American Indians and the United States patent and trademark office: The Native American Tribal Insignia database

The tribal insignia of American Indians offer a distinctive view into the history of these people. Recently, as the result of federal legislation, some of these materials have been brought together, for tribes that are either federally or State recognized entities, as part of the database collection maintained by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). This article focuses on the history and use of such images; the policy response by the USPTO to the charge by the Trademark Law Treaty Implementation Act (1998) to examine the USPTO's specific responsibility to protect such official insignia; and the Office's resulting digital product.     

Presidential spectacles: Political illusionism and the rhetoric of travel

This essay explores the rhetorical implications of presidential travel spectacles. A form of political illusionism, travel spectacles enable administrations to marginalize verbal eloquence, visually simplify complex political issues, narratively interpret presidential agendas, synoptically reify presidential personae, and construct or mystify political realities. Discussed are implications of political illusionism for the presidency, citizenry, and rhetorical critic.     

American Indian treaties in the Courts of Claims: A guide to treaty citations from opinions of the United States Courts of Claims

Since 1855, the federal Courts of Claims have provided relief for citizens in cases against the United States. President Abraham Lincoln, in his first annual message in 1861, declared his support for such a process: “It is as much the duty of government to render prompt justice against itself, in favor of citizens, as it is to administer the same between private individuals” [Message of the President. (1862). Appendix to The Congressional Globe, 37th Congress, 2d session, 3 December 1861, p. 2].     

International Identity in Theory and Practice: The Case of the Modern American Presidency

Scholars have devoted considerable attention to the concept of national identity. In a globalizing world, however, identity is increasingly shaped not only by one's own nation but also by foreign nations. With this in mind, this study theorizes international identity as a communicative process. We propose four features of international identity—that it is distinct, relational, contextual, and stratified—and examine these features in one crucial context: the modern American presidency. Our content analysis of every mention of a foreign entity in 74 years worth of presidential discourse—2480 mentions in all—supports our conception of international identity and begins to identify the parameters of this construct in American political communication.     

美国总统选举与电视辩论

本文从美国总统电视辩论竞选的历史谈起 ,论述了电视辩论对美国总统竞选和电视传媒的重要性 ,指出电视辩论既有好的一面 ,也有显在的缺陷 ,为电视机构带来滚滚财源的同时 ,也凸现了其负面意义。文章最后还论述了面对网络的挑战 ,电视辩论形式必须创新的观点     

Books,Not Comics: Publishing Fields,Globalization, and Japanese Manga in the United States

The market for Japanese comics, called manga, in the United States grew rapidly at the beginning of the twenty first century at a rate unprecedented in the publishing industry. Sales grew a remarkable 350% from $60 million in 2002 to $210 million in 2007 and did not begin to decline until the beginning of the recent economic downturn beginning in late 2008. No published research is yet able to account for this phenomenon in a manner that is both socially-situated and medium-specific. In this paper, I provide such a sociological account of the rise of manga in the United States and its implications for the globalization of culture. Adapting Pierre Bourdieu’s theoretical formulation of the cultural field, I argue that manga migrated from the comics field to the book field and that the ways in which industry practices, distribution networks, and target demographics differ between the two fields are directly responsible for the medium’s newfound visibility. Furthermore, I argue that, despite the now-common transparency of the Japanese origin of Japanese titles, the American publishing industry’s creation of manga as a category of books distinct from other comics is an ineluctable naturalizing process that ultimately erases from American consciousness the Japanese, the foreign, the other.

The ecology of broadcasters in the United States

Forbidden to censor, and saddled with an undefined (and perhaps undefinable) criterion of the “public interest, convenience and necessity”; for deciding among otherwise‐qualified applicants for a broadcast facility, it is little wonder that the FCC has relied upon a patchwork of precedents and rule‐of‐thumb standards. Possibly because of the uncertainty of these standards, and partly because the staff has not increased in size as greatly as has the workload, the Commission has avoided whenever possible the enlargement of license application hearings to include anyone other than the applicants themselves. Sometimes, however, the courts haven't allowed the FCC to so restrict the number of participants in a hearing, and sometimes the courts have had to remind the Commission that the laboriously accumulated body of administrative practice and precedent is not always the same as the language or purpose of the Communications Act of 1934.

“Economic injury”; is a station owner's concept. It is at the interface of theory and marketplace reality. It is the almost impossible‐to‐prove claim that the establishment of a new station in one's market will so split the available revenues that both stations will fail—or, at least, that both stations will have to operate with substandard (e.g., cheaper) programming, and thus will not serve the public interest. At first, the FCC listened to some of these claims, but soon evolved a policy of avoiding them, by whatever means and reasoning that it could. Over the years, and despite substantial prodding from the courts, the FCC's policy of avoiding this claim has become rigid . . . thus providing us with an excellent and fascinating case study of administrative policy formulation.     

美国图书馆史学界的“哈里斯—戴恩论战”：缘起、过程与影响

1972年美国图书馆史学家迈克尔·哈里斯发表《历史视角下的美国公共图书馆目标:一种修正式解读》,从社会阶层论视角爬梳美国公共图书馆的起源及其领袖人物的图书馆目标,认为公共图书馆是社会精英阶层用以管理和控制社会的工具,批评传统进步主义图书馆史学家对相关问题的理想化认识。以菲莉丝·戴恩为代表的进步主义图书馆史学家认为公共图书馆是民主和人道主义的产物。戴恩批评哈里斯的修正式观点因缺乏扎实论据而失于偏颇。双方展开了1970年代美国图书馆史研究中的“哈里斯-戴恩论战”,引发学界对公共图书馆的起源和目标的深刻反思,对图书馆史研究的方法论和发展产生了深远影响。     

电视节目分级——美国特色的低俗内容监管

自上世纪90年代以来,美国政府制定了一系列监管低俗电视节目内容的法规,其中1996年出台的美国电视分级制影响最大,争议最多,也最具美国特色。本文主要探讨了美国电视分级制的出台过程、特点、实施效果和评价。     

商业因素对美国媒介素养教育的影响

本文系统分析了商业因素对美国媒介素养教育的理论范式基础、媒介教育内容选择和教育组织的运作方式等所产生的根本影响.     

美国图书馆法的演进与经验

在系统分析美国图书馆法历史演进的基础上,总结了美国图书馆立法的主要经验：图书馆事业的发展离不开图书馆法的支持、平等理念和人本精神、全国性法和地方法相结合、图书馆法与教育法相联系、图书馆法要随着图书馆事业的发展与时俱进。最后阐述了上述经验对中国图书馆立法的借鉴意义。     

The Promise of Spanish Publishing in Mexico and the United States

The publishing industry in Mexico is a distinctive environment due to several elements: the role of the State government as the main publisher or buyer of books, the historic and central role of the Spanish publishing industry in the direction and influence of Mexican market through their affiliate companies, and the influence of the US book market concerning influences and trends. In a country of 120 million people, where the book reading rate is very low, as is the number of bookstores, I explore the changes that are taking place right now in the context of the crisis in the Spanish book market and why I see a promising future for the general interest publishing market in the Spanish language in Mexico and the US.     

我所了解的美国公共图书馆

文章介绍了美国现代公共图书馆的发展概况，指出了其服务的特色及给我们的启示。     

“连接学习”:美国青少年数字阅读推广的关联与创新策略

近年,在“连接学习”理论的支持下,美国面向青少年开展了大量基于“连接学习”的数字阅读推广项目,其中“你的媒体”(Youmedia)、“探索学习”(Quest to Learn,简称Q2L)等项目已经取得了一定的推广效果,在美国多个州立学校和公共图书馆得到推广.基于“连接学习”的数字阅读推广项目采取“兴趣驱动”的设计,为青少年塑造同辈文化环境和明确的学术目标,以青少年数字内容创作和生产能力培养为重点,着力为数字时代“创造性人才”培养服务,对于我国创新创业人才培养和数字阅读推广项目的设计和开展具有一定的启发意义.     

美国高校图书馆的资源结构变化及其影响

美国《图书馆杂志》最近对美国的高校图书馆进行了一次调查，调查显示了高校图书馆的资源结构正在发生变化，电子文献比例大幅度上升，这对图书馆的流通、采购倾向等都产生了很大的影响。     

美国的竞争性技术情报及其对我国的启示

本文对美国竞争性技术情报(CTI)的发展现状、特点、实际应用进行了回顾和总结,分析了CTI问世的原因、CTI的基本问题、CTI在美国的应用和发展、CTI发展的重要意义、美国CTI发展对我国的启示,以期对我国CTI专业工作者有所借鉴。