Body sensations of higher and lower anxiety sensitive speakers anticipating a public presentation

The purpose of this study was to determine if higher and lower anxiety sensitive speakers would exhibit differential levels of four types of body sensations (gastrointestinal, cardiopulmonary, disorientation, and numbness) while anticipating giving a public speech. The participants were eighty‐seven undergraduate students who gave five‐minute informative speeches. The Anxiety Sensitivity Index was used to measure anxiety sensitivity, and the Body Sensations Questionnaire was used to measure body sensations during the anticipatory period. The results showed a significant difference in body sensations between higher and lower anxiety sensitivity speakers for gastrointestinal, cardiopulmonary and numbness sensations. There were no significant differences found for disorientation between higher and lower anxiety sensitive speakers.     

基于多层次概念语义网络结构的中文医学信息语义标引体系和语义检索模型研究

为了提高中文医学信息检索效率,本文应用语义学研究成果,深入剖析统一医学语言系统(UMLS),从理论上对多层次概念语义网络结构进行了探讨,以此设计了适用于中文医学信息特点的三层概念语义网络结构,并分别确定了各个概念语义网络层次的语义类型和语义关系,进一步完善了医学信息语义网络.以信息检索的认知理论为依据,建立了基于三层概念语义网络结构的中文医学信息语义标引体系和语义检索模型.对扩展检索和语义检索进行统计学Kappa检验,认为两种检索方法的一致性非常显著(p<0.01);与扩展检索中的任何一种方法相比,语义检索方法具有更高的检索效率.     

Effects of threatening visuals and announcer differences on responses to televised alcohol warnings

This study examined threatening background visuals and voice-over differences in televised alcohol warnings. Participants ( N v = v 401) viewed four television adwarning pairs embedded in sports programming. Between-subjects conditions included a threatening visual behind the warning, a non-threatening visual, a plain background, and a no-warning control. Use of a male or female announcer, each using a relatively warm or imperative voice quality, were manipulated within-subject factors. Outcomes included knowledge, cognitive responses regarding warning content and presentation, and perceptions of the risk of the product (beer) shown in the ad. All warnings increased post-test knowledge of alcohol risks relative to control; the largest increase resulted when warnings were accompanied by the threatening visual. Threatening visuals also increased positive thought elaborations about the warning message content and presentation. However, the threatening visuals did not reliably impact perceived risk of beer use, suggesting that threatening visuals influenced responses and knowledge by increasing attention to the warning rather than by increasing perceived threat. These findings are consistent with the EPPM's proposed initial threat appraisal mechanism (Witte, 1992), and further suggest that threatening visuals serve as a heuristic cue motivating increased processing of message content (see Eagly & Chaiken, 1993), rather than an influence via a peripheral route as suggested by the ELM (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986). Interactions between drinking level and announcer gender and vocal quality variables were also found, but contributed only trivially to explained variance.     

It's Just Your Imagination: The Effect of Imagery on Recognition of Product- Versus Non-Product-Related Information in Radio Advertisements

This experiment tested the effects of imagery on recognition of product- versus non-product-related information in radio ads. Participants listened to four high-imagery and four low-imagery, 60-second spots. After a distracter task, participants were given a four alternative, forced choice, recognition test. The recognition test consisted of three product-related and three non-product-related questions for each ad. Recognition of product-related information was significantly lower than recognition of non-product information in high-imagery ads. There was no significant difference between recognition of productversus non-product information in low-imagery spots. Theoretical and practical implications of the results for understanding information processing of radio and producing effective high-imagery radio spots are discussed.     

Effects of fictional media depictions of realistic threats on children's emotional responses,expectations, worries,and liking for related activities

An experiment was conducted to assess whether exposure to fictional depictions of realistic life‐threatening events (e.g., fires, drownings) affects children's risk‐related assessments that have the potential to influence longer‐term responses. Kindergarten through fifth‐grade children were exposed to dramatic versions of a housefire or a drowning or to control programs depicting benign scenes involving fire or water. The threatening scenes induced more fear and more negative affect in general than their neutral counterparts. In addition, children exposed to a particular threat subsequently rated similar events (related threats) as more likely to occur in their own lives, considered the potential consequences to be more severe, and reported more worry about such happenings than subjects exposed to neutral depictions. Moreover, liking for activities closely related to the observed threats was reduced. Responses regarding the unrelated threat (i.e., fire danger if exposed to the dramatized drowning or water danger if exposed to the house fire) held an intermediate position, but statistical decisions varied across dependent measures. Some analyses revealed a main effect of witnessing negative outcomes. However, planned contrasts showed that for most measures, subjects who viewed threatening scenes did not differ from subjects in the neutral conditions in their ratings of other threats. Findings were interpreted as predominantly supportive of incidental learning, but the contribution of generalized emotion effects could not be ruled out entirely.     

Negative video as structure: Emotion,attention, capacity,and memory

This paper uses a limited capacity information processing theory of television viewing to investigate the effects of graphic negative video at four levels of processing (attention, capacity, encoding, and retrieval) and on two dimensions of emotional experience (arousal and valence). Results indicate that the presence of negative video in news stories increases attention, increases the amount of capacity required to process the message, increases the ability to retrieve the story, facilitates recognition of information presented during the negative video and inhibits recognition for information presented before the negative video. Results also indicate that the introduction of negative video increases the self‐reported negative emotional impact of the story — making it more arousing and more negative.     

Multicenter randomized comparative trial of Micromedex,Micromedex with Watson,or Google to answer drug information questions

Objective:The purpose of this study was to compare pharmacy students’ ability to correctly answer drug information questions using Micromedex with Watson, Micromedex without Watson, or Google.Methods:This multicenter randomized trial compared pharmacy student responses to drug information questions using Micromedex with Watson, Micromedex without Watson, or Google from January to March of 2020. First- to fourth-year pharmacy students at two institutions were included. The primary outcome was the number of correct answers. Secondary outcomes were the time taken to answer the questions and differences in number of correct answers by pharmacy student year and institution.Results:The analysis included 162 participants: 52 students in the Micromedex group, 51 students in the Watson group, and 59 students in the Google group. There was a significant difference among groups in the total number of questions answered correctly (p=0.02). Post-hoc analysis revealed that participants in the Micromedex group answered more questions correctly than those in the Google group (p=0.015). There were no significant differences between Micromedex and Watson groups (p=0.52) or between Watson and Google groups (p=0.22). There was also no difference in time to complete the questions among groups (p=0.72).Conclusion:Utilizing Google did not save students time and led to more incorrect answers. These findings suggest that health care educators and health sciences librarians should further reinforce training on the appropriate use of drug information resources.     

医学生信息素养标准化测评工具研制（二）：测试题项

医学生信息素养测评理论框架包括信息意识、信息知识、信息能力、信息伦理与道德4个测量维度。通过专家咨询法评价测试题项的内容效度（题项的准确性、清晰度和适用性）,对整个测试体系在数量上进行了删减,并对部分题项的内容作了更科学的处理。通过综合指数法建立了各测试题项的权重系数。应用因子分析方法对测评体系进行结构效度检验,共提取4个公因子,能够与之前建立的测评理论框架中确定的4个维度相一致。方差分析结果表明,医学生与临床医学八年制学生、卫管专业本科生的信息素养水平的差异在统计学上有显著意义（P〈0．05）,区分效度良好,测评体系整体信度较高。效应尺度统计量（ES）分析结果表明,《医学文献检索与利用》课程干预后,医学生的信息素养整体以及各维度的水平均有显著性改善。最终形成的标准化测评工具能够用于医学生信息素养水平的测量。     

从社会性标签中进行语义关系抽取——一种元数据生成方法

标签形式的社会性语义越来越占据主导地位,使元数据界在这种新形式的信息内容表达和检索方面面临机遇和挑战。其中,主要的挑战是与标签相关的语境信息的缺失。以Flickr标签为例,对如何利用社会性语义资源来丰富主题元数据进行了实验。实验过程包含4个步骤：收集Flickr标签样本;通过共有信息计算标签间的同现情况;通过Google检索结果来追踪标签对的语境信息;用自然语言处理和机器学习技术来抽取标签间的语义关系。本实验能够利用Google搜索结果构建语境库,并且以自然语言处理和机器学习算法对这些语句进行处理。这种新方法对于赋予标签对以一定语义关系有相当高的准确率。也探讨该方法在利用社会性语义丰富的主题元数据方面的意义。     

Perception of intensional and extensional meaning domains in a semantic differential application

Subjects were asked to rate five intensional and five extensional concepts on a battery of fifteen intensional and fifteen extensional semantic differential scales. An extra measurement was added to the usual semantic differential instrument so that subjects could indicate whether they were using each scale in an intensional or an extensional manner. Results supported previous findings that subjects have more difficulty rating scale‐concept pairs with mixed than with matched meaning domains, and indicated considerable subject‐scale interaction in the measuring instrument.     

Latitude of attitude in ratings of dialect variations

Linguistic attitudes toward dialect patterns were examined through methodological refinements in the use of the semantic differential. Subjects rated their stereotypes and the actual language of children on modified semantic differential scales designed to elicit latitudes of acceptance, rejection, and noncommitment as well as best estimate position. Results validated the two factor model of confidence‐eagerness and ethnicity‐nonstandardness. Three specific research questions regarding the modified technique are discussed.     

Humor Works in Funny Ways: Examining Satirical Tone as a Key Determinant in Political Humor Message Processing

This multi-experiment study builds upon extant political entertainment theory, testing whether satire type (horatian versus juvenalian) cues varying processing mechanisms (message discounting versus resource allocation), and if consequential differences to argument scrutiny levels or message persuasiveness result. Using novel stimuli (e.g., animated cartoons, study one) and real-world late-night political satire (The Daily Show and The Colbert Report, study two), results suggest that satire type was a key antecedent in political humor message processing. Additionally, the varying mechanisms had differential effects on political argument scrutiny levels and message persuasiveness.     

VET

Abstract

Between October 2003 and July 2004, the Statewide Virtual Reference Project (a Washington State Library initiative funded by LSTA) developed the Virtual Evaluation Toolkit, or VET. The purpose of VET was to help libraries improve virtual reference services, with resulting increased awareness, usage, and customer satisfaction. VET includes three levels of evaluation tools with information on their implementation and examples of the use of results, along with a generic final report based on three test site evaluations (an academic, public, and special library). The complete manual is available on the Web in order to provide practical and meaningful tools and recommendations that encourage libraries to use them and also to report on their use.     

The relative effect on audience attitude of the first versus the second argumentative speech of a series∗

This research sought (a) to distinguish between the concepts of apathy and neutrality toward contemporary issues, (b) to model, via computer simulation, apathetic and neutral audiences in order to predict reactions to persuasive messages, and (c) to validate, by means of both attitude and behavioral measures, the efficacy of the model. A computer program was developed and modified by data gathered in the field. The program provides recommendations for messages which can be presented to audiences in order to test their effectiveness. Neutral individuals and apathetic individuals shifted attitudes significantly in this study. A measure of “commitment to action” revealed mixed responses.     

Too Much of a Good Thing

Abstract

Information overload is a problem that affects law librarians every workday. Information overload occurs when the receiver receives so much data that the receiver is unable to engage in higher levels of processing. Technology and cultural influences play a significant role in creating information overload. Law librarians are particularly susceptible to information overload due to the characteristics of their profession. We should care about information overload because it has lasting negative consequences for our profession. Even though information overload is a real problem with serious consequences, there are numerous ways to minimize information overload and its effects.     

医学数字资源语义互联模式研究

在充分复用丰富的医学知识组织体系基础上,构建以UMLS为主导的多本体融合的医学数字资源语义互联模式,即一种基于全局本体统控、多种本体融通的模式框架。以UMLS为主导的多本体融合模式由三个基本层和两个链接层构筑。从UMLS本体的全局统控、多本体融合的语义标引机制、多本体融合的语义检索模式、多本体融合的信息集成构架这4个方面详细阐述医学数字资源语义互联的机理。从自然语言处理、智能检索、本体学习、知识发现和专业知识聚类等方面分析医学数字资源语义互联的功能。     

The role of domain knowledge in cognitive modeling of information search

Computational cognitive models developed so far do not incorporate individual differences in domain knowledge in predicting user clicks on search result pages. We address this problem using a cognitive model of information search which enables us to use two semantic spaces having a low (non-expert semantic space) and a high (expert semantic space) amount of medical and health related information to represent respectively low and high knowledge of users in this domain. We also investigated two different processes along which one can gain a larger amount of knowledge in a domain: an evolutionary and a common core process. Simulations of model click behavior on difficult information search tasks and subsequent matching with actual behavioral data from users (divided into low and high domain knowledge groups based on a domain knowledge test) were conducted. Results showed that the efficacy of modeling for high domain knowledge participants (in terms of the number of matches between the model predictions and the actual user clicks on search result pages) was higher with the expert semantic space compared to the non-expert semantic space while for low domain knowledge participants it was the other way around. When the process of knowledge acquisition was taken into account, the effect of using a semantic space based on high domain knowledge was significant only for high domain knowledge participants, irrespective of the knowledge acquisition process. The implications of these outcomes for support tools that can be built based on these models are discussed.     

Gender perspective on information literacy: An interdisciplinary and multidimensional analysis within higher education settings

Gender is a sociological variable that needs further attention in information literacy studies. This research uses a multidimensional subjective-objective approach to examine the gender differences in the information literacy learning process in a sample of students from different social sciences degree courses at five Spanish universities. Surveys are used to measure the belief in importance (BI) and self-efficacy (SE) they assign to a series of basic information competencies, grouped into the categories of searching, evaluation, processing and communication-dissemination, as well as the levels of actual knowledge (KN) they have about them. Non-parametric methods and factor analysis are used to evaluate the gender similarities and differences. Latent structures show no relevant differences by gender in perceptions (BI and SE), but different patterns are found in knowledge (KN) regarding the acquisition of the key information competencies. To overcome possible stereotypes and contribute to the construction of an all-inclusive perspective that fosters an awareness of the value of equality, it is necessary to incorporate the gender perspective in information and knowledge management studies. There is still little research in this field, and this study opens some paths for further works.     

面向数据网络的信息组织演变发展

数据与数据之间通过富含语义链接的方式形成了有价值的数据网络,在以语义网为核心的网络架构中,网络资源的语义化结构、细粒度描述、数据关联等特性对数据加工及利用提出了新的挑战,信息组织的处理对象及外延发生着变化,信息组织工具不断丰富且功能趋于统一。本文依据信息组织的不同功能和处理流程可以将其细分为资源层、元数据记录层、词表层,分别对各个层次的特点、变化及其未来发展进行分析,认为从文本中准确提取出反映语义含义的特征项是当前信息组织的关键问题,元数据集、知识组织系统成为词表的主要构成,知识组织系统呈现出描述对象概念化、语义关系多样化、描述语言形式化、数据开放关联性四大特点。图3。参考文献23。     

The effect of labeling on perceptions of the quality of AM and FM signals

The extent to which a barrier against AM radio listening has resulted from imagined versus real differences between AM and FM signal quality was addressed by examining the effects of AM and FM labels versus actual AM and FM signal quality differences. A total of 605 college undergraduates in four separate groups rated a recording of an AM broadcast, an FM broadcast, or a recording of a compact disc identified as either an AM or FM broadcast on semantic differential scales for fidelity, technical sound, hiss/noise/distortion, and overall quality. For all four scales, signals identified as FM (simulated and actual) were rated significantly more favorably than signals identified as AM. The results suggest that attitudinal barriers to the acceptance of AM radio depress evaluations of AM radio signals when compared to FM radio signals of the same quality.