对跨栏跑的速度和速度训练的研究

要提高跨栏专项成绩，就必须解决好栏上的过栏速度和栏间平跑速度。其中过栏速度靠提高起跨腿蹬地速度、摆动腿动作速度、起跨腿提拉速度和下栏转为栏间跑速度，栏间乎跑速度靠提高栏间步频为主。指出平跑速度、过栏速度的重要性，并对二者提出了科学的训练方案。     

100m跨栏跑栏间节奏有序性训练方法的探讨

对100m跨栏跑栏问节奏有序性训练方法的设计,以及训练方法、训练特点进行了理论分析,提出了具体的训练手段与措施.     

女子400m栏世界、全国纪录的GM(1,1)模型及其预测

采用文献资料法和灰色系统理论中的灰色模型方法 ,建立了女子 40 0m栏世界纪录和全国纪录的灰色GM ( 1,1)预测模型 ,并进行了后验差检验。结果表明 ,预测模型精度为一级 ,它可以用来揭示运动成绩的系统规律。     

女子400 m栏世界、全国纪录的GM(1，1)模型及其预测

采用文献资料法和灰色系统理论中的灰色模型方法，建立了女子400m栏世界纪录和全国纪录的灰色GM(1，1)预测模型，并进行了后验差检验。结果表明，预测模型精度为一级，它可以用来揭示运动成绩的系统规律。     

Effects of acoustic feedback training in elite-standard Para-Rowing

Assessment and feedback devices have been regularly used in technique training in high-performance sports. Biomechanical analysis is mainly visually based and so can exclude athletes with visual impairments. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of auditory feedback on mean boat speed during on-water training of visually impaired athletes. The German National Para-Rowing team (six athletes, mean ± s, age 34.8 ± 10.6 years, body mass 76.5 ± 13.5 kg, stature 179.3 ± 8.6 cm) participated in the study. Kinematics included boat acceleration and distance travelled, collected with Sofirow at two intensities of training. The boat acceleration-time traces were converted online into acoustic feedback and presented via speakers during rowing (sections with and without alternately). Repeated-measures within-participant factorial ANOVA showed greater boat speed with acoustic feedback than baseline (0.08 ± 0.01 m·s^?1). The time structure of rowing cycles was improved (extended time of positive acceleration). Questioning of athletes showed acoustic feedback to be a supportive training aid as it provided important functional information about the boat motion independent of vision. It gave access for visually impaired athletes to biomechanical analysis via auditory information. The concept for adaptive athletes has been successfully integrated into the preparation for the Para-Rowing World Championships and Paralympics.     

Sports vision training: A review of the state-of-the-art in digital training techniques

Athletes need excellent vision to perform well in their sports, and many athletes have turned to vision training programs as a way to augment their traditional training regimen. The growing practice of ‘sports vision training’ relies on the notion that practice with demanding visual perceptual, cognitive, or oculomotor tasks can improve the ability to process and respond to what is seen, thereby improving sport performance. This enterprise is not necessarily new, but has been advanced greatly in the past few years by new digital technology that can be deployed during natural training activities, by perceptual-learning-inspired training programs, and by virtual reality simulations that can recreate and augment sporting contexts to promote certain sports-specific visual and cognitive abilities. These improved abilities may, in turn, instill a competitive advantage on the playing field, underscoring the potential value of these approaches. This article reviews emerging approaches, technologies and trends in sports vision training. Where available, critical review of supporting research is provided.     

健美模式训练的建模方法再探

依据控制论的基本原理，采用数理统计方法，运用相关学科知识，结合长期健美教学训练实践及跟踪动态分析，对健美模式训练及其常用的数学建模方法进行了较深入的研究，设计出健美训练初级、中级及提高阶段的“最优化”模式；并制定出相应的监督模型和测试模型；同时研究得出健美体型的预测方法，对促进健美训练过程的定量化、最佳化和科学化控制以及科学选材提供了一定的理论依据。     

高原训练的生物学效应

高原训练对人体有着复杂的生理学效应和训练学效应，是提高运动员运动能力的一种较好的赛前训练方法。对高原训练的起源及对人体呼吸、心血管、血液、骨骼肌、中枢神经等系统的影响进行了分析，为科学认识和实施高原训练提供参考。     

三拍运动员专门化运动知觉及其训练

运动知觉是人脑对当前运动着的物体在空间和时间上位移过程的反映。空间知觉、时间知觉、运动形态知觉、运动幅度知觉以及本体感觉,贯穿到乒、羽、网击球四个环节的全过程,它们是构成三拍技术十分重要的心理因素。对击球四个环节中的运动知觉进行了分析,阐述了意识、时空、力的分化、运动表象等方面对提高三拍技术的作用,进而提出了运动知觉教育和运动感知的训练途径。     

Video-based training to improve perceptual-cognitive decision-making performance of Australian football umpires

Decision-making is a central component of the in-game performance of Australian football umpires; however, current umpire training focuses largely on physiological development with decision-making skills development conducted via explicit lecture-style meetings with limited practice devoted to making actual decisions. Therefore, this study investigated the efficacy of a video-based training programme, aimed to provide a greater amount of contextualised visual experiences without explicit instruction, to improve decision-making skills of umpires. Australian football umpires (n = 52) were recruited from metropolitan and regional Division 1 competitions. Participants were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group and classified according to previous umpire game experience (i.e., experienced; less experienced). The intervention group completed a 12-week video-based decision-making training programme, with decision-making performance assessed at pre-training, and 1-week retention and 3-week retention periods. The control group did not complete any video-based training. Results indicated a significant Group (intervention; Control) × Test interaction (F(1, 100) = 3.98; P = 0.02, partial ?² = 0.074), with follow-up pairwise comparisons indicating significant within-group differences over time for the intervention group. In addition, decision-making performance of the less experienced umpires in the intervention group significantly improved (F(2, 40) = 5.03, P = 0.01, partial ?² = 0.201). Thus, video-based training programmes may be a viable adjunct to current training programmes to hasten decision-making development, especially for less experienced umpires.     

中国沙滩排球U20女子运动员技战术中运动思维训练实验效果分析

通过运用思维训练中的5W2H、案例导航等方法对国内女子U20沙滩排球运动员进行非实验法实验。前后两次数据通过检验得出接发球指标项中的正确率正确率训练前和训练后有显著性差异,反应时没有显著性差异,不过由于d平均值=0.48182,认为训练后比训练前的判断反应时有减少。防守指标中的正确率训练前和训练后有显著性差异,值得注意的是训练后比训练前的判断正确数有所减少。反应时没有显著性差异,不过由于d平均值=0.48182,认为训练后比训练前的判断反应时有减少。测试数据印证了国内女子U20沙滩排球运动员她们在对接发球的判断上和反应上几乎是站在同一起跑线上。而在防守方面正确率中多数队员能够有较好的判断,但是由于年轻只追求反应时的快慢忽略了正确率才是比赛中取胜的关键。"方向比速度更重要",运用思维训练在沙排技战术训练当中得到了国内沙排教练、专家和运动员的认可获得了一些基本数据。期望在今后的训练中沿着这个方向研究出成熟、科学的沙排技战术运动思维训练的方法与手段,为国内培养优秀全面的沙排运动员做出微薄之力。     

运动与下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴（之二：运动对下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的影响）

有关运动性疲劳产生的的机理及对它如何进行有效预防和消除的研究,一直是令运动医学工作者瞩目的前沿课题。运动性疲劳时出现的机体变化较为复杂,涉及物质代谢、神经、内分泌、免疫等各个方面。其中,神经递质、HPG轴与机体的物质代谢、运动能力及运动后的恢复密切相关。为此,从睾酮的生理作用和调节、神经递质、细胞因子和睾丸间质细胞的调控、反馈调节和运动对下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的影响等层面,较系统地探讨运动与下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴之间的关系,为加快机体恢复,提高运动能力,以及科学训练提供理论依据。     

Mechanisms of beneficial effects of exercise training on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): Roles of oxidative stress and inflammation

Abstract

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic liver disorder which is associated with accumulation of fats in the liver. It causes a wide variety of pathological effects such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis, insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The molecular mechanisms that cause the initiation and progression of NAFLD are not fully understood. Oxidative stress (OS) induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation are likely a significant mechanism which can lead to hepatic cell death and tissue injury. Mitochondrial abnormalities, down-regulation of several antioxidant enzymes, glutathione (GSH) depletion and decreased activity of GSH-dependent antioxidants, accumulation of leukocytes and hepatic inflammation are the major sources of ROS overproduction in NAFLD. Excessive production of ROS suppresses the capacity of other antioxidant defence systems in NAFLD and causes further oxidative damage. Regular exercise can be considered as an effective strategy for treatment of NAFLD. It improves NAFLD by reducing intrahepatic fat content, increasing β-oxidation of fatty acids, inducing hepato-protective autophagy, overexpressing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- γ (PPAR-γ), as well as attenuating hepatocyte apoptosis and increasing insulin sensitivity. Exercise training also suppresses ROS overproduction and OS in NAFLD via up-regulation of several antioxidant enzymes and anti-inflammatory mediators. Therefore, an understanding of these molecules and signalling pathways gives us valuable information about NAFLD progression and a method for developing a suitable clinical treatment. This review aimed to evaluate sources of ROS and OS in NAFLD and the molecular mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of exercises on NAFLD.     

运动与下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴（之一：下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的调控）

有关运动性疲劳产生的的机理及对它如何进行有效预防和消除的研究,一直是令运动医学工作者瞩目的前沿课题。运动性疲劳时出现的机体变化较为复杂,涉及物质代谢、神经、内分泌、免疫等各个方面。其中,神经递质、HPG轴与机体的物质代谢、运动能力及运动后的恢复密切相关。为此,从睾酮的生理作用和调节、神经递质、细胞因子和睾丸间质细胞的调控、反馈调节和运动对下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的影响等层面,较系统地探讨运动与下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴之间的关系,为加快机体恢复,提高运动能力,以及科学训练提供理论依据。     

运动训练领域应用脑电图(EEG)的实验研究进展

对脑电图的生理学基础和脑电图波谱的基本特征做了简要介绍，着重介绍了脑电图在运动训练领域实验研究中的应用现状和发展前景。     

Expectancy effects in tennis: The impact of opponents' pre-match non-verbal behaviour on male tennis players

Abstract

In this study, we examined the impact of a male opponent's pre-match body language and clothing (general vs. sports-specific) on how his performances were judged by an observer. Forty male tennis players viewed videos of a male target tennis player warming up and then observed playing footage of the target. Each participant viewed the target player warming up displaying one of four combinations of body language and clothing (positive body language/tennis-specific clothing; positive body language/general sportswear; negative body language/tennis-specific clothing; negative body language/general sportswear). Participants rated the performance of the tennis player and gave their perceptions of the likely outcome of a tennis match with the target player. Analyses of variance indicated that clothing and body language had an interactive effect on both outcome expectations and ratings of performance. The findings support the contention that the initial impressions athletes form of their opponents can influence the way in which they judge the performances of opponents and their perceived likelihood of success against the same opponents.     

Acute effects of intense interval training on running mechanics

The aims of this study were to determine if there are significant kinematic changes in running pattern after intense interval workouts, whether duration of recovery affects running kinematics, and whether changes in running economy are related to changes in running kinematics. Seven highly trained male endurance runners (VO 2max = 72.3 +/- 3.3 ml kg -1 min -1 ; mean +/- s) performed three interval running workouts of 10 X 400 m at a speed of 5.94 +/- 0.19 m s -1 (356 +/- 11.2 m min -1 ) with a minimum of 4 days recovery between runs. Recovery of 60, 120 or 180 s between each 400 m repetition was assigned at random. Before and after each workout, running economy and several kinematic variables were measured at speeds of 3.33 and 4.47 m s -1 (200 and 268 m min -1 ). Speed was found to have a significant effect on shank angle, knee velocity and stride length (P ? 0.05). Correlations between changes pre- and post-test for VO 2 (ml kg -1 min -1 ) and several kinematic variables were not significant (P > 0.05) at both speeds. In general, duration of recovery was not found to adversely affect running economy or the kinematic variables assessed, possibly because of intra-individual adaptations to fatigue.     

大负荷跑台训练对大鼠血液流变学的影响

研究大负荷跑台训练对大鼠红细胞的影响,阐明运动性低血色素大鼠血液流变学的变化.12只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组(CG)和运动性低血色素组(SG).于运动后5周取材,用血液流变仪测定血液流变学指标,用血涂片观察红细胞形态学指标.结果显示:运动性低血色素组全血黏度和还原黏度均显著低于对照组(P<0.01),而红细胞刚性指数显著高于对照组(P<0.01).血浆黏度两组间无明显差异.血涂片显示运动性低血色素组有较多红细胞碎片.这说明红细胞数量降低和红细胞变形能力下降是引发运动性低血色素的重要原因.     

铁饼教学中表象技能训练对教学效果的影响

实验表明：在铁饼教学中，有目的地进行表象训练，提高学生想象能力和观察能力．激发学生的求知欲望，将有利于学生对完整技术的掌握。并建议采用想象训练方法时应该是理论联系实际，切不可和技术练习分开进行，并且想象训练应与心理训练相结合，要持之以恒。     

现场监测与反馈对自由式滑雪空中技巧运动员助滑速度知觉控制能力的影响

运用现场监测与反馈训练的研究方法，对自由式滑雪空中技巧国家集训队运动员进行助滑速度知觉控制训练。结果表明：在所构建的最佳助滑速度控制范围之内进行24次水池和16次雪上交替控制训练课后，运动员助滑速度知觉控制能力明显提高；助滑速度知觉控制能力与运动成绩呈高度相关，说明助滑速度知觉控制能力是提高动作成功率和运动成绩的基础因素之一。