An analysis of attitudinal and normative variables as predictors of intentions and behavior

A questionnaire was developed to test the hypothesis that an individual's intention to perform a given behavior is a function of (a) his attitude toward performing that behavior and/or (b) his normative beliefs about what others think he should do, weighted by his motivation to comply with those others. It was also hypothesized that an individual's beliefs about the consequences of performing the behavior, weighted by his evaluation of those consequences, should be highly related to his attitude toward performing that behavior. Both hypotheses were supported. In addition, it was found that specificity of the attitude measure was a crucial mediator of the attitude‐intention relationship.     

Interpersonal communication motives and nonverbal immediacy behaviors

The purpose of this investigation was to examine whether an individual's general use of nonverbal immediacy behaviors, as well as the use of specific nonverbal immediacy behaviors, would be correlated with interpersonal communication motives. Participants (N = 211) completed the Interpersonal Communication Motives scale (Rubin, Perse, & Barbato, 1988) and the Modified Nonverbal Immediacy Behaviors instrument (Myers & Avtgis, 1997). Results indicated that an individual's general use of nonverbal immediacy behaviors was positively correlated with the pleasure and affection motives and negatively correlated with the escape and control motives, but was not significantly correlated with either the inclusion or relaxation motives. Moreover, a series of significant correlations emerged between each of the 10 specific nonverbal immediacy behaviors and the six interpersonal communication motives.     

Effects of a speech training program upon semantic compatibility

The relationship between one's attitude toward self‐disclosure in interaction and the complexity of his system of dimensions for construing the behavior and character of others was examined within a cognitive‐developmental framework in which development was hypothesized to be a function of the range and intensity of one's social experiences. Significant correlations involving three indices of construct usage reflecting the differentiation and integration of the motivational constructs in a perceiver's cognitive system suggest that it is one's motivational constructs which are elaborated through self‐disclosing interactions and which, in turn, allow for the formation of the kind of subjectivity satisfying impressions that favorably orient one toward the mutual disclosure of self‐attributions.     

Reviewing Social Democratic Corporatism: Differentiation Theory and the Norwegian Labor Press

This article reviews the problem of disciplinary isolation in the human sciences, especially as it relates to psychology, and outlines how this problem can be addressed with the help of ideas of two figures—L. S. Vygotsky and M. M. Bakhtin. Vygotsky's claims about the social origins of individual mental functioning and his analyses of how cultural tools mediate social and individual functioning provide a means for relating individual mental functioning to cultural, historical, and institutional settings. Bakhtin's ideas about dialogicality, multivoicedness, and related phenomena complement and extend Vygotsky's claims and provide further theoretical means for integrating various disciplines’ contributions to the human sciences through the study of communication. After reviewing the contributions of Vygotsky and Bakhtin, an illustration concerned with multivoicedness in historical representation is provided.     

An experimental study of the vibration of the bones of the head and chest during sustained vowel sounds∗

This experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that an individual's preference for and valuation of relatively unavailable communicative messages compared to more readily available messages is a function of and will become more pronounced as his personal sense of “self‐uniqueness” is decreased. Greater preferences for and more favorable valuations of unavailable messages relative to available messages were also expected, independent of subjects’ anticipated familiarity or unfamiliarity with arguments contained in the messages. Experimental subjects received fictitious test results describing them as extremely high, high, or low in personal uniqueness compared with their peers. They then received information about four different messages; the messages being described as either available or unavailable to them and to others, and as containing either familiar or unfamiliar arguments. Subjects indicated their preferences for and valuations of each of the four different messages. The hypothesized effects were obtained.     

Emotionally Intelligent Leadership at 30 Rock: What Librarians Can Learn from a Case Study of Comedy Writers

ABSTRACT

Emotional intelligence is the ability to manage one's own and others’ emotions and build relationships with people. Emotionally intelligent leadership is more and more important in today's ever-changing organizations like libraries. This article uses Goleman's five-point framework of emotional intelligence (self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills) to analyze the leadership in the comedy sitcom 30 Rock and critique the importance of emotional intelligence in leadership.     

Why I Chose to Work in a College Library

Abstract

The myth of the liberal arts college, ivy-covered, cloistered, is increasingly less valid. Yet, at its heart, is an enduring ideal: a small, supportive community of scholars and learners who value the individual's importance. Today's college librarians have an important role in their schools. As agents of change and by offering new ways to achieve old ideals, they subvert the myth, but not the ideals of liberal arts education.     

Trades,techniques—and a fable

A generation of broadcasters has grown up without a firsthand knowledge of the now‐out‐of‐print FCC “Blue Book.” Mr. Meyer's personal overview of the content and effects of this document will be followed by a future article on “Reaction to the ’Blue Book’.” It is accepted that any one individual's summary of a controversial document will itself be controversial. Richard J. Meyer is Assistant Professor and Director of Educational TV at the University of Wichita, and wrote the MA thesis on which this article is based under the direction of Professor Stanley Donner at Stanford University. He also has worked in broadcasting at stations KZSU, KSAN‐TV and KQED (TV).     

Information Literacy,Personal Epistemology,and Knowledge Construction

ABSTRACT

Librarians working to develop information literacy skills in their students recognize a relationship between information literacy and the knowledge construction process. Educational psychologists define how an individual's understanding of knowledge impacts knowledge construction and learning through personal epistemology theory. This paper presents an overview of the personal epistemology literature and the move toward knowledge construction in information literacy. It also recognizes connections between library and information science theory and personal epistemology.     

Dimensions of source credibility: A test for reproducibility

This study investigated the variability of scales representing four factors of source credibility and the overall factor structure of subjects’ perceptions of and attributions to a message source. The results confirmed the hypotheses that (1) scales representing factors of source credibility will change over time, and (2) the factor structure (the number of significant factors and the amount of variance accounted for by the factors) would also change over time. The authors suggest that if the view is accepted that communication is an ongoing dynamic process, then an individual's experiences in the communication setting and the variables affecting perceptions of the process will be expected to change continually.     

The evolution of Lucio Fontana's painting materials

Abstract

The study focuses on the range of pigments and media that the Italian artist Lucio Fontana (1899–1968) employed for selected works dating between 1949 and 1968. Samples were taken from ten groups of works, all on canvas support, as well as from painting equipment that survived in the artist's former two studios. Techniques of analysis used were pyrolysis-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for media identification, and laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and Raman microspectroscopy for pigment identification. Fontana's reputation as a daring and experimental artist, best known for his group of slashed paintings called tagli, is seen to correspond with certain unusual material choices he made. The study also points to several links that exist between seemingly unrelated cycles. These links are, among others, based on experiences with in part novel media such as oil, alkyd, polyvinyl acetate, acrylic, acrylic–vinyl, and mixtures of them. With regard to pigments, the selection of samples showed that they were mostly of a synthetic organic nature.     

An experimental investigation of rhetorical clarity∗

Francis Bacon succinctly described a number of methods of communication and he alluded to others. He also characterized his method of scientific investigation (the New Induction). Hence it is possible to state Bacon's underlying conception of method. It is a conception far less rigid than that held by contemporaneous logicians, classical or Ramean, and it allowed him to specify more methods of dispositio than the rhetoricians recognized. Furthermore, Bacon applied his notion of method deliberately by naming the method or using the language of method in over a score of his communications in a variety of cirstances, in works major and minor, including the 1597 essays.     

Web Duplicate Materials Exchange Program: The Library of Congress Takes International Exchange to the Internet

ABSTRACT

Despite demonstrated credentials, vast subject expertise, and knowledge of foreign languages and cultures, immigrants educated in schools of library and information science (LIS) in Eastern Europe (EE) and the former Soviet Union (FSU) face numerous challenges when trying to gain work as professional librarians in Canada. We introduce a model for retraining EE-and FSU-educated librarians to expedite their entry into professional librarianship in Canada without their having to undertake the formal requirements of a host-country graduate LIS degree. Taking into account and building upon their existing foreign-earned degrees, this retraining program will result in an ALA-accredited LIS degree that will allow foreign-educated immigrant librarians to compete on a level playing field with domestically educated librarians, thus eliminating discrimination based on what one labor economist calls the 'national origin of an individual's human capital.'     

An experimental study of the effect of three speech variables on listener comprehension

Though the scope of Aristotle's Rhetoric is at once broader and more limited than Bacon's theory, the Englishman owes most of his primary rhetorical doctrines to his predecessor. The two philosophers agree on the nature and general function of rhetoric, its place among the arts and sciences, its psychological basis, and the use to which it puts logical, ethical, and pathetic proofs. Some of Aristotle's hints are expanded by Bacon, mainly those regarding the philosophical style, and Bacon often corrects what he takes to be inconsistencies and errors in Aristotle's work. Moreover, because he looks to the past only for material to change and augment, Bacon does original and important new things to Aristotle as he re‐works him for a new English rhetoric.     

International Communications

Lawrence W. Lichty's (ed.) World and International droadcasting: A Bibliography (Association for Professional Broadcasting Education, 1771 N St. Washington, D. C.) $15.00 ($10.00 to APBE individual members) paperbound)

William A. Hachten's Muffled Drums: The News Media in Africa (Iowa State University Press, $9.50)

Lynne Svenning's Modernization Among Peasants: Impact of Communications (Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, $8.00)

Will A. Boelke's The Secret Conferences of Dr. Goebbels: The Nazi Propaganda War 1939-43.

James W. Markham's (ed.) International Commnication as a Field of Study (University of Iowa Department of Publications, $3.00)     

Some Final Note

Television Station Employment Practices: The Status of Minorities and Women (Office of Communications, United Church of Christ, 289 Park Ave. South, New York 10010, November 1972 -- free on request to poverty organizations and citizen-action groups, $10.00 to others to help recover costs)

Guide to Understanding Broadcast License Applications and other FCC Forms

Perry's Broadcasting and the Law (Box 8357 Knoxville, Tennessee 37916 -- $48 per year/published twice a month)

Perry's Digest of Communication Law

Wilbur Schramm and Lyle Nelson's The Financing of Public Television (Communications and Society, 770 Welch Road, Palo Alto, Cal. 94304, October 1972 -- $2.00, or $1.50 each for six or more, paper)

The Michigan Speech Association's Radio, Television, and Film in the Secondary School (Skokie, Ill.: National Textbook Co., 1972 -- $2.40, paper)     

Breaking the Mold: Using Educational Pedagogy in Designing Library Instruction of Adult Learners

Summary

This paper delineates the special characteristics of the adult learner, emphasizing their high level of motivation and their diverse learning styles. It introduces the 4MATR System, an instructional model developed by Bernice McCarthy, PhD which provides a systematic approach to delivering instruction that especially addresses the learning styles of adults. As a learner-focused model for adapting curriculum and instruction to the diverse needs of students, 4 MAT gives teachers/librarians a framework in which to design learning activities in a systematic cycle. The system encourages librarians to use multiple methods of instruction so as to reach students more effectively, regardless of the individual's learning style. The paper concludes with a library instruction unit designed by using the 4MATR System.     

Toward a broader conceptualization of jealousy in close relationships: Two exploratory studies

The study of jealousy is typically restricted to the examination of a third‐party threat to one's romantic relationship. In contrast to this rather narrow view, two studies were undertaken to examine the possibility (a) that individuals experience jealousy over a variety of issues, and (b) that jealousy‐of any type—occurs and is expressed in non‐romantic relationships such as cross‐sex friendship. The goal of Study I was to assess the realism of hypothetical situations representing six different types of jealousy suggested within the literature. These included: friend jealousy, arising from an individual's relationships with friends; family jealousy, arising from a partner's relationships with family members; activity jealousy, occurring when a partner is involved in activities such as school, work, or hobbies; power jealousy, arising from influence over a partner being lost to others; intimacy jealousy, arising when one feels that more advice is sought from or disclosed to others; and romantic jealousy, involving a (perceived) third‐party threat to a relationship's exclusive nature. In Study II, participants were presented with the finalized versions of these jealousy‐evoking scenarios and asked to imagine their cross‐sex friends engaging in such behavior. Respondents then rated the degree of jealousy‐related emotions they would experience in response to each situation and reported how they would express such jealousy. Results indicated that individuals’ emotional reactions and response modes differed according to the type of jealousy encountered. In particular, participants reported the most intense reactions to intimacy jealousy and felt that it was best dealt with by direct modes of communication. Implications of these findings for the study of jealousy in close relationships are discussed.     

William Cullen Bryant's occasional addresses

Although most people know William Cullen Bryant as one of America's great nineteenth‐century poets, not many think of him as a leading editor of a New York newspaper. And few indeed realize that he was one of the leading public speakers of his time.     

The profile of station personality

One of the most outstanding examples of support for worth‐while cultural events by a commercial broadcasting network is the NBC Opera Theater, which was supported largely by NBC for fifteen years. Many people can take opera or leave it alone, and many others set out to avoid it. On the other hand, those who love opera love it with a passion rarely seen in non‐teenagers. However, it was not only for the fans that the NBC Opera Theater was founded, for there is little doubt that there were more opera lovers in the nation in the middle 1960's than there were in the late 1940's—and much of the credit for such an increase must go to this one institution.