Modal Expressions in Refusals of Friends' Interpersonal Requests: Politeness and Effectiveness

Researchers theorize that modal expressions (e.g., can, may, could, and should) serve politeness functions in discourse, particularly in requests and refusals. This study sought to empirically determine whether requesters perceived refusals containing modal expressions as more polite than their non-modal counterparts. The results showed that refusals containing modal expressions are judged as more polite but they are mixed when examining whether refusals containing modal expressions are perceived as more effective than their non-modal counterparts. The discussion section addresses the implications of these findings for the study and creation of refusal messages.     

Politeness theory and refusals of requests: Face threat as a function of expressed obstacles

This investigation seeks to extend Wilson, Aleman, and Leatham's (1998) revision of Brown and Levinson's (1987) politeness theory by focusing on the relationship between face threat and refusals to requests. Results support that (a) when requests are refused, threats to the negative face needs of the requester are more prevalent than threats to the negative face of the refuser and (b) depending on the obstacle underlying the refusal, there are differences in type of threat present to the requester's positive face and the refuser's face needs.     

湖南图书馆收藏的伪装本书刊

文章首先略述了伪装本的来历,然后按毛泽东著作伪装本、期刊伪装本和书籍伪装本三类,介绍湖南图书馆的这一部分珍藏。     

图书馆环境污染及其防治

图书馆内污染物按性质可分为化学性污染物、物理性污染物、生物性污染物和放射性污染物。按此分类对图书馆内主要污染物的来源、危害和防治进行了分析。     

Ombuds processes and disputant reconciliation

Effective dispute resolution systems are critical to the functioning of large universities and organizations. However, the design of dispute resolution systems is often inadequate to achieving the stated goals of the system. Analysis of the cases of 45 disputants reveals how the design of a university dispute system and the social context can prevent an ombudsperson from successfully reconciling relationships. This study shows how a dispute system that generally failed to utilize face-to-face meetings or mediation techniques between disputants in a social context of fear and limited social ties was unable to reconcile or preserve working relationships. Analysis from normative pragmatic and social contextual approaches to disputing provides a mechanism for understanding the problems encountered by this ombudsperson and provides a tool for designing more effective dispute resolution systems.     

Ombuds processes and disputant reconciliation

Effective dispute resolution systems are critical to the functioning of large universities and organizations. However, the design of dispute resolution systems is often inadequate to achieving the stated goals of the system. Analysis of the cases of 45 disputants reveals how the design of a university dispute system and the social context can prevent an ombudsperson from successfully reconciling relationships. This study shows how a dispute system that generally failed to utilize face-to-face meetings or mediation techniques between disputants in a social context of fear and limited social ties was unable to reconcile or preserve working relationships. Analysis from normative pragmatic and social contextual approaches to disputing provides a mechanism for understanding the problems encountered by this ombudsperson and provides a tool for designing more effective dispute resolution systems.     

图书馆环境污染及其防治

图书馆内污染物按性质分为化学性污染物、物理性污染物、生物性污染物和放射性污染物。本文按此分类对图书馆内主要污染物的来源、危害和防治进行分析。     

高校图书馆的图书污损现象及对策

分析了当前高校图书馆书刊污损的类型和原因,并提出了解决污损图书现象的措施和对策.     

档案库房空气真菌污染分析

本文采用撞击法对库房空气真菌进行检测,并对结果进行分析,摸索库房空气微生物的污染特点,为库房空气微生物污染防治和库房环境治理提供科学依据。     

从众心理在高校及图书馆建设和管理中的应用

文章首先对从众行为和心理进行了介绍,说明了这一普遍现象对管珂和宣传起着极为重要的作用。在此基础上,探讨了如何在大学,特别是图书馆的建设和宣传教育中,充分发挥从众心理的正面效应,避免负面效应;并从这个角度阐述了大学及图书馆文化建设的重要性和必要性。     

地学书刊中的含量”

地学书刊中广泛使用的“含量”这一类量的含义比较模糊,会影响文献的价值。对照《量与单位》国家标准及“含量”的真实含义,认为最好使用确切的标准量名称及符号代替“含量”。具体表现为：1）岩石或矿物的氧化物、微量元素或稀土元素的“含量”应为质量分数（wв）;2）岩石中的矿物“含量”应为体积分数（φв）;3）类质同像矿物中的端员矿物“含量”及斜长石版号A应力摩尔分数（xв）;4）由岩石或矿物的氧化物的质量分数计算得到的原子“含量”应为原子数（Nв）。     

美国新闻媒体现状与趋势

美国哥伦比亚大学新闻研究生院“卓越新闻研究项目组”在“美国新闻媒体现状”2006年度报告中分析了技术进步和商业成功背景下美国新闻业的困境与变数,提出了美国新闻业未来发展的六大趋势,指出:新闻业将朝着采编更透明、更专业,视野更宽阔的方向前进。新、旧媒体之间融合不可避免,但威胁甚小。     

Initiatives and Referenda in Wyoming

SUMMARY

Researching initiatives and referenda in Wyoming is fascinating, partly because Wyoming was one of the first states to consider the option of initiatives for its citizens. This makes for an interesting history. Wyoming is also unique in that it has the most stringent initiative requirements in the country, which makes for an elaborate and rigid process. The result is a limited number of successful ballot measures and a collection of honest attempts. Fortunately, researching Wyoming initiatives and referenda is not as difficult as getting them passed. An annotated bibliography is included with helpful Wyoming-specific resources.     

Publishing in Bosnia and Hercegovina

Abstract

The article contains several sections, the first of which covers publishing in Bosnia and Hercegovina (including the Muslim-Croat Federation and Republika Srpska) throughout history, focusing on the period 1945-1998. The second section is devoted to a review of recent publications, which are broken down into (1) newspapers and periodicals that appear more frequently than monthly, (2) serials analyzed by subject, (3) significant monographic publications, and (4) a brief survey of publishers and collections.     

Animals in Science and Education

SUMMARY

This article provides an overview of the ethical issues associated with the use of animals in scientific research and education, including references to arguments on both sides of the issue. It reviews print resources on the use of animals in science and education, dividing them into categories relating to either science/research, education, or both. Also provided are reviews of some Internet sites that offer other resources and provide full text of documents that may no longer be available in print.     

柳州市高等院校、市图书馆数字资源建设调查分析

文章调查和分析了柳州市高等院校、市图书馆的数字资源建设现状,分析这些图书馆在资源建设方面存在的不足：数据库数量和种类少、重复引进现象较为普遍、数字资源的整合层次和利用率较低。在此基础上,提出了数字资源建设的建议。     

Electrotypes in science and art

Abstract

The history of the production of electrotype copies is discussed in the context of the Victorian demand for reproduction of art of all kinds utilizing plaster of Paris, photographs, copies of old prints, as well as electrotypes, predominantly of copper. The philosophical reasons for the valuing or devaluing of electrotype and other copies are discussed. Electrodeposition of metals was used for an extraordinary number of different purposes in the Victorian period, and the general craze for electrotypes made their production very popular, being produced by men and women alike of many different backgrounds. By the Edwardian era, the need had subsided and an art historical reaction to the concept of copies had begun, with photography becoming more common. Examples of the use of electrotypes for photographic tinthotypes, as well as forgeries, discovered during conservation assessment at the Getty Museum on a plain Roman cased mirror which had been augmented by an electrotyped profile head addition, and samples from electropatterns from the collections of the Victoria & Albert Museum in London, are discussed in terms of the range and type of microstructural morphology displayed by electrotype copies.     

科技期刊用稿中的晶核效应及选稿

运用结晶学中晶核效应的原理,分析科技期刊中用稿和稿源之间的关系,提出什么样的用稿择向将吸引什么样稿源的观点。认为只有选用优质稿件、打破地域观念,才能从内在机制上促进科技期刊特别是高校学报的外向型发展。     

Animals in Sport and Entertainment

SUMMARY

The publications presented in this chapter cover a variety of animal sports (dog racing, bull fighting, rodeos, horse shows and horse racing) and entertainment (theatre, film, television, circuses, zoos and aquariums). These texts represent a wide view of current research, opinion and debate on the use of animals in these areas.     

综合档案馆编研工作存在的问题与对策

档案编研工作是综合档案馆的一项基础性工作，是各级档案馆深入开发馆藏信息资源，主动开展提供利用的重要方式之一。近年来，随着档案事业的快速发展，档案编研成果在形式上有一定创新，在数和量上有一定突破，但由于编研工作自身观念、认识及素质等方面的种种原因，致使档案编研工作滞后于档案事业的整体发展步伐，与社会需求存在较大差距。