞争中取得优势,必须使技术能力与技术创新能力两者协调发展,以技术能力基础,不断提高企业的技术创新能力.     

[1]广东珠三角地区创新政策分析——基于科技型中小企业技术创新视角

在广东省实施创新驱动发展战略的背景下,以科技型中小企业为研究对象,梳理了珠三角地区出台的促进企业技术创新的各项政策文件。采用编码分析方法分析各类政策工具的内容和特点,剖析当前政策体系中存在问题,提出未来出台促进科技型中小企业技术创新政策应注重需求侧政策的制定,从长远的战略与规划上全局谋划、整体布局政策体系。     

（学术研讨会）知识产权保护助推高水平科技自立自强：内在逻辑、现实省察与实践路径

知识产权是激励科技资源投入的基本手段、促成科技成果流通的制度保障、赢得科技产业竞争的核心要素,实现高水平科技自立自强离不开知识产权制度的保护和激励;与此同时,实现高水平科技自立自强也是知识产权发展的一贯目标和内生需求,二者相辅相成、互促共进。文章以马克思主义科学技术论为指导,结合文献调研和案例分析,从理论维度论述知识产权助推高水平科技自立自强的内在逻辑,从实践维度对当前的成就和问题进行考察。研究发现,当前知识产权保护已经在促进科技资源投入、激励创新活动和发展科技产业方面展现出巨大成就,但科技资源投入效能不足、科技创新链条存在断点、科技产业发展不平衡不充分等问题也不容忽视;对此,提出应加强引导提升科技资源投入的力度与效度、深化改革增强优质成果供给力与企业技术承接力、突出优势全面提高产业竞争力,充分发挥知识产权在促进科技创新、缩小技术差距和提高中国产业竞争力方面的重要作用,为打好科技攻坚战、实现高水平科技自立自强提供坚实保障和有力支撑。     

科技成果资产证券化途径及其策略研究

科技成果转化应该实现从科技成果商品转化方式向科技成果资产证券化转化方式的战略转型。从广义证券化的角度提出科技成果入股、创业投资入股、知识产权资产证券化以及科技成果质押贷款资产证券化4种科技成果资产证券化途径,认为企业依据科技成果的利用状况,在技术创新的不同阶段可以利用不同的证券化技术促进科技成果转化。最后,提出开展科技成果资产证券化的一些建议。