黄河三角洲盐碱地不同利用方式下土壤无机磷组分特征

采用蒋柏藩-顾益初无机磷形态分级方法对黄河三角洲盐碱地试验田、藤柳林、芦苇地和石榴林4种不同利用方式下土壤无机磷组分特征进行了研究.结果表明,4种不同利用方式下盐碱地土壤无机磷各形态以Ca8-P、Ca10-P和Al-P为主,约占无机磷总量的77.41%,其中以钙结合态磷所占的比例最大,即盐碱地不同利用方式下土壤无机磷含量是以钙磷为主.石榴林由于在土壤中加入了石灰质,改变了土壤的特性且对土壤中Al-P含量影响较大,Al-P含量高达205.0 mg/kg,显著高于其他土地利用方式.盐碱地4种不同利用方式下土壤中O-P和Ca8-P含量相差不大,土地利用方式对土壤中O-P和Ca8-P含量影响较小.     

不施磷肥连续种植菠菜积累态有机磷动态变化

为了明确保护地土壤有机磷的生物有效性和指导保护地合理施用磷肥,针对在暗棕壤上培育的保护地土壤,采用不施磷肥连续种植菠菜后测定每茬土壤有机磷组分含量方法,研究了有机磷随连续栽培作物的动态变化规律。结果表明,不施磷肥连续种植菠菜条件下,随着种植茬数增加,保护地土壤有机磷组分中,活性和中活性有机磷含量呈轻度下降趋势;中稳性有机磷含量呈先降低后增加再小幅度降低的趋势;高稳性有机磷含量呈波动性下降。保护地土壤有机磷总量随种植茬数的增加略有下降。有机磷各组分含量和有机磷总量随种植茬数都呈下降趋势,说明有机磷有向无机磷转化的趋势,为植物提供可利用的磷素。研究结果补充了以高磷为特征的北方暗棕壤性保护地土壤磷循环研究。     

肥料与石膏配施对滨海盐土有效磷的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了肥料与石膏配施条件下滨海盐土有效磷变化特征,结果表明,(1)不同肥料与石膏配施条件下,滨海盐土有效磷含量以有机无机复混肥(F2)处理较高,而以单施石膏2g/kg(F0B2)处理较低。(2)磷肥施用可显著提高滨海盐土有效磷含量,供试肥料品种间滨海盐土有效磷含量以有机无机复混肥处理(F2)、无机复混肥(F1)处理最高,其次为生物有机无机复混肥(F4)和生物有机肥(F3),以空白对照(F0)最低。(3)随石膏用量增加,土壤有效磷呈显著降低趋势。(4)滨海盐土有效磷含量存在明显动态变化特征,肥料施用后有效磷总体上呈现先增加后降低趋势,最终回复到施肥前水平。(5)从土壤有效磷角度考虑,滨海盐土肥料农业施用以有机无机复混肥(F2)较为适宜。     

土壤中磷的形态及转化的探讨

研究磷在土壤中的存在规律、转化规律及其转化产物的有效性,可指导合理施肥和开发新的磷肥品种。土壤中磷的存在形态,一般分为无机态磷（水溶态、吸附态、矿物态）和有机态。作物主要是吸收无机态磷,其有效性随土壤pH值而变化。植物所需磷素的唯一来源是通过根系由土壤中吸收的。因此土壤的理化性状势必影响土壤磷的形态、有效性及供应潜力。土壤中各种形态的磷素,随土壤环境条件：pH值、有机质、水分、温度、矿物组成、可溶性阳离子性质、氧化还原状况的不同,进行着磷的固定或释放的转化和循环。     

黄河（黄河口、渤海、三门峡）沉积物中磷的赋存形态

通过对黄河沿岸潮滩的表层沉积物中磷形态分析,揭示了沉积物中磷的存在形态和分布特征,分析结果表明：三门峡的总磷含量最高1285．6764μg／g,其次是渤海浅滩1264．0667μg／g,最少的是黄河口1087．5203μg／g．对磷含量的各形态之间的分析表明沉积物中的磷主要以钙磷和有机磷为主,占总磷的96％以上,而其它磷的含量就很小。     

土壤改良剂对赣南果园土壤磷及微生物的影响

赣南地区是我国主要的脐橙产区,土壤贫瘠且偏酸,长期不合理的化肥施用导致土壤的退化现象日渐显现.本试验以赣南果园红壤作为实验材料,结合盆栽实验,研究了一种赣州信丰脐橙果园长期应用的土壤改良剂对土壤p H、无机磷形态,土壤微生物数量的影响.研究结果表明,T3处理对土壤的改良效果最好,对土壤中可利用磷的水平有明显促进作用,并且在有效提高土壤p H的同时也有促进了土壤微生物的生长.     

北京地区表层土壤磁化率分布特征

选定北京市昌平区十三陵水库库区和石景山区永定河两岸作为重点研究区,测量其表层土壤剖面的磁化率曲线.结果表明,不同地区的土壤剖面磁化率曲线存在着很大的差异,这与土壤的成土母质、成土作用和周围环境状况有着密切的关系.     

基本成土过程划分的原则和具体准则

本文针对目前在基本成土这程的划分上,尚不统一的情况,为探求统一途经,提出了基本成土过程划分的原则和具体准则:原则是在划分基本成土过程的时候,必须考虑其与发生条件、所发生的土壤物质及其变化特征的相关性。并称之为发生-诊断学原则。具体准则是土壤性,基本性,诊断性状与诊断层。并以“富铝化过程”这一基本成土过程为例,对它们进行了具体讨论。     

高海拔地形区冰缘环境土壤特征的研究--以青藏高原可可西里自然保护区为例

以青藏高原的腹地区域-可可西里自然保护区土壤发生过程为例，探讨了地学因素对高海拔地形区地域成土作用的影响及高海拔地形区地域土壤形成与发育的特殊性，提出了高原地形区的地势、母质、水文地质等地学因素对土壤形成和发育的影响与作用远远超过其他因素．表现为极具特色的土壤形成发育过程特征：地貌类型简单造成土壤类型单一化；成土母质深刻地影响着土壤的形成和发育；土壤发育受第四纪冰川影响明显，成土年龄短；新构造运动是控制土壤分布的重要因素．     

磷添加对呼伦贝尔草原土壤微生物的影响

为了探索磷添加对草原土壤微生物的影响,在呼伦贝尔大草原设置了4个磷添加梯度,0、2、6、10 g/(m~2a),采用PLFA的方法,研究了土壤微生物群落结构对磷添加的响应.结果表明:磷添加对土壤pH、土壤含水量、土壤全碳和土壤全氮的影响差异不显著,但对土壤全磷的影响差异显著(P0.05);磷添加在6 g/(m~2a)时,土壤PLFAs、细菌PLFAs、革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌达到最高值,随后,随着磷添加的增多,这些微生物功能群的含量下降;土壤PLFAs和革兰氏阴性菌与土壤理化性质无显著相关性,但细菌PLFAs和革兰氏阳性菌与土壤全碳呈显著正相关(P0.05),而与土壤pH、土壤含水量、土壤全氮和土壤全磷无显著相关性.     

Field demonstration of reduction of lead availability in soil and cabbage （Brassica Chinensis L.） contaminated by mining tailings using phosphorus fertilizers

A field demonstration of reduction of lead availability in a soil and cabbage （Brassica Chinensis L.） contaminated by mining tailings, located in Shaoxing, China was carried out to evaluate the effects of applications of phosphorus fertilizers on Pb fractionation and Pb phytoavailability in the soil. It was found that the addition of all three P fertilizers including single super phosphate （SSP）, phosphate rock （PR）, and calcium magnesium phosphate （CMP） significantly decreased the percentage of water-soluble and exchangeable （WE） soil Pb and then reduced the uptake of Pb, Cd, and Zn by the cabbage compared to the control （CK）. The results showed that the level of 300 g P/mE soil was the most cost-effective application rate of P fertilizers for reducing Pb availability at the first stage of remediation, and that at this P level, the effect of WE fraction of Pb in the soil decreased by three phosphorus fertilizers followed the order： CMP （79%）〉SSP （41%）〉PR （23%）; Effectiveness on the reduction of Pb uptake by cabbage was in the order： CMP （53%）〉SSP （41%）〉PR （30%）. Therefore our field trial demonstrated that it was effective and feasible to reduce Pb availability in soil and cabbage contaminated by mining tailings using P fertilizers in China and PR would be a most cost-effective amendment.     

Phosphate-solubilizing microbes in rhizosphere soils of 19 weeds in southeastern China

Low phosphorus (P) availability is one of the most important factors limiting plant growth in red soils across southeastern China. Many non-symbiotic microorganisms in rhizosphere can enhance P solubility, but little is known about the magnitude of their phosphorus-solubilizing ability (PSA) and the difference in phosphorus-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) among plant species. The number of phosphorus-solubilizing microorganisms and their PSA in rhizosphere soils of 19 weed species in a citrus orchard on red soil at Changshan, Zhejiang, China, were investigated. Inorganic P (powdered phosphate rock, PR) and organic P (lecithin, OP) were respectively used as the sole P-source to examine the PSA of isolated microbes. The PS actinomycetes community varied greatly among the different weed rhizospheres while the PS fungus community showed to be most stable to the weed rhizosphere. The highest number of PR-PS and OP-PS bacteria was found in rhizosphere soil of Mollugo pentaphyll, and the highest number of PR-PS and OP-PS actinomycetes was found in rhizosphere soil of Polygonum lapathifolium. The highest number of PR-PS fungi was found in Erigeron annuus and Mollugo pentaphyll rhizosphere soil, and the highest number of OP-PS fungi was found in rhizosphere soil of Mazus stachydifolius. Mazus stachydifolius showed the strongest PR-PS ability (6340.75μg) while Eragrostis pilosa showed the strongest OP-PS ability (1301.84μg). The PR-PS ability and OP-PS ability of Mollugo pentaphyll was 4432.87μg and 1122.05μg respectively. A significant correlation between the number of PR-PSM and OP-PSM was found. Significant correlation was only found between the PR-PS fungi number and its PSA(r=0.75, P<0.05) and between the number of OP-PS fungi and its PSA(r=0.87, P<0.01}). It indicated that plant species had significant influence on components of the non-symbiotic PSM community and their activity in its rhizosphere soil. Fungi play a leading role in phosphorus solubilization in weed rhizopshere. It suggested that weed conservation could benefit soil microbe development in agroecosystems, especially in the initial stage of agroecosystem development because there is less organic carbon in bare soil. The results suggested that weed conservation could increase PSA of PSM.     

不同磷水平对番红花植株矿质营养吸收运转的影响

对番红花植株不同施磷水平的试验结果表明:不同磷水平时番红花植株N、P、K、Mg、Mn、Fe等矿质元素的吸收运转均有显著影响;低磷不利于番红花植株矿质元素地上部向地下部的运转,造成番红花新球茎矿质元素含量普遍偏低;随着施磷水平的降低,蛋白氮含量明显减少,蛋白质合成受阻,核酸及糖分减少,因而新球茎品质不高。     

植物体中磷的测定

本文研究了利用凯氏定氮消化液规定植物体中有机总磷方法的可能性,结果表明,凯氏定氮消化液完全可以同时用于磷的测定．     

磷偏析对77MnA盘条拉拔性能的影响

通过对某线材制品厂的77MnA脆断试样的检验分析,发现脆断试样存在严重磷偏析,且缺陷附近未发现大量聚集的非金属夹杂物分布、网状碳化物、马氏体等异常组织,利用电子探针对中心偏析带进行分析,发现中心磷偏析高达18.7,且孔洞、裂纹等均位于磷偏析带上,表明磷偏析是此次盘条脆断的主要原因,并就生产实际提出了改进措施。     

Effects of pH and Eh on release of nitrogen and phosphorus from sediments of West Lake

INTRODUCTIONAsasinkandaninnersourceofnutrients,sedimentsplayanimportantroleinlakeeutroph ication.TheeutrophicationstatusofWestLakeisstillcriticalinrecentyearsevenaftermostpollutionsourcesaroundWestLakehavebeencontrolled(Peietal.,1998) ,mainlythroughtherel…     

不同磷钾肥施用量对金太阳杏叶片生长的影响

采用五种不同施肥量的磷钾肥(0.3、0.6、0.9、1.2、1.5kg),在新梢进入迅速生长期前对金太阳杏进行灌根,观察记录磷钾肥对金太阳杏叶片的影响,结果表明:随着磷钾肥施用量的增大,叶片中叶绿素含量增加,同时叶宽减小、叶厚增大,但是高肥量(1.5kg)的磷钾肥对金太阳杏的作用效果不明显,每株施用1.2kg的磷钾肥对促进金太阳杏叶片生长、提高叶片中叶绿素含量效果最显著.     

土壤有机磷组分动态变化和剖面分布

本文研究了黄棕壤和水稻土的有机磷组分动态变化和剖面分布 ,结果表明 ,用Bow man—Cole法测定的土壤四种有机磷组分在旱地土壤剖面中随土层加深含量减少 ;土壤高活性、中活性和中稳性有机磷在作物生长发育旺盛期含量降低。     

Effects of pH and Eh on release of nitrogen and phosphorus from sediments of West Lake

The effects of pH and Eh on release of nitrogen and phosphorus from sediments of West Lake under different conditions were investigated by simulation test. Results showed that the net flux of NH4+-N release from sediments increased with pH, but NO3--N showed negative-going release at all tested pH levels. The net flux of NH4+-N release from sediments was higher under anaerobic or aerobic condition of the overlying water, but only under aerobic condition would net release of NO3--N occur. It was also shown that phosphorus released was mainly in its inorganic form, higher pH and anaerobic conditions of overlying water greatly stimulated release of phosphorus. In situ measurement at several West Lake locations indicated that sediment resuspension induced by boat propeller stimulated nutrients release from sediment into overlying water.