论卢梭“发现学习”理论中的浪漫主义情怀

“发现学习”理论在卢梭的《爱弥儿》中已经有所体现,由于其倡导的崇尚自然、赞美情感、适应人性的教育宗旨以及优美流畅的写作手法,使得他对“发现学习”的论述闪现着浪漫主义的光辉,其中二者的相融集中体现在“人的发展”中。在我国当代教育发展面临着诸多困境的时候,卢梭“发现学习”理论中的浪漫主义情怀给我们带来了启示。     

Why Might Distance Make the Heart Grow Fonder?: A Relational Turbulence Model Investigation of the Maintenance of Long Distance and Geographically Close Romantic Relationships

Following the relational turbulence model, we examined the extent to which relational uncertainty and partner interference mediate distance and relational maintenance, here assessed as relational continuity constructional units (RCCUs), as predictors of relational turbulence. Results were consistent with and extend the relational turbulence model, with relational uncertainty mediating RCCUs and partner interference mediating distance. In addition to highlighting RCCUs as a communicative buffer against relational uncertainty, the results reveal a complex picture of geographic distance. Addressing mixed findings in previous research, it appears distance may foster relational turbulence yet also predict reduced turbulence when accompanied by diminished partner interference.     

整合会话分析与文本挖掘技术来评价协作学习——访谈卡耐基梅隆大学著名教授卡洛琳·佩恩斯坦·罗泽

建构主义学习理论认为协作发生在学习过程的始终,协作学习过程也是会话的过程。协作学习活动的规范设计与顺利实施有利于促进学习者之间知识共享与协同建构。如何评价协作学习是当前教育技术领域研究的焦点问题。围绕整合技术进行协作学习评价问题,我们访谈了卡耐基梅隆大学著名教授卡洛琳·佩恩斯坦·罗泽。罗泽教授认为会话在协作学习情境中具有独特价值,不仅是一种使思维清晰可见的方式,而且参与者的多样化视角有利于知识的协同创新。罗泽教授的研究聚焦于整合语言学、教育学、心理学等相关理论,深入理解协作学习中会话的社会及其实际本质,搭建提高人与人、人与计算机之间会话效果的计算系统。其研究视角是运用社会语言学和会话分析理论设计语言表征的方式和新的计算模型,使语言模式可以被机器学习;研究内容是从计算的视角分析语言与社会之间的关系,开发用于评价在线协作学习过程的工具（如TagHelper和LightSIDE）,以便为协作学习的组织者或促进者提供适合特定情境的干预机制和反馈报告。罗泽教授及其团队的重要贡献还体现在优化协作学习过程的自动化分析方法,促进协作学习支持技术从静态支持向动态支持范式转变,研发新的干预机制与动态支持技术促进大规模协作学习等。     

Culturing conceptions: From first principles

Over the past three decades, science educators have accumulated a vast amount of information on conceptions––variously defined as beliefs, ontologies, cognitive structures, mental models, or frameworks––that generally (at least initially) have been derived from interviews about certain topics. During the same time period, cultural studies has emerged as a field in which everyday social practices are interrogated with the objective to understand culture in all its complexity. Science educators have however yet to ask themselves what it would mean to consider the possession of conceptions as well as conceptual change from the perspective of cultural studies. The purpose of this article is thus to articulate in and through the analysis of an interview about natural phenomenon the first principles of such a cultural approach to scientific conceptions. Our bottom-up approach in fact leads us to develop the kind of analyses and theories that have become widespread in cultural studies. This promises to generate less presupposing and more parsimonious explanations of this core issue within science education than if conceptions are supposed to be structures inhabiting the human mind.

跨界邀请学习:一种社会性学习新方式

教育领域与工作领域存在广泛的跨界互动需求,跨界学习正在成为人类普遍的社会性学习方式。然而跨界学习活动并不会自动发生,需要一定机制引发、维持和推动。因此,如何组织、维持跨界学习,已成为教育研究的新问题。借鉴第三代活动理论和邀请教育理论构建的跨界邀请学习,不同于传统的、松散的跨界学习,其特别强调建立明确的主题,提供有组织、有意义、有责任、有吸引力的交流情景,促进位于不同活动系统的参与者,跨越自己所属领域的边界,与其他活动系统的参与者互动,形成新的集体概念。\"邀请模式下的学习环境\"和\"跨界共同体模式下的活动系统\"是跨界邀请学习模型的核心,前者旨在使学习环境能够像磁铁一样将学习者吸引进来,让其在尊重、信任、乐观的学习氛围中感受到学习的价值和乐趣;后者有助于促成不同系统的参与者转换角色,深度、多元互动,创造新的理解和认知。开展跨界邀请学习要通过活动设计、机制建设,实现以\"邀请为名\"激励学习,以\"互动为媒\"促进跨界。新技术的快速发展正在催生网络模式下的跨界邀请学习,其蕴藏的学习规律和问题,还有待研究者进一步探索。     

基于社会性知识网络的学习模型构建

在各种新的学习理论和学习技术的支持下,社会化学习尤其是社会性知识网络作为一种新的在线学习理念,有助于解决当前在线教育面临的诸多问题,逐渐引起研究者的重视。社会性知识网络是知识网络和社会网络的聚合体,承载了社会化学习的特点,是一种基于知识的社会性分享、社会性协作、社会性贡献和社会性创造而形成的社会网络。社会性知识网络研究的首要核心问题是如何构建学习模型,以揭示社会化学习发生和发展的机制并指导实践。以社会性知识网络的知识观和学习观以及社会化学习的一般模型为依据,基于社会性知识网络的学习模型可概括为一条设计主线、两类学习隐喻、三条基本原则和四个核心要素。其中,一条设计主线是指以学习者为中心构建个人学习网络以促进社会化学习;两类学习隐喻是指学习的网络联通隐喻和创造隐喻;三条基本原则是指基于交互活动的社会化参与原则,基于学习者中心的知识贡献和创造原则,基于知识网络与社会网络双重视角的学习联结原则。四个核心要素是指学习者角色、内容单元、交互行为和社会性知识网络环境。     

数字化学习中的学习者参与：联结学习动机与学习绩效——访俄亥俄州立大学知名学者谢魁教授

在数字化学习领域,如何设计、开发和整合能够提升学生学习动机并促进学生参与的创新技术以提高学习绩效,一直是学术界关注的热点问题。数字化学习环境中的学习者参与作为联结学习动机和学习绩效的桥梁与纽带,由行为参与、认知参与、情感参与、社会性参与四个维度构成。学习者参与能提高学习绩效,但是学习者的社会性参与也可能引起社会性冲突,需要通过社会性冲突演化模型来进行干预和化解。数字化学习动机研究涉及的关键变量包括兴趣、价值感、自治感、胜任感和关系感。研究证实,内部动机和外部动机对学习者参与均具有显著影响。开展数字化学习中学习者参与研究可以引入多种跨学科研究方法,其中经验取样法是一种有效的学习者参与数据采集方法,该方法有助于即时、准确地捕捉参与者的真实体验和感受。未来数字化环境下的学习者参与研究可以从三个方面深化：一是探查数字化学习参与的具体机制,二是设计提高学习者参与度的有效策略,三是寻求研究方法的创新和突破。     

大学英语多媒体教学--从心理反差到整合

大学英语教学从传统教学模式向多媒体教学模式的转换经历了从心理反差到整合的过程,验证了以交际为目的语言学习应建立在认知心理学的基础之上,从学习者的需求心理出发,尊重学习者的自我学习意识,充分发挥其主观能动性,从而达到创造性地使用语言的目的。     

‘Consider the Opposite’ – Effects of elaborative feedback and correct answer feedback on reducing confirmation bias – A pre-registered study

Unbiased reasoning is considered an essential critical thinking skill that students need to possess to face the future challenges in their work and life. Confirmation bias, which is the tendency to selectively attend to information that is consistent with held beliefs, presents a significant thread to unbiased reasoning. An effective strategy to reduce confirmation bias is the ‘consider-the-opposite’-strategy (COS). The central question of this pre-registered study was whether providing elaborative, worked example feedback after COS practice would lead to a better performance on previously practised and transfer tasks than correct-answer feedback. Participants were 132 university students who took a confirmation bias pre-test, watched an instructional video on COS afterwards and next received either worked example feedback or correct answer feedback on practice tasks, practised only, watched the instruction only or received no treatment. Finally, all participants took a learning test assessing their skill to avoid confirmation bias, and a transfer test assessing whether they could apply this acquired skill to problems containing other biases. Results revealed no differences on the learning test between both feedback conditions, but students who received feedback scored significantly higher on the confirmation bias problems than students who did not receive feedback. We carried out our pre-registered analysis plan, but due to the low reliability of particularly the pre-test, we carried out an additional exploratory analysis on subsets of post-test items and a subset of transfer test items. Results on learning revealed the same pattern as the planned analyses. However, we found no differences between any of the conditions on transfer.     

基于学习元的双螺旋深度学习模型

深度学习的意义不仅在于知识内容的建构,更重要的是利用蕴含在社会人际网络中的集体智慧,形成丰富的社会知识网络。聚合了人际网络、知识网络与学习活动等综合性信息的学习元平台,能为促进在线深度学习提供良好的支持。基于学习元的双螺旋深度学习模型反映了一种社会互动、群建共享、认知递进的深度学习理念。在该模型中,知识网络和社会网络是两条基本支架,通过学习活动衔接而形成社会知识网络;而社会知识网络以知识内容为核心节点,通过知识内容建立起知识之间、知识与人之间的关系。学习者和教学者在该模型中处于平等地位且可以角色互换。在学习的初级阶段,学习者通过接受式学习,初步建构知识网络和人际网络;随着参与式学习的不断深入,基于知识交互的协同建构促进知识网络的发展,基于人际交互的网络节点生成促进人际网络的拓宽,个人学习网络动态形成并得到螺旋式发展;在学习的高级阶段,学习者主动连接网络,通过创造性学习活动以及基于活动的知识贡献与创造,构建群体的社会性知识空间,达到深度学习的目的。     

“I Don't Know What You're Looking for”: Professional Vision in Swedish Agricultural Extension on Nature Conservation Management

Abstract

The article addresses how farmers learn to appropriate the gaze of the ‘new farmer’, by describing how farmers and advisers in the field discursively construct farmland under scrutiny for inclusion in government support schemes. Based on the findings, recommendations for successful agricultural extension are presented. The methodological perspective is an interaction analysis based on video recordings of advisory encounters. The analysis is focused on the professional vision of the participants. The results show how the participants manifest different professional visions when they walk through the same piece of land. Despite an interest in contributing to the encounter, insufficient access to relevant resources is an obstacle for the farmer. Due to asymmetries between the participants, the professional vision of the adviser becomes the dominating and acknowledged one, but the prerequisites are insufficient to afford learning by the farmer. To overcome this dilemma, we encourage reflection on the role of the adviser by challenging the frames for participation in extension encounters.     

大学生网络社交现状与学习方式的变化探索

网络已经融入到大学生生活和学习的方方面面,成为影响当代大学生生活方式的最重要因素。大学生利用网络开展社交既拓展了他的交往空间和社交行为,同样,也改变了他的学习方式。通过采用文献分析法,在梳理归纳已有研究成果的基础上,构建出大学生网络社交方式及社交行为特征分析的研究框架。以扬州大学的学生为调查对象,从社交网站访问情况、好友特征、社交基本属性、社交行为、态度与感受五个维度调查大学生网络社交方式及社交行为特征,归纳总结当代大学生基于社交进行学习的行为特征。旨在指导大学生能正确、积极地使用网络社交进行有效学习。