教学过程中性别差异的社会学分析及对策

教学过程中的性别差异是指从性别的维度审视教育内部的公平问题,使每一个学生不因具有某一生理性别而使其发展受到影响。本文试图从教师性别差异观念,师生互动模式以及班级群体内部男女学生互动三方面分析教学过程中的性别差异问题,分析消除教学过程中性别差异的对策,即建设性别敏感的课堂和对教师的性别意识进行正确引导等。     

STEM高等教育领域中的性别差异——基于刻板印象的讨论

STEM高等教育中存在着由性别刻板印象导致的性别差异.当前,STEM领域主要存在三种性别刻板印象:一是与男性相比,女性缺少STEM领域所需要的特定能力;二是女性更有责任照顾家庭、完成家务;三是STEM领域是男性领域.性别刻板印象主要从刻板印象威胁和刻板印象提升起作用,并可能降低女性的学术自我概念、影响女性的职业选择以及阻碍女性STEM事业发展.为了减少STEM高等教育领域中的性别差异,首先应对女学生提供心理干预,其次应改变教育模式,再次应关注女性兴趣,最后应对女性提供更多社会支持.     

社会性别差异与大众传媒刍论

社会性别差异及性别的传统印象，是被社会文化所赋予、培养的结果，它与大众传媒对性别的理解，性别角色、性别构成的等级以及对不同性别的人的制约有着直接间接的关系。然而近年来，在大众传媒特别是一些广告中，存在着一种对女性的性别成见、贬抑甚至歧视成分的报道。就此而言，我们在审视大众传媒时，需要用社会性别的批评眼光，对所有被视为自然的东西进行反省，只有这样，才能减少大众传媒对传统性别成见的建构成影响，提高公众的性别敏感，以促进社会的性别平等。     

性别差异：浅析《老友记》中的涉性幽默

性别研究是社会语言学研究的重要组成部分,本文通过分析美国流行情景喜剧《老友记》中男性与女性如何以不同方式使用涉性幽默来达到不同目的及其幽默运用所获得的不同结果,得出初步结论：一部分与女性有关的性别刻板印象在当代社会已不适用。     

性别差异：教育公平的新视角

一、性别差异的形成理论 从古至今,有一种对性别差异的误解始终占着统治地位,那就是性别刻板印象。在中国,几千年的封建社会所形成的传统文化使得性别刻板印象表现得更明显。男性始终处于统治、荣耀的地位,而女性则依附于男性生活,处于附属、被动、服从的地位。这种传统的男尊女卑、男强女弱、夫贵妻荣的性别刻板定型观念给后人的性别思想意识带来了极大的影响。     

性别刻板印象威胁研究对学校教育的启示

刻板印象威胁是个体遭受的一种风险,处于此风险中的个体担心自己会证实所属群体的负面刻板印象。刻板印象威胁研究表明,威胁会削弱被负面刻板化了的群体成员的成绩。文章通过对教育领域中的数学—性别刻板印象威胁的研究,进一步探讨其对教育的启示。     

性别差异与中小学生偏科现象透析

偏科是我国中小学生常见的和长期存在的教育现象。偏科的产生与性别差异、社会性别刻板现象有关。长期以来的性别教育差异、不平等又加剧了偏科的发展。从人才多样化发展的视角,我们应该允许偏科现象的存在,并采用双性化教育方式给予学生阶段性的、有针对性的指导。     

性别差异：教育公平的新视角

一、性别差异的形成理论 从古至今,有一种对性别差异的误解始终占着统治地位,那就是性别刻板印象。在中国,几千年的封建社会所形成的传统文化使得性别刻板印象表现得更明显。男性始终处于统治、荣耀的地位,而女性则依附于男性生活,处于附属、被动、服从的地位。这种传统的男尊女卑、男强女弱、夫贵妻荣的性别刻板定型观念给后人的性别思想意识带来了极大的影响。北京大学心理学教授钱铭怡对中国当代大学生的性别刻板进行了调查,结果显示：中国大学生也存在着明显的性别刻板印象,     

性别刻板印象对学校教育的影响及对策研究

从性别刻板印象的概念入手,从性别刻板印象的影响因素开始,分析了学校教育中性别刻板印象的现象及其影响,并针对这些现象及其影响提出了突破学校教育中性别刻板印象的策略。最后,性别刻板印象对学校教育的启示呼之即出。     

刻板印象威胁及其对教育的启示

刻板印象威胁概念自1995年由Steele提出以来,受到了广泛的关注。文章主要阐述在教育领域中相关的刻板印象威胁研究,分别从具体的研究领域、研究对象、刻板印象威胁的影响因素等几个方面予以介绍,在此基础上,进一步探讨对教育的启示。     

Sex and relationships education and gender equality: recent experiences from Andalusia (Spain)

Despite recent advances in sex and relationships education (SRE), the Spanish education system still lacks coherent policies in this field. This paper provides an overview of the current situation, focusing specifically on Andalusia, and discusses the importance of providing SRE for young people. It first describes current Spanish education policy on gender equality and shows how this leaves little space for SRE. It then presents data on young people's sexuality and relationships collected in the course of an action research project utilising different qualitative techniques. Data deriving from 27 in-depth interviews focusing on values, norms and practices relating to young people's sexuality and relationships, conducted in two secondary schools in Granada, Andalusia, are then analysed in order to identify the degree of gender equality present within them. The results suggest that in sexual relations young people tend uncritically to accept and reproduce many of the patriarchal dimensions of gender and sexuality. Findings highlight the importance of linking more closely SRE to gender equality education policies in Spain.     

Diversity in primary teacher education gender differences in student factors and curriculum perception

The teaching of Probability Theory constitutes a new trend in mathematics education internationally. The purpose of this research project was to explore the degree to which preschoolers understand key concepts of probabilistic thinking, such as sample space, the probability of an event and probability comparisons. At the same time, we evaluated an educational programme which aimed to introduce children to the basic principles of Probability Theory. The research sample consisted of 29 preschoolers (with an average age of 5 years and 4 months) from two classes of a Greek public kindergarten. The research was based on a semi-experimental, three-phase plan: the pretest, the teaching intervention and the post-test. The pretest explored the children’s conception of key probabilistic constructs and contributed to the planning of the teaching intervention. Through the post-test, we evaluated the contribution of the teaching intervention. The findings showed that pupils displayed a satisfactory level of comprehension of key probabilistic concepts and that, moreover, teaching this subject can improve their comprehension.     

Paradox of student gender: a case study of economic education from China

In many Chinese universities and colleges, female students outperform male students in social science subjects. This paper presents a case study, which examines gender difference in economic education in a Chinese university. We look at a sample of students from the Chinese university and find that holding constant observed student characteristics, female students on average appear to earn higher scores than male students and the gender difference is primarily driven by low achieving students. We further find that the gender difference in exam scores is not because of female students' ability, family background and other unobservable student characteristics. Instead, it is simply a result of female students exerting more effort than male students. We finally explore a wide range of possible explanations for the gender difference in diligence, but find little support for any of the explanations.     

Understanding the emergence of females as leaders in academia: The intersections of gender stereotypes,status and emotion

Drawing on the expectation state theory, this paper seeks to analyse the social cognitive process of the impacts of gender stereotypes along with their culturally derived schemas of status belief, status characteristics and emotion at the early stage of women's endeavour to emerge as leaders in academia. Employing a convenience sampling and interviews held with five women academic participants from three public and private universities in the western region of Indonesia, this research reveals that two social cognitive practices affect women's endeavour to emerge as leaders; (1) the incongruities of cultural and cognitive expected status belief and status characteristics about females with the expected performance of leadership. The pervasive effect of these can be mitigated when women adopt a strategy of neglection, coupled with a strategy of networking both via their own networks and their husband's networks; (2) the incongruities of cultural and cognitive expected ways of emotional expression on women with the expected performance of leadership. This impacts the status conferral that shapes the worthiness of females to emerge as leaders, leading female leaders in our study to build a protective shield of emotion display to keep them perceived as worthy individuals for leadership roles.     

The independent contributions of gender stereotypes and gender identification in predicting primary school pupils’ expectancies of success in STEM fields

On the basis of the expectancy‐value theory of achievement, this paper aims to examine the relative contributions of gender‐stereotype endorsement and gender identification on expectancies for success in STEM fields. In a sample of 880 Croatian primary school pupils of approximately 12 years of age, stereotyped beliefs about gender‐appropriateness of STEM‐related professions (stereotype endorsement) and self‐perception as a typical representative of one's gender (gender identification) were first assessed. Participants also reported their expectations for success in each of the STEM‐related professions previously used for establishing stereotype endorsement. Stereotype endorsement and gender identification separately interacted with gender to predict expectancies for success in STEM‐related professions. Higher levels of stereotype endorsement and gender identification fostered stereotype‐consistent expectancies for success in STEM fields (higher expectancies for boys than for girls). Implications are discussed in terms of strategies to encourage girls to engage in STEM‐related careers.     

中国基础教育性别公平存在的问题和对策

性别公平是当今国际世界基础教育研究中的一项重要任务，本文首先介绍了20世纪90年代中国基础教育在实现性别公平方面取得的成就，然后指出了中国基础教育中仍然存在性别不公平的一些问题，最后探讨了21世纪前15年中国基础教育全面实现性别公平应该采取的政策措施。     

The interrelation of twenty-first-century education and work from a gender perspective

This paper analyses the interrelation of twenty-first-century education and work from a gender perspective. The analysis is carried out theoretically by asking whether human capital theory and Bourdieu’s reproduction theory are adequate instruments for such an endeavour. It is argued that the explanatory power of the human capital concept of the interrelation between education and work is extremely weak, because the human capital concept conceals costs necessary to create human capital. In contrast, reproduction theory comprehends investments in education through reproductive work. But, reproduction theory fails short to explain ongoing gender hierarchies within employment. Therefore, analysis of social and societal structure needs to go beyond the focus on education and work to explain the maintenance of gender hierarchies.     

汉语恭维策略的性别差异分析

恭维语是近年来社会语言学研究的一个话题。在一些国内外学者调查研究的基础上,本文将以当代大学生为调查对象,试图从恭维策略和性别差异两个角度探讨汉语恭维语中同性别和跨性别间是否存在性别差异现象。     

跨文化背景下的大学英语因“性”施教

大学英语教学要讲究策略,策略的实施则要针对学生的特点。本文讨论了跨文化背景下大学生学习英语的一个重要因素——性别差异,也就是英语学习在男女学生身上所呈现的不同。如何把跨文化交际学与"因性施教"很好的结合起来,成为当前大学英语教学的新课题。     

Teacher and administrator perceptions of gender in the classroom

Gendered stereotypes persist in American classrooms despite efforts to create equitable learning environments. Within this qualitative study, we examined both teachers’ and administrators’ perceptions of gender in the classroom and present the data of the continued gender bias among some educators in their own words. The data showed teachers and administrators attributed conflict styles based upon gender and consistently reference boys conflict resolution style as “over quickly” in contrast to girls conflict resolution style. Likewise, participants’ gendered perceptions extended to the kinds of feedback they expected girls and boys to prefer. Additionally, our findings show that participants misunderstood or lacked knowledge of scientifically sound research and participants described changing the curriculum in a single-sex class/school to use stereotypical topics and activities for student engagement. The authors suggest this data should open a discussion between education scholars and practitioners to help align current knowledge about gender and development and implications of stereotypes for classroom practice.