From conception to performance: How undergraduate students conceptualise and construct essays

Interviews with forty six undergraduate students enrolled in either first or third year of a Bachelor of Education explored how they conceptualised and undertook an essay writing task. The conceptual structure of their essays was analysed using the SOLO Taxonomy. Comparisons between students who wrote essays of differing levels of complexity revealed that there were major differences between students at every stage of the essay writing process. Compared to students writing essays with simple conceptual structures, students writing more complex essays engaged in processes of reconstruction rather than knowledge telling, put more effort into finding references, used organisational systems for integrating their notes according to topics or themes, built arguments rather than presented information when structuring and drafting their essays, were concerned with improving ideas and arguments as well as mechanics when revising their essays, had a more sophisticated understanding of the concepts underlying the assessment criteria, and expected and received higher grades. The results suggest a developmental process in underlying conceptualisations of both the body of knowledge forming the content of the essay, and the essay writing processes themselves. As such, attempts to improve students' essay writing skills need to shift from a focus on discrete skills to an emphasis on the relationship between students' understanding of the content and their ability to write about it. As part of the writing process, students need help building understandings representing the body of knowledge they are writing about, and this help needs to be geared to their current level of operation.     

重塑女性的历史--新历史主义视界中的女性历史传记系列丛书《花非花》

20世纪90年代以来,大量女性新历史小说的涌现,为我们重塑改写了一部新的女性历史.文章分别从在文学虚构中重塑女性的历史、在文学阐释中重塑女性的历史和在文学解构中重塑女性的历史等三个方面入手,论述了以<花非花·历史小说系列>丛书为代表的女性新历史小说的特点、意义及价值.     

Characteristics of male and female science teachers

The characteristics of 273 male science teachers were compared with 72 female science teachers randomly selected from a fourteen-state region in the USA. A multivariate analysis of variance found differences between the two groups significant at the p ? 0.0005 level. Female teachers were higher on measures of interest in science and receptivity to change. Males scored higher on science knowledge indicators and on their perceptions of the teaching support they received. No differences were noted on measures of professional development or their perceptions of teaching effectiveness, curriculum, workload, or facilities. The implications of the findings are discussed in terms of science career selection by women.     

隐在平淡下的浓烈—从《幸福》看曼斯菲尔德的写作手法

文章分析了新西兰女作家凯瑟琳·曼斯菲尔德的<幸福>的女主人公柏莎所深深陶醉的"幸福",以及她"幸福"的幻灭,由此展现了女作家独特的观察视角,细腻的语言表达和精湛的写作手法.     

Between naturalism and religion: philosophical essays

Taking the increasing implementation and practice of ‘quality‐oriented education’ as the background to the current reform, the paper outlines moral education in the Chinese junior high school over the last 25 years. It offers a brief review of a few theoretical and empirical research projects which have had some influence on the 2003 reform of the course of Ideology and Morality. It describes: three basic principles behind this new curriculum, focusing on the developing lives of students; curriculum characteristics with ideological, humanistic, practical and integrative dimensions; and the objectives of developing feelings, attitudes and value orientations, competencies and knowledge. The curriculum is illustrated by four textbook and class‐based examples of respect for parents, self‐esteem, environmental awareness and being a responsible citizen, which offer some insights into contemporary moral education with distinctive Chinese characteristics. Finally, the paper gives an overview of the significance of the moral education curriculum reform and of its ongoing challenges.     

The Reproduction of Family Life: perspectives of male and female adolescents

This paper explores the ways male and female adolescents plan to allocate responsibility for domestic labour. It is argued that incorporation of elements of the domestic ideology combines with an awareness of structural barriers to reproduce traditional patterns. The importance of segregated labour markets and provisions for child care are discussed.     

Assessing the self‐esteem of female undergraduate students: an issue of methodology

For many students, embarking on higher education can pose particular threats and challenges, not only to academic identity, but also to fundamental, personal aspects of the self. This paper reports a methodological study that employed quantitative and qualitative research methods to explore the impact on the sense of self and self‐esteem of a group of female first‐year undergraduates. Results from a Self‐esteem inventory, a variation on Q Methodology, an Ideal‐self inventory and a semi‐structured interview revealed different but complementary aspects of the self and indicated that participants’ self‐esteem increased over the duration of the study, as recorded on all four measures. It is suggested that the most appropriate way of uncovering and understanding mediators of self‐esteem may be through a mixed‐method approach.     

Impact of childhood abuse history on psychological symptoms among male and female soldiers in The U.S. Army

The long-term psychological effects of four different types of childhood maltreatment were examined among 1,072 male and 305 female soldiers on active duty in the United States Army. The predictor variables included four subscales from the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)—(1) physical-emotional abuse, (2) sexual abuse, (3) emotional neglect, and (4) physical neglect. An additional sexual abuse variable based on the four screening questions developed by Finkelhor, Hotaling, Lewis, and Smith (1990) was also included. Outcome was measured by the Brief Symptom Inventory and a dissociation scale developed by Briere and Runtz (1988). MANOVAs were conducted for each outcome measure. Physical-emotional abuse contributed to most of the effects. However, sexual abuse contributed additional significant effects to all of the subscales. In general, males and females showed similar outcomes, but certain gender differences were noted.     

淡妆浓抹总相宜－谈张岱小品文的艺术特色

张岱作为明朝晚期的小品作家,其作品既有当时小品的共同特点：不事雕琢,自然天成,笔调淡雅,情悠韵远,又有其独到之处,看似平淡却亦奇,看似浓艳却亦雅,在中国小品的发展史上占有一定的地位。     

高校艺术类学生思想特点与教育管理对策

对于具有鲜明个性特征的高校艺术类学生,教育管理应坚持“以学生为本”的教育理念,法治与德治并行,发挥专业教师的作用,加强艺术实践。     

论文章的审理与修改

审理与修改文章是编辑的基本工作,也是体现其业务能力的两个重要方面.审稿过程从文章的材料、观点等内容角度,编辑应看选题、见解、材料、论证;从文章处理问题的角度,编辑应看提出了什么问题、分析了什么问题、解决了什么问题;从文章创新的角度,编辑可以进行四点审察,即看是否有选题创新、有见解创新、有材料创新、有方法创新.文章的修改主要有:改正错误、增删材料、美化文章等.此外,为保证审稿与改稿质量还应健全编辑制度、加强编辑自身修养.     

Spontaneous activities of female versus male newborns

This study explored potential sex differences in all activity spontaneously emitted by newborns. 2 groups of full-term infants (14 uncircumcised males, 15 females), equally distributed along several physical and demographic variables, served as subjects. Each newborn was observed for a total of 8 hours during the 2 days following birth. Observational procedures were stringently controlled and interobserver reliability ranged from .84 to .98. Results showed higher levels of wakefulness, facial grimacing, and low-intensity motor activity for males. Of marginal significance, both low-intensity and high-intensity oral activity was higher for males. In addition, a marginally significant interaction effect (sex X interfeeding interval X day) was found for high-intensity oral activity (crying). Independent of sex, high-intensity activity increased in the evening and over an interfeeding period, and low-intensity oral activity increased over days. The pattern of results indicates that even uncircumcised males may be slightly more irritable than females, and thus more active. Potential implications of these findings are considered.     

Activity differences of individually and group-housed male and female rats

Previous comparisons of the activity differences of individually and group-housed rats have produced inconsistent findings; therefore, we examined activity using three measures: open-field ambulation, nonspecific circadian activity, and rearing behavior. Open-field ambulation in two 5-day tests confirmed our prediction that isolates would be initially less active but later more active than group-housed rats. Isolates habituated more slowly to the activity monitor and tended to be more active during the light half of the 24-h cycle. In the rearing test, isolates showed elevated and more persistent activity than group-housed rats. All these activity differences were prevalent in both male and female rats. The results are interpreted in terms of the influence of differential housing on “fear responses,” exploration of a novel environment, and differences in habituation/adaptation processes.     

女大学生体育行为的调查与分析

采用问卷法等对常州市女大学生体育锻炼动机、锻炼时间和频度、锻炼形式和项目及主要影响因素等方面进行了调查与分析.结果显示,女生参加体育锻炼动机目的明确并呈多样化,主要选择趣味性和运动量小、对抗性弱的运动项目进行锻炼;喜爱参加集体等锻炼;每周锻炼次数和每次锻炼时间严重不足;场地器材不足、课外辅导的有效手段的缺乏等等是影响女生体育锻炼的主要因素.     

谈历史教学信息化的特征

本文从国际教育界出现的新的教育形态——教育信息化的趋势出发 ,提出了历史教学信息化的主要特征 ,即历史教材多媒化、历史教学个性化、历史学习自主化、历史活动合作化和历史评价管理自动化     

The relationship between personality and attitudes towards computers: an investigation among female undergraduate students in Israel

The relationships between computer-related attitudes and the Eysenckian personality dimensions of extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism are explored among a sample of 298 female students in Israel. The data demonstrate that more positive attitudes towards computers are associated with higher scores on the psychoticism scale and lower scores on the extraversion scale. There is no significant relationship between attitudes towards computers and scores on the neuroticism scale